The Ideal Performance of Petrol Engines

1949 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Leah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
The Ideal

A method of calculating the ideal thermal efficiencies of petrol engines is described which may be of value when thermodynamic charts for the particular fuels and mixture strengths under consideration are not available. Results of such calculations are given for engines running on octane, benzene, and ethyl-alcohol at compression ratios between 4/1 and 9/1 and at various mixture strengths. From the relationships between thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, mixture strength, and indicated mean effective pressure, new charts based upon the familiar “consumption loop” diagram are developed. These charts yield information not generally obtained from the consumption loop diagrams, and the volumetric efficiency of the engine may be determined. The ideal consumption loops based upon a standard volumetric efficiency are included on the charts, and these values are readily corrected to the actual engine conditions by a simple construction. This enables a direct comparison between actual and ideal engine performance to be made, from which the relative merits of engines running under widely diverse conditions can be determined.

scholarly journals The Effect of Using a Rocker Arm on the Performance and Efficiency of a 200cc 4 Stroke Motor

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afif Fakhruddin ◽  
A'rasy Fahruddin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Power Mean ◽  
Vehicle Engine ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

In Indonesia, many people often use two-wheeled vehicles compared to four-wheeled vehicles, and so many people want the best speed and performance of their motorbikes compared to the manufacturer's standards. Modifying the camshaft or what is more familiarly known as "papas noken or camshaft" aims to increase volumetric efficiency and change the character of an engine, so that the engine produces more power and as needed. In racing motorbikes, modifications have been made to several systems and components, including the camshaft or camshaft to improve the motorbike's performance. Motor vehicle engine performance parameters include torque, power, mean effective pressure, specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and air-material ratio. fuel air and fuel. In general, motorbikes for competition have been modified mechanical components and systems.

RCCI of Synthetic Kerosene With PFI of N-Butanol-Combustion and Emissions Characteristics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Soloiu ◽  
Martin Muiños ◽  
Tyler Naes ◽  
Spencer Harp ◽  
Marcis Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Soot Emissions ◽  
Low Sulfur

In this study, the combustion and emissions characteristics of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) obtained by direct injection (DI) of S8 and port fuel injection (PFI) of n-butanol were compared with RCCI of ultra-low sulfur diesel #2 (ULSD#2) and PFI of n-butanol at 6 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 1500 rpm. S8 is a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (C6–C18) developed by Syntroleum and is derived from natural gas. S8 is a Fischer-Tropsch fuel that contains a low aromatic percentage (0.5 vol. %) and has a cetane number of 63 versus 47 of ULSD#2. Baselines of DI conventional diesel combustion (CDC), with 100% ULSD#2 and also DI of S8 were conducted. For both RCCI cases, the mass ratio of DI to PFI was set at 1:1. The ignition delay for the ULSD#2 baseline was found to be 10.9 CAD (1.21 ms) and for S8 was shorter at 10.1 CAD (1.12 ms). In RCCI, the premixed charge combustion has been split into two regions of high temperature heat release, an early one BTDC from ignition of ULSD#2 or S8, and a second stage, ATDC from n-butanol combustion. RCCI with n-butanol increased the NOx because the n-butanol contains 21% oxygen, while S8 alone produced 30% less NOx emissions when compared to the ULSD#2 baseline. The RCCI reduced soot by 80–90% (more efficient for S8). However, S8 alone showed a considerable increase in soot emissions compared with ULSD#2. The indicated thermal efficiency was the highest for the ULSD#2 and S8 baseline at 44%. The RCCI strategies showed a decrease in indicated thermal efficiency at 40% ULSD#2-RCCI and 42% and for S8-RCCI, respectively. S8 as a single fuel proved to be a very capable alternative to ULSD#2 in terms of combustion performance nevertheless, exhibited higher soot emissions that have been mitigated with the RCCI strategy without penalty in engine performance.

scholarly journals Control of Exhaust Emissions Using Piston Coating on Two-StrokeSI Engines with Gasoline Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. H16-H20
Author(s):  
A.V.N.S. Kiran ◽  
B. Ramanjaneyulu ◽  
M. Lokanath M. ◽  
S. Nagendra ◽  
G.E. Balachander
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Piston Crown ◽  
Barrier Coating

An increase in fuel utilization to internal combustion engines, variation in gasoline price, reduction of the fossil fuels and natural resources, needs less carbon content in fuel to find an alternative fuel. This paper presents a comparative study of various gasoline blends in a single-cylinder two-stroke SI engine. The present experimental investigation with gasoline blends of butanol and propanol and magnesium partially stabilized zirconium (Mg-PSZ) as thermal barrier coating on piston crown of 100 µm. The samples of gasoline blends were blended with petrol in 1:4 ratios: 20 % of butanol and 80 % of gasoline; 20 % of propanol and 80 % of gasoline. In this work, the following engine characteristics of brake thermal efficiency (BTH), specific fuel consumption (SFC), HC, and CO emissions were measured for both coated and non-coated pistons. Experiments have shown that the thermal efficiency is increased by 2.2 % at P20. The specific fuel consumption is minimized by 2.2 % at P20. Exhaust emissions are minimized by 2.0 % of HC and 2.4 % of CO at B20. The results strongly indicate that the combination of thermal barrier coatings and gasoline blends can improve engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Engine performance of blends of palm kernel oil biodiesel under varying speed at constant torque

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-766
Author(s):  
J.N. Nwakaire ◽  
O.F. Obi ◽  
C.J. Ohagwu ◽  
C.C. Anyadike ◽  
I.E. Ugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Constant Torque ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Test Fuel

This study conducts a comparative evaluation the effect of using palm kernel oil (PKO), pure petroleum diesel and their blends (B5, B10, B20, B30, B40, and B100), on the performance of a four-cylinder CI diesel engine (David Brown 990: 58hp; 2WD), at Farm Power and Machinery Test laboratory Centre (FPMTLC), Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The objective of the study was to determine the fuel consumption rates, energy expended, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency, under varying operating speeds (700 – 1900rpm) at constant torque. Each fuel test was conducted using the Heenan-Froude hydraulic dynamometer engine-test-bed; pure petroleum diesel (B0) was used to generate the baseline data. Variables calculated were analyzed, then compared with each other to determine the differences in the engine performance and also to determine the optimum test fuel. The results obtained show that B10 had the overall optimum energy output, fuel consumption rates, and brake specific fuel consumption of 5431.809J, 3.42E-07 m3/s, and 0.16569l/KWh, respectively at the highest engine speed of 1900. B10 had an excellent brake thermal efficiency of 60.6% but was not better than B100, which showed a higher value of 66.95%. From the analysis, B10 is the optimum test fuel and can be used as an alternative fuel in David Brown 990 (58hp; 2WD) or similar CI diesel engines without any engine modification, even though B100 showed potential as an alternative to fossil diesel. Biofuel production grows through integrated aquaculture and algae production; the algae oil will serve as a raw material for biofuel production Keywords: Blends, Biodiesel, Brake Specific Consumption, Diesel Engine, Fuel Consumption rate, Thermal Efficiency.

scholarly journals Influence of Compression Ratio on Flywheel Dimension for a Naturally Aspirated Spark Ignition Engine: A Numerical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aan Yudianto ◽  
Peixuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Compression Stroke ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Proper Design

The proper design of the flywheel undeniably determines in tuning the engine to confirm the better output engine performance. The aim of this study is to mathematically investigate the effect of various values of the compression ratio on some essential parameters to determine the appropriate value for the flywheel dimension. A numerical calculation approach was proposed to eventually determine the dimension of the engine flywheel on a five-cylinder four-stroke Spark Ignition (SI) engine. The various compression ratios of 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, and 11 were selected to perform the calculations. The effects of compression ratio on effective pressure, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), dynamic irregularity value of the crankshaft, and the diameter of the flywheel was clearly investigated. The study found that 2.5 increment value of the compression ratio significantly increases the effective pressure of about 41.53% on the starting of the expansion stroke. While at the end of the compression stroke, the rise of effective pressure is about 76.67%, and the changes in dynamic irregularity merely increase by about 1.79%. The same trend applies to the flywheel diameter and width, which increases 2.08% for both.

scholarly journals A Review of Comparative Study on The Effect of Hydroxyl Gas in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) On Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Amir Ridhuan ◽  
Shahrul Azmir Osman ◽  
Mas Fawzi ◽  
Ahmad Jais Alimin ◽  
Saliza Azlina Osman
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Brake Power

This introductory study comes up with an innovative idea of using Hydroxyl gas as a fuel performance enhancer to reduce the natural sources and the overuse of fossil fuel resulting in increased pollution levels. Many researchers have used HHO gas to analyze gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. The main challenges of using HHO gas in engines have been identified as system complexity, safety, cost, and electrolysis efficiency. This article focuses on different performance reports and the emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. As opposed to general diesel, this study found that using HHO gas improved brake power and torque. In all cases, an increase in braking thermal efficiency can be observed. This was due to the presence of hydrogen in HHO gas with higher calorific value than fossil fuels. At the same time, the fuel consumption unit of the engine was reduced, and the combined impact of hydrogen and oxygen helped to achieve complete combustion and improved the combustion capacity of the fuel when HHO gas was injected. The addition of HHO gas also improved the Brake Power (BP), Brake Torque (BT), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and thermal efficiency while simultaneously reducing CO and HC formation. The rise in CO2 emissions represented the completion of combustion. Therefore, the usage of HHO gas in the Compression Ignition (CI) engine improved the engine performance and exhaust emissions.

scholarly journals Impact and observations of cylinder deactivation and reactivation in a downsized gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine

2019 ◽  
pp. 146808741988281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C Parker ◽  
Changzhao Jiang ◽  
Daniel Butcher ◽  
Adrian Spencer ◽  
Colin P Garner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Cylinder Deactivation ◽  
Direct Injection Engine ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Variable Displacement ◽  
Particulate Number

Cylinder deactivation, sometimes referred to as variable displacement engine technology, is a method being employed in state-of-the-art reciprocating engines to improve fuel economy. The approach involves disabling the valve actuation of one or more cylinders to deactivate them, thus forcing the engine to operate at a higher specific load across the remaining cylinders to produce the torque demanded. Operating at such a point with an increased throttle opening reduces the engine’s pumping losses and hence reduces fuel consumption. In this work, the spray morphology, combustion and emissions of a three-cylinder downsized gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with variable displacement engine capability on one cylinder were studied. This investigation allowed the interaction between the fuel spray, engine performance and emissions immediately following the reactivation of the deactivated cylinder to be better understood. Three operation modes were examined which included running the engine at full displacement, at the reduced displacement and at full displacement with increased indicated mean effective pressure, matching that of the reduced displacement mode. The study showed that cylinder deactivation significantly reduced specific fuel consumption at the conditions tested in comparison to full displacement operation. It was also found that when running the engine at full displacement but with the reduced displacement–level indicated mean effective pressure, the specific fuel consumption was greater than for reduced displacement operation. In addition, it was observed that particulate number emissions increase transiently during the deactivation period due to the disturbances to the fuelling control caused by displacement transitions. Improved fuelling control, refinement of the engine calibration during reduced displacement operation or a gasoline particulate filter could be used to manage this particulate number level.

Fundamental Study of Diesel Engine Performance by Implementing Oil from Tropical Kepayang Seeds (Pangium edule)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1115 ◽  
pp. 480-483
Author(s):  
Khairil ◽  
Sulaiman Thalib ◽  
Dan Turmizi
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Tropical Regions

Kepayang is a plant commonly found in tropical regions especially in Aceh, which has not been optimally used by local people. Based on traditional processes, kepayang seeds are potentially capable of producing oil. The objective of this research is to examined the effects of specific fuel consumption, power generation, and the thermal efficiency on engine performance by using kepayang seeds oil. The problem will be evaluated the effect of variations of biodiesel fuel (B-0, B-10 and B-20) and variation engine rotation on the diesel engine performance. In order to perform this research, the Yanmar TS-50 engine which had rotation of 2400 rpm and maximum power of 2 kW was selected. By examining the result of the research it was concluded that there were not significant effects of varied fuel consumption on the low speed (1000 rpm to 1800 rpm) engine rotation. However for engine speed more than 1800 rpm there were somewhat effects of them on engine performance. It is evident that at the engine rotation of 2000 rpm, the fuel consumption of biodiesel (B-20) and the power generated were lower than compare to biodiesel (B-10 and B-0). On the other hand, the thermal efficiency for biodiesel (B-20) was higher than compared to other biodiesel (B-10 and B-0).

EFFECT OF CYLINDER DEACTIVATION STRATEGIES ON ENGINE PERFORMANCES USING ONE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (8-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izwan Hamid ◽  
Mohd Farid Muhamad Said ◽  
Shahril Nizam Mohamed Soid ◽  
Henry Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Normal Mode ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Cylinder Deactivation ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Engine Model

In order to meet consumer and legislation requirements, big investments on key technology strategies have been made to ensure fuel consumption is reduced. Recent technologies for gasoline engines are lean combustion technologies (including direct injection and homogenous charged compression ignition), optimizing intake and exhaust valve timing with valve lift and also cylinder deactivation system (CDA) have been practised to improve the engine efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate the engine behavior when running at different cylinder deactivation (CDA) strategies. One-dimensional engine model software called GT-Power is used to predict the engine performances. Five strategies were considered namely normal mode, spark plug off mode, cylinder deactivation mode, intake normal with exhaust off mode, and intake off with exhaust normal mode.  Engine performance outputs of each strategy are predicted and compared at BMEP of 3 bars with engine speed of 2500 rpm. Also, the effect of CDA strategies on in-cylinder pressure and pumping loss are performed. The study shows that all of these cylinder deactivation strategies are capable of reducing the pumping loss (PMEP) and fuel consumption, thus increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine. The results suggest that the most beneficial strategy for activating CDA is for the case whereby both the intake and exhaust valves are kept closed. This CDA mode capable of increasing brake thermal efficiency up to 22% at entire engine speeds operation. This strategy successfully reduced the BSFC. It was found that most of these cylinder deactivation strategies improve the engine performance during part load engine condition

An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Fumigation in a Small Direct-Injection Diesel Engine During Part-Load Operation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Marin ◽  
Daniel P. Wiese ◽  
Paul A. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ◽  
Hydrogen Enrichment

Hydrogen enrichment may offer enhanced performance of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen’s high specific energy, wide flammability limits, and high flame speed are all desirable traits that can potentially enhance combustion. However, hydrogen’s low energy density and its need to be produced from another energy source pose significant challenges for implementation. Hydrogen enrichment involves co-firing of hydrogen and another primary fuel. The hydrogen can be aspirated through the intake manifold via fumigation or injected at the port or cylinder with the primary fuel. The effect of hydrogen fumigation in diesel engines has been studied to some degree but is not fully understood. In this research, a single-cylinder four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine was modified for hydrogen fumigation and was instrumented to monitor combustion related performance parameters. This engine is representative of low-cost systems that are widely used in developing nations for agricultural and other low power applications. A factorial design of experiments was implemented to study the effects and interactions of hydrogen fumigation flow rate, injection timing, and diesel fuel flow rate on part-load engine performance. At relatively low energy fractions, hydrogen was found to have statistically insignificant effects on brake torque and indicated mean effective pressure, leading to modest decreases in brake thermal efficiency. Exhaust gas temperature increased with hydrogen enrichment. The coefficient of variance of indicated mean effective pressure decreased with hydrogen enrichment, and visible changes to the in-cylinder pressure trace were observed, particularly when injection timing was retarded. The results of this investigation show that for this specific configuration, hydrogen enrichment is not beneficial to the combustion process. The marginal improvements in coefficient of variance and changes of in-cylinder pressure cannot justify the decrease in thermal efficiency of the engine.

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