scholarly journals Avian pectoral muscle size rapidly tracks body mass changes during flight, fasting and fuelling

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lindstrom ◽  
A. Kvist ◽  
T. Piersma ◽  
A. Dekinga ◽  
M.W. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Avian Muscle ◽  
Require Power ◽  
Body Mass Changes

We used ultrasonic imaging to monitor short-term changes in the pectoral muscle size of captive red knots Calidris canutus. Pectoral muscle thickness changed rapidly and consistently in parallel with body mass changes caused by flight, fasting and fuelling. Four knots flew repeatedly for 10 h periods in a wind tunnel. Over this period, pectoral muscle thickness decreased in parallel with the decrease in body mass. The change in pectoral muscle thickness during flight was indistinguishable from that during periods of natural and experimental fasting and fuelling. The body-mass-related variation in pectoral muscle thickness between and within individuals was not related to the amount of flight, indicating that changes in avian muscle do not require power-training as in mammals. Our study suggests that it is possible for birds to consume and replace their flight muscles on a time scale short enough to allow these muscles to be used as part of the energy supply for migratory flight. The adaptive significance of the changes in pectoral muscle mass cannot be explained by reproductive needs since our knots were in the early winter phase of their annual cycle. Instead, pectoral muscle mass changes may reflect (i) the breakdown of protein during heavy exercise and its subsequent restoration, (ii) the regulation of flight capacity to maintain optimal flight performance when body mass varies, or (iii) the need for a particular protein:fat ratio in winter survival stores.

scholarly journals Body-building without power training: endogenously regulated pectoral muscle hypertrophy in confined shorebirds

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (20) ◽  
pp. 2831-2837 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Dietz ◽  
T. Piersma ◽  
A. Dekinga
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Power Training ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Circannual Rhythm ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Calidris Canutus

Shorebirds such as red knots Calidris canutus routinely make migratory flights of 3000 km or more. Previous studies on this species, based on compositional analyses, suggest extensive pectoral muscle hypertrophy in addition to fat storage before take-off. Such hypertrophy could be due to power training and/or be effected by an endogenous circannual rhythm. Red knots of two subspecies with contrasting migration patterns were placed in a climate-controlled aviary (12 h:12 h L:D photoperiod) where exercise was limited. Using ultrasonography, we measured pectoral muscle size as the birds stored fat in preparation for migration. At capture, there were no differences in body mass and pectoral muscle mass between the two subspecies. As they prepared for southward and northward migration, respectively, the tropically wintering subspecies (C. c. canutus) gained 31 g and the temperate wintering subspecies (C. c. islandica) gained 41 g. During this time, pectoral mass increased by 43–44 % of initial mass, representing 39 % (C. c. canutus) and 29 % (C. c. islandica) of the increase in body mass. The gizzard showed atrophy in conjunction with a diet change from molluscs to food pellets. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that the birds' limited movement may still be a prerequisite for pectoral muscle hypertrophy, extensive power training is certainly not a requirement. Muscle hypertrophy in the absence of photoperiod cues suggests the involvement of an endogenous circannual process.

scholarly journals Ultrasound assessment of muscle mass in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in cardiovascular patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
A. S. Erokhina ◽  
E. D. Golovanova ◽  
M. A. Miloserdov
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
The Body ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
European Working ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Artery Disease

Aim. To study the advantages of ultrasound versus anthropometric assessment of muscle mass for early diagnosis of sarcopenia in patients >45 years of age.Material and methods. The study included 79 patients aged 4589 years with coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, class 1-3 obesity. Diagnosis of hypertension was carried out according to the European (2018) and Russian (2019) guidelines; CAD — according to Russian Society of Cardiology (2020) guidelines. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to 2010 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) criteria and 2018 EWGSOP2 guidelines. Muscle mass (MM) was determined by two methods: 1 — by measuring the rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) thickness using the ultrasound; 2 — by measuring the arm and lower leg circumference. Muscle strength was determined by wrist dynamometer. Muscle function was assessed using the 4-m gait speed test.Results. The study showed that in patients aged >45 years admitted to the emergency cardiology department, the body mass index exceeded 25 kg/m2 in 88,6% of cases. The incidence of sarcopenia of varying severity was 55,7% (n=44). The differences in RAM thickness, arm and lower leg circumference between the groups of patients with/without sarcopenia were significant (p<0,001), but were less than the threshold only for RAM thickness. RAM thickness levels progressively decreased with increasing severity of sarcopenia and significantly differed at all stages compared to patients without sarcopenia (p<0,001), regardless of body mass index. A decrease in lower leg circumference below the threshold values determining a MM decrease was observed only in severe sarcopenia, and arm circumference — in both men and women only in severe sarcopenia. There were no significant differences for arm and lower leg circumference depending on sarcopenia stages in overweight and obese patients.Conclusion. MM assessment by measuring RAM thickness with ultrasound in comparison with the anthropometric method makes it possible to diagnose sarcopenia in patients >45 years of age with cardiovascular diseases and obesity at earlier stages and to promptly recommend preventive measures.

scholarly journals Plasma Transthyretin as A Biomarker of Sarcopenia in Elderly Subjects

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Ingenbleek
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Inflammatory Disorders ◽  
Screening Programs

Skeletal muscle (SM) mass, the chief component of the structural compartment belonging to lean body mass (LBM), undergoes sarcopenia with increasing age. Decreased SM in elderly persons is a naturally occurring process that may be accelerated by acute or chronic nutritional deficiencies and/or inflammatory disorders, declining processes associated with harmful complications. A recently published position paper by European experts has provided an overall survey on the definition and diagnosis of sarcopenia in elderly persons. The present review describes the additional contributory role played by the noninvasive transthyretin (TTR) micromethod. The body mass index (BMI) formula is currently used in clinical studies as a criterion of good health to detect, prevent, and follow up on the downward trend of muscle mass. The recent upsurge of sarcopenic obesity with its multiple subclasses has led to a confused stratification of SM and fat stores, prompting workers to eliminate BMI from screening programs. As a result, investigators are now focusing on indices of protein status that participate in SM growth, maturation, and catabolism that might serve to identify sarcopenia trajectories. Plasma TTR is clearly superior to all other hepatic biomarkers, showing the same evolutionary patterns as those displayed in health and disease by both visceral and structural LBM compartments. As a result, this TTR parameter maintains positive correlations with muscle mass downsizing in elderly persons. The liver synthesis of TTR is downregulated in protein-depleted states and suppressed in cytokine-induced inflammatory disorders. TTR integrates the centrally-mediated regulatory mechanisms governing the balance between protein accretion and protein breakdown, emerging as the ultimate indicator of LBM resources. This review proposes the adoption of a gray zone defined by cut-off values ranging from 200 mg/L to 100 mg/L between which TTR plasma values may fluctuate and predict either the best or the worst outcome. The best outcome occurs when appropriate dietary, medicinal and surgical decisions are undertaken, resuming TTR synthesis which manifests rising trends towards pre-stress levels. The worst occurs when all therapeutic means fail to succeed, leading inevitably to complete exhaustion of LBM and SM metabolic resources with an ensuing fatal outcome. Some patients may remain unresponsive in the middle of the gray area, combining steady clinical states with persistent stagnant TTR values. Using the serial measurement of plasma TTR values, these last patients should be treated with the most aggressive and appropriate therapeutic strategies to ensure the best outcome.

scholarly journals Snow Buntings Maintain Winter-Level Cold Endurance While Migrating to the High Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Le Pogam ◽  
Ryan S. O’Connor ◽  
Oliver P. Love ◽  
Justine Drolet ◽  
Lyette Régimbald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Pectoralis Muscle ◽  
Wintering Grounds ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Metabolic Performance ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

Arctic breeding songbirds migrate early in the spring and can face winter environments requiring cold endurance throughout their journey. One such species, the snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), is known for its significant thermogenic capacity. Empirical studies suggest that buntings can indeed maintain winter cold acclimatization into the migratory and breeding phenotypes when kept captive on their wintering grounds. This capacity could be advantageous not only for migrating in a cold environment, but also for facing unpredictable Arctic weather on arrival and during preparation for breeding. However, migration also typically leads to declines in the sizes of several body components linked to metabolic performance. As such, buntings could also experience some loss of cold endurance as they migrate. Here, we aimed to determine whether free-living snow buntings maintain a cold acclimatized phenotype during spring migration. Using a multi-year dataset, we compared body composition (body mass, fat stores, and pectoralis muscle thickness), oxygen carrying capacity (hematocrit) and metabolic performance (thermogenic capacity – Msum and maintenance energy expenditure – BMR) of birds captured on their wintering grounds (January–February, Rimouski, QC, 48°N) and during pre-breeding (April–May) in the Arctic (Alert, NU, 82°). Our results show that body mass, fat stores and Msum were similar between the two stages, while hematocrit and pectoralis muscle thickness were lower in pre-breeding birds than in wintering individuals. These results suggest that although tissue degradation during migration may affect flight muscle size, buntings are able to maintain cold endurance (i.e., Msum) up to their Arctic breeding grounds. However, BMR was higher during pre-breeding than during winter, suggesting higher maintenance costs in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Acute daily psychological stress causes increased atrophic gene expression and myostatin-dependent muscle atrophy

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. R889-R898 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Allen ◽  
Gary E. McCall ◽  
Amanda S. Loh ◽  
Molly C. Madden ◽  
Ryan S. Mehan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Axis Body ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Psychological stress is known to attenuate body size and lean body mass. We tested the effects of 1, 3, or 7 days of two different models of psychological stress, 1 h of daily restraint stress (RS) or daily cage-switching stress (CS), on skeletal muscle size and atrophy-associated gene expression in mice. Thymus weights decreased in both RS and CS mice compared with unstressed controls, suggesting that both models activated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Body mass was significantly decreased at all time points for both models of stress but was greater for RS than CS. Mass of the tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles was significantly decreased after 3 and 7 days of RS, but CS only significantly decreased SOL mass after 7 days. TA mRNA levels of the atrophy-associated genes myostatin (MSTN), atrogin-1, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitory subunit p85α were all significantly increased relative to unstressed mice after 1 and 3 days of RS, and expression of MSTN and p85α mRNA remained elevated after 7 days of RS. Expression of muscle ring finger 1 was increased after 1 day of RS but returned to baseline at 3 and 7 days of RS. MSTN, atrogin-1, and p85α mRNA levels also significantly increased after 1 and 3 days of CS but atrogen-1 mRNA levels had resolved back to normal levels by 3 days and p85α with 7 days of CS. p21CIP mRNA levels were significantly decreased by 3 days of CS or RS. Finally, body mass was minimally affected, and muscle mass was completely unaffected by 3 days of RS in mice null for the MSTN gene, and MSTN inactivation attenuated the increase in atrogin-1 mRNA levels with 4 days of RS compared with wild-type mice. Together these data suggest that acute daily psychological stress induces atrophic gene expression and loss of muscle mass that appears to be MSTN dependent.

scholarly journals Intraspecific variation in avian pectoral muscle mass: constraints on maintaining manoeuvrability with increasing body mass

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURINE W. DIETZ ◽  
THEUNIS PIERSMA ◽  
ANDERS HEDENSTRÖM ◽  
MAARTEN BRUGGE
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Pectoral Muscle

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate Declines During Long-Distance Migratory Flight in Great Knots

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 838-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil F. Battley ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Maurine W. Dietz ◽  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Sixian Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Para Determinar

Abstract Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) make one of the longest migratory flights in the avian world, flying almost 5500 km from Australia to China during northward migration. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in birds before and after this flight and found that BMR decreased 42%. The mass-specific BMR based on lean mass decreased 33%. We also starved a group of pre-migratory Great Knots in captivity to determine whether they showed the same reduction in BMR without having undergone the hard work of flight. The captive birds showed a similar range and reduction of BMR values as the wild birds. Exponents of relationships between BMR and body mass in different comparisons were high, indicating large changes in BMR as a function of body mass. Analysis of the body composition of ten wild and three captive birds found that the flight muscle mass and intestine mass positively correlated with BMR. La Tasa Metabolica Basal Disminuye durante Vuelos Migratorios de Larga Distancia en Calidris tenuirostris Resumen. Calidris tenuirostris realiza uno de los vuelos migratorios más largos entre las aves, volando desde Australia hasta China durante la migración al norte. Medimos la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) y la composición corporal en aves antes y después del vuelo y encontramos que TMB se reduce en 42%. La TMB específica por masa, o sea la TMB corregida por masa magra, se redujo en 33%. También expusimos un grupo premigratorio de Calidris tenuirostris a un periodo de ayuno en cautiverio, para determinar si mostraban una tasa de reducción similar en la TMB sin haber soportado la dura tarea de volar. Las aves en cautiverio mostraron un rango y una reducción de los valores de la TMB similares a los de las aves en libertad. Los exponentes de la relación entre TMB y masa corporal en diferentes comparaciones fueron altos, indicando grandes cambios de la TMB en función de la masa corporal. El análisis de la composición corporal de diez aves libres y tres en cautiverio mostró que la masa de los músculos del vuelo y la masa de los intestinos esta positivamente correlacionada con la TMB.

Beyond Body Mass Index. Is the Body Cell Mass Index (BCMI) a useful prognostic factor to describe nutritional, inflammation and muscle mass status in hospitalized elderly?

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 934-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Rondanelli ◽  
Jacopo Talluri ◽  
Gabriella Peroni ◽  
Chiara Donelli ◽  
Fabio Guerriero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Cell Mass ◽  
Body Cell ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly

scholarly journals The Relationship between Physical Activity, Body Mass Index and Body Composition among Students at a Pre-University Centre in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
You HW ◽  
Tan PL ◽  
Mat Ludin AF
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
University Students ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Relationship

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity is an essential element in our daily life that leads to long-term health benefits. Physical activity refers to movement of the body that requires energy. Body mass index (BMI) indicates a ratio of body weight to squared height, which is a useful health indicator. On the contrary, body composition describes the body by measuring percentages of fat and muscle in human bodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between physical activities, BMI and body composition among pre-university students from one of the universities in Selangor, Malaysia. Stratified random sampling was employed to recruit 70 pre-university students into this study. RESULTS: From the study, 50% of the respondents are categorized as minimally active. In addition, there is significant difference between the physical activity levels of male and female respondents. The relationship between physical activity and BMI indicates a very weak negative correlation. Similarly, the correlation between physical activity and fat mass is a weak negative relationship. Meanwhile, there is a weak positive correlation between physical activity and muscle mass. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it can be concluded that when physical activity increases, BMI and body fat mass will decrease, while muscle mass will increase. Moreover, it was shown that there was a significant relationship between physical activity and body composition. 

Age-Related Loss of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Power and Their Association With Mobility in Recreationally-Active Older Adults in the United Kingdom

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Maden-Wilkinson ◽  
Jamie S. McPhee ◽  
David A. Jones ◽  
Hans Degens
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Lower Velocity ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Force Ratio

To investigate reasons for the age-related reduction in physical function, we determined the relationships between muscle size, strength, and power with 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and timed up-and-go performance in 49 young (23 ± 3.1 years) and 66 healthy, mobile older adults (72 ± 5 years). While muscle mass, determined by DXA and MRI, did not correlate with performance in the older adults, power per body mass, determined from a countermovement jump, did correlate. The 40% lower jumping power observed in older adults (p < .05) was due to a lower take-off velocity, which explained 34% and 42% of the variance in 6MWD in older women and men, respectively (p < .01). The lower velocity was partly attributable to the higher body mass to maximal force ratio, but most was due to a lower intrinsic muscle speed. While changes in muscle function explain part of the age-related reduction in functional performance, ~60% of the deficit remains to be explained.

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