Cost of a deprived environment – increased intraspecific aggression and susceptibility to pathogen infections

ABSTRACTA lack of environmental enrichment can be severely detrimental to animal welfare. For terrestrial species, including humans, barren environments are associated with reduced cognitive function and increased stress responses and pathology. Despite a clear link between increased stress and reduced immune function, uncertainty remains on how enrichment might influence susceptibility to disease. For aquatic vertebrates, we are only now beginning to assess enrichment needs. Enrichment deprivation in fish has been linked to increased stress responses, agonistic behaviour, physiological changes and reduced survival. Limited data exist, however, on the impact of enrichment on disease resistance in fish, despite infectious diseases being a major challenge for global aquaculture. Here, using a model vertebrate host–parasite system, we investigated the impact of enrichment deprivation on susceptibility to disease, behaviour and physiology. Fish in barren tanks showed significantly higher infection burdens compared with those in enriched enclosures and they also displayed increased intraspecific aggression behaviour. Infections caused hosts to have significantly increased standard metabolic rates compared with uninfected conspecifics, but this did not differ between enriched and barren tanks. This study highlights the universal physiological cost of parasite infection and the biological cost (increased susceptibility to infection and increased aggression) of depriving captive animals of environmental enrichment.

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Synergistic effects of dual parasitism in Daphnia magna under nutrient limitation

Belgian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.26496/bjz.2017.5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 147 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lien Reyserhove ◽

Koenraad Muylaert ◽

Isabel Vanoverberghe ◽

Ellen Decaestecker

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Limitation ◽

Daphnia Magna ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Energy Budgets ◽

Fat Cell ◽

Host Parasite ◽

White Fat ◽

The Impact ◽

Parasite Exposure

Human-induced increases in the bioavailability of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have the potential to alter the context for host-parasite dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Given that both eutrophication and infectious diseases are becoming more prominent, it is essential to disentangle the factors that determine virulence expression in keystone grazers. Here, we focus on the impact of nutrient limitation in single versus dual parasite exposure in the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). For this, we fed specimens of D. magna with algae differing in C:N:P ratios and exposed them to two virulent parasites, Pasteuria ramosa (bacteria) and the agent causing White Fat Cell (WFCD, unknown classification), both in single and dual parasite exposure treatments. Exposure to the two parasites synergistically reduced host survival, mainly driven by WFCD exposure, especially under severe nutrient limitation. Under these conditions individuals of D. magna began reproducing earlier, which resulted in a higher reproductive output upon dual parasite exposure. We here discuss these results within the framework of host stress responses, nutrient allocation and energy budgets, and conclude that the way food quality interferes with host-parasite interactions varies, depending on the parasite species involved, the nutrient requirements of all actors and the trait investigated.

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Emotions and health: The impact of emotions, emotions regulation, music, and acculturation on health

Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie ◽

10.1026/0943-8149.16.3.112 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 112-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephan Bongard ◽

Volker Hodapp ◽

Sonja Rohrmann

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Anger Expression ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Cardiovascular Stress ◽

Expression Behavior ◽

Cardio Vascular ◽

And Coping ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Our unit investigates the relationship of emotional processes (experience, expression, and coping), their physiological correlates and possible health outcomes. We study domain specific anger expression behavior and associated cardio-vascular loads and found e.g. that particularly an open anger expression at work is associated with greater blood pressure. Furthermore, we demonstrated that women may be predisposed for the development of certain mental disorders because of their higher disgust sensitivity. We also pointed out that the suppression of negative emotions leads to increased physiological stress responses which results in a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. We could show that relaxation as well as music activity like singing in a choir causes increases in the local immune parameter immunoglobuline A. Finally, we are investigating connections between migrants’ strategy of acculturation and health and found e.g. elevated cardiovascular stress responses in migrants when they where highly adapted to the German culture.

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Childbirth and Posttraumatic Stress Responses

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.259 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 259-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Eelco Olde ◽

Rolf J. Kleber ◽

Onno van der Hart ◽

Victor J.M. Pop

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Traumatic Experience ◽

Event Scale ◽

Self Rating ◽

The Impact

Childbirth has been identified as a possible traumatic experience, leading to traumatic stress responses and even to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in a group of women who recently gave birth (N = 435). In addition, a comparison was made between the original IES and the IES-R. The scale showed high internal consistency (α = 0.88). Using confirmatory factor analysis no support was found for a three-factor structure of an intrusion, an avoidance, and a hyperarousal factor. Goodness of fit was only reasonable, even after fitting one intrusion item on the hyperarousal scale. The IES-R correlated significantly with scores on depression and anxiety self-rating scales, as well as with scores on a self-rating scale of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although the IES-R can be used for studying posttraumatic stress reactions in women who recently gave birth, the original IES proved to be a better instrument compared to the IES-R. It is concluded that adding the hyperarousal scale to the IES-R did not make the scale stronger.

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ANALISIS RISIKO OPERASIONAL MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN DISTRIBUSI KERUGIAN DENGAN METODE AGREGAT

Journal of Mathematics and Its Applications ◽

10.29244/jmap.10.2.1-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Y. ARBI ◽

R. BUDIARTI ◽

I G. P. PURNABA

Keyword(s):

Negative Binomial Distribution ◽

Binomial Distribution ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Financial Institution ◽

Expected Value ◽

Insurance Companies ◽

Limited Data ◽

Loss Distribution Approach ◽

Potential Loss ◽

The Impact

Operational risk is defined as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or external problems. Insurance companies as financial institution that also faced at risk. Recording of operating losses in insurance companies, were not properly conducted so that the impact on the limited data for operational losses. In this work, the data of operational loss observed from the payment of the claim. In general, the number of insurance claims can be modelled using the Poisson distribution, where the expected value of the claims is similar with variance, while the negative binomial distribution, the expected value was bound to be less than the variance.Analysis tools are used in the measurement of the potential loss is the loss distribution approach with the aggregate method. In the aggregate method, loss data grouped in a frequency distribution and severity distribution. After doing 10.000 times simulation are resulted total loss of claim value, which is total from individual claim every simulation. Then from the result was set the value of potential loss (OpVar) at a certain level confidence.

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Arginine Decarboxylase Is Essential for Pneumococcal Stress Responses

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10030286 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 286

Author(s):

Mary Frances Nakamya ◽

Moses B. Ayoola ◽

Leslie A. Shack ◽

Mirghani Mohamed ◽

Edwin Swiatlo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Critical Role ◽

Acid Stress ◽

Arginine Decarboxylase ◽

Arginine Deiminase ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Opportunistic Human Pathogen ◽

Thiol Peroxidase ◽

The Impact

Polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine, and spermidine are small cationic molecules that play significant roles in cellular processes, including bacterial stress responses and host–pathogen interactions. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human pathogen, which causes several diseases that account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As it transits through different host niches, S. pneumoniae is exposed to and must adapt to different types of stress in the host microenvironment. We earlier reported that S. pneumoniae TIGR4, which harbors an isogenic deletion of an arginine decarboxylase (ΔspeA), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of agmatine in the polyamine synthesis pathway, has a reduced capsule. Here, we report the impact of arginine decarboxylase deletion on pneumococcal stress responses. Our results show that ΔspeA is more susceptible to oxidative, nitrosative, and acid stress compared to the wild-type strain. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR indicates that thiol peroxidase, a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and aguA from the arginine deiminase system, could be important for peroxide stress responses in a polyamine-dependent manner. Our results also show that speA is essential for endogenous hydrogen peroxide and glutathione production in S. pneumoniae. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the critical role of arginine decarboxylase in pneumococcal stress responses that could impact adaptation and survival in the host.

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COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy: Risk of Vertical Transmission, Fetal, and Neonatal Outcomes

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11060483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 483

Author(s):

Marwa Saadaoui ◽

Manoj Kumar ◽

Souhaila Al Khodor

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Limited Data ◽

Pregnancy Risk ◽

Public Health Challenge ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Critical Public Health ◽

The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide, critical public health challenge and is considered one of the most communicable diseases that the world had faced so far. Response and symptoms associated with COVID-19 vary between the different cases recorded, but it is amply described that symptoms become more aggressive in subjects with a weaker immune system. This includes older subjects, patients with chronic diseases, patients with immunosuppression treatment, and pregnant women. Pregnant women are receiving more attention not only because of their altered physiological and immunological function but also for the potential risk of viral vertical transmission to the fetus or infant. However, very limited data about the impact of maternal infection during pregnancy, such as the possibility of vertical transmission in utero, during birth, or via breastfeeding, is available. Moreover, the impact of infection on the newborn in the short and long term remains poorly understood. Therefore, it is vital to collect and analyze data from pregnant women infected with COVID-19 to understand the viral pathophysiology during pregnancy and its effects on the offspring. In this article, we review the current knowledge about pre-and post-natal COVID-19 infection, and we discuss whether vertical transmission takes place in pregnant women infected with the virus and what are the current recommendations that pregnant women should follow in order to be protected from the virus.

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The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on specific symptom dimensions and severity in OCD: A comparison before and during COVID-19 in the context of stress responses

Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100626 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 100626

Author(s):

Vahid Khosravani ◽

Frederick Aardema ◽

Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani ◽

Farangis Sharifi Bastan

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Specific Symptom ◽

Symptom Dimensions ◽

The Impact

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Sexting among singles in the USA: prevalence of sending, receiving, and sharing sexual messages and images

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh15240 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 428 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Justin R. Garcia ◽

Amanda N. Gesselman ◽

Shadia A. Siliman ◽

Brea L. Perry ◽

Kathryn Coe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Text Messages ◽

Future Research ◽

Limited Data ◽

Single Adults ◽

Social Lives ◽

Psychosocial Wellbeing ◽

Sexually Explicit ◽

The Usa ◽

Sexual Messages ◽

The Impact

Background: The transmission of sexual images and messages via mobile phone or other electronic media (sexting) has been associated with a variety of mostly negative social and behavioural consequences. Research on sexting has focussed on youth, with limited data across demographics and with little known about the sharing of private sexual images and messages with third parties. Methods: The present study examines sexting attitudes and behaviours, including sending, receiving, and sharing of sexual messages and images, across gender, age, and sexual orientation. A total of 5805 single adults were included in the study (2830 women; 2975 men), ranging in age from 21 to 75+ years. Results: Overall, 21% of participants reported sending and 28% reported receiving sexually explicit text messages; both sending and receiving ‘sexts’ was most common among younger respondents. Although 73.2% of participants reported discomfort with unauthorised sharing of sexts beyond the intended recipient, of those who had received sext images, 22.9% reported sharing them with others (on average with 3.17 friends). Participants also reported concern about the potential consequences of sexting on their social lives, careers, and psychosocial wellbeing. Conclusion: Views on the impact of sexting on reputation suggest a contemporary struggle to reconcile digital eroticism with real-world consequences. These findings suggest a need for future research into negotiations of sexting motivations, risks, and rewards.

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BrpA Is Involved in Regulation of Cell Envelope Stress Responses in Streptococcus mutans

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.07823-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (8) ◽

pp. 2914-2922 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

J. P. Bitoun ◽

S. Liao ◽

X. Yao ◽

S.-J. Ahn ◽

R. Isoda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Galleria Mellonella ◽

Cell Envelope ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Luciferase Reporter Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Lipid Ii ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown that BrpA plays a major role in acid and oxidative stress tolerance and biofilm formation byStreptococcus mutans. Mutant strains lacking BrpA also display increased autolysis and decreased viability, suggesting a role for BrpA in cell envelope integrity. In this study, we examined the impact of BrpA deficiency on cell envelope stresses induced by envelope-active antimicrobials. Compared to the wild-type strain UA159, the BrpA-deficient mutant (TW14D) was significantly more susceptible to antimicrobial agents, especially lipid II inhibitors. Several genes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis were identified by DNA microarray analysis as downregulated in TW14D. Luciferase reporter gene fusion assays also revealed that expression ofbrpAis regulated in response to environmental conditions and stresses induced by exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of cell envelope antimicrobials. In aGalleria mellonella(wax worm) model, BrpA deficiency was shown to diminish the virulence ofS. mutansOMZ175, which, unlikeS. mutansUA159, efficiently kills the worms. Collectively, these results suggest that BrpA plays a role in the regulation of cell envelope integrity and that deficiency of BrpA adversely affects the fitness and diminishes the virulence of OMZ175, a highly invasive strain ofS. mutans.

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