Evaluation of Soya Bean Quality for Tofu Processing by near Infrared Spectroscopy

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A325-A328
Author(s):  
T.L. Hong ◽  
Samson C.S. Tsou ◽  
S.-J. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Water Absorption Rate

Soya bean, as the raw material for tofu processing, is required to be of high quality. The variety characteristics, storage conditions and harvesting seasons of soya bean are the major contributors to soya bean quality. This study attempted to use near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the processing quality of soya bean. Evaluation models using NIR spectroscopy were developed for the analyses of tannin content, degrees of lipid oxidation, detection of harvest seasons and measurement of water absorption rate. Simulation experiments demonstrated that these models were not only able to analyse major compositions of soya bean, but also to sort out soya bean samples and their suitability for tofu making regardless of various defects, such as high tannin content, low water absorption rate, prolonged storage and unfavourable harvest seasons. Statistic analysis suggested that these models could be used as mass-screening techniques for breeding programmes and quality control measures in tofu-processing factories.

Manufacturing of Construction Materials from Municipal Incinerator Residue

2008 ◽  
Vol 569 ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Dae Yong Shin ◽  
Kyung Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
Leaching Procedure

Municipal incinerator residue (MIR) was used as raw material to replace clay to manufacture bricks. Brick specimens were substituted from 0 to 50 wt% MIR by 10 wt% increment for clay. Clay-MIR brick specimens were fired at 800~1050°C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption rate and compressive strength were investigated. Leaching procedure tests were also conducted to characterize toxicity. Increasing MIR contents resulted in a decrease in water absorption rate, firing shrinkage and increase in compressive strength of bricks. It was found that when brick specimen with 50 wt% of MIR content was heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h, a brick specimen could be generated, which was compressive strength of 1256 kg/cm2, water absorption ratio of 6.8% and firing shrinkage of 3.5%. This indicates that MIR is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of clay in bricks

scholarly journals Preliminary Study of Oil Palm Decanter Cake Natural Polymer Composite (OPDC-NPC)

2014 ◽  
Vol 911 ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aqif Adam ◽  
Alawi Sulaiman ◽  
Che Mohd Som Said ◽  
Ayub M. Som ◽  
Azhari Samsu Bahruddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Natural Polymer ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Decanter Cake

Palm oil industry produces huge amount of oil palm decanter cake (OPDC). Currently it is not yet commercialized however due to its characteristics, it can be used to produce oil palm decanter cake natural polymer composite (OPDC-NPC). NPC is a type of material made by combining natural fiber with polymer. Therefore the objective of this paper is to produce NPC from OPDC and then determine its mechanical and physical properties such as elasticity, stiffness, tensile strength and water absorption rate. The OPDC samples were collected from Felda Trolak Palm Oil Mill. Prior to NPC development, the oil was removed from OPDC using hexane soxhlet extraction method. OPDC-NPC was fabricated using molding method where the mixture of 95% polypropylene (PP) and 5% OPDC were mixed using twin-screw extruder. The results showed that OPDC-NPC has an elasticity of 2231 MPa, stiffness of 30 MPa, tensile strength of 32 MPa and water absorption rate of 0.16 % which was slightly better with the other types of fibers.

scholarly journals Analysis on the barrier properties of thin film PLA/PBAT reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
Sitti Fatimah Mhd Ramle ◽  
Aqilah Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nur Hafizzah Jusoh ◽  
Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi ◽  
Che Ku Abdullah Che Ku Alam
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Hydrolysis Process

Abstract In recent times, awareness on plastic pollution had increase which brings innovation on new productions to be environmental friendly. Various polymers has been used to analyse the suitability to produce thin films. In this study, Poly lactic acid (PLA) and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were investigated. MCC were produced from selected bamboo for obtaining cellulose, then followed by an acidic hydrolysis process for the processing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). In this study, the thin film are focusing on the barrier properties such as water absorption, solvent resistance and absorption test. From the results shows that, the lowest rate of water absorption rate is 1.9% by 1% B-MCC/PLA/PBAT, meanwhile, the highest rate of water absorption is 60.1% by 5% C-MCC/PLA/PBAT. The water absorption rate decrease gradually with the decreasing of amount of MCC in the samples. Lastly, the thin film samples can resist with oleic acid solvents as the condition of thin film samples is still remain but they were not resistance with xylene as the thin film samples were shrinked and degraded. This thin film have a potential to replace the non-biodegradable petrochemical polymer based on their properties such as food contact, availability and cost.

scholarly journals WATER ABSORPTION AND DRYING SHRINKAGE OF RECYCLED FOAMED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chai Teck Jung ◽  
Tang Hing Kwong ◽  
Koh Heng Boon
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Concrete Specimen ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Foamed Concrete

Abstract: This paper presents some experimental results and discusses the used of recycled foamed aggregates as natural coarse aggregates replacement in producing concrete. The physical properties of recycled foamed aggregates concrete were investigated. The properties studied are water absorption and drying shrinkage from the concrete early ages until the periods of 56 days. The 100 mm x 100 mm cube specimen was used to study the water absorption at the age of 7, 28 and 56 days. Meanwhile, the 100 mm x 100 mm x 300 mm length prism had been casted and used for drying shrinkage test for recycled foamed aggregates concrete. The foamed aggregates was produced from crushing recycled foamed concrete blocks. It were coated with cement paste to reduce its water absorption ability during casting process. Superplasticizer was used to maintain the workability of fresh concrete with a slump vary between 50 mm to 100 mm. The physical tests were conducted on recycled foamed aggregates to determine their initial properties such as loose bulk density, sieve analysis and water absorption rate. Recycled foamed aggregate concretes were produced with varied water cement ratio. The results obtained indicated that the linear elastic relationship between water cement ratio and water absorption rate. The higher the water cement ratio of concrete specimen will obtained higher water absorption rate. Vice versa, the density is low for drying shrinkage. The water absorption decreased while drying shrinkage becomes more stabilized over curing period.

Focusing near Infrared Spectroscopy on the Business Objectives of Modern Pharmaceutical Production

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (A) ◽  
pp. A13-A19 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Axon ◽  
R. Brown ◽  
S.V. Hammond ◽  
S.J. Maris ◽  
F. Ting
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Develop Model ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production

The early use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry was for raw material identification, later moving on to some conventional “calibrations” for various ingredients in a variety of sample types. The approach throughout this development process has always been “conventional” with one measurement by NIR directly replacing some other slower method, be it Mid-IR identification, or determinations by Karl Fischer, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)etc. A significant change in approach was demonstrated by Plugge and Van der Vlies1 in 1993, where a qualitative system was used to provide “quantitative like” answers for potency of a drug substance. Following on from that key paper, there has been a realisation that the qualitative analysis ability of NIR, has the potential to be a powerful tool for process investigation, control and validation. The final step has been to develop “model free” approaches, that consider individual data sets as unique systems, and present the opportunity for NIR to escape the shackles of “calibration” in one form or another. The use of qualitative, or model free, approaches to NIR spectroscopy provides an effective tool for satisfying many of the demands of modern pharmaceutical production. “Straight through production,” “right first time,” “short cycle time” and “total quality management” philosophies can be realised. Eventually the prospect of parametric release may be materialised with a strong contribution from NIR spectroscopy. This paper will illustrate the above points with some real life examles.

scholarly journals Durability Studies on the Recycled Aggregate Concrete in China over the Past Decade: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Ma ◽  
Qin Tang ◽  
Dingyi Yang ◽  
Guangzhong Ba
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Recycled Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Aggregate Concrete ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Average Water

Since China hosted the Olympic Games in 2008, a mass of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes were produced with the rapid urbanization construction. Recycling the C&D waste into recycled aggregates (RA) is an effective method for reducing the amount of C&D wastes. Many studies on the properties of RA and the durability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were conducted in China over the past decade. Due to the restrictions of various languages, some valuable studies on the durability of RAC are hard to be acquired by the scholars around the world. Therefore, this paper is developed to review the studies on the durability of RAC in China, and the shrinkage behavior, chloride permeability, carbonation behavior, and freeze-thaw resistance of RAC are, respectively, introduced. Considering the waste concrete, bricks, and ceramics used in preparing RA are frequently mixed together in China, this study proposes an index of average water absorption rate to quantify the effects of RA types, quality, and replacement percentages on the durability of RAC. Meanwhile, the relationship between the average water absorption rate of RA and the durability parameters of RAC is established. Finally, the improving methods of RAC durability are introduced, and the RA particle shaping and carbonation modification are emphasized.

Analysis of Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild) Bark by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Schimleck ◽  
Y. Yazaki
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Acacia Mearnsii ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Black Wattle

Summary The analysis of two sets of Acacia mearnsii De Wild (Black Wattle) samples by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is reported. Set 1 samples were characterised in terms of hot water extractives, Stiasny value and polyflavanoid content. Set 2 samples were characterised by nine different parameters, including tannin content. NIR spectra were obtained from the milled bark of all samples and calibrations developed for each parameter. Calibrations developed for hot water extractives and polyflavanoid content (set 1) gave very good coefficients of determination (R2) and performed well in prediction. Set 2 calibrations were generally good with total and soluble solids, tannin content, Stiasny value-2 and UV-2, all having R2 greater than 0.8. Owing to the small number of set 2 samples, no predictions were made using the calibrations. The strong relationships obtained for many parameters in this study indicates that NIR spectroscopy has considerable potential for the rapid assessment of the quality of extractives in A. mearnsii bark.

Estimation of Eucalyptus delegatensis wood properties by near infrared spectroscopy

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1671-1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
R Evans ◽  
J Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eucalyptus Delegatensis

The use of calibrated near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the prediction of a range solid wood properties is described. The methods developed are applicable to large-scale nondestructive forest resource assessment and to tree breeding and silvicultural programs. A series of Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T. Baker (alpine ash) samples were characterized in terms of density, longitudinal modulus of elasticity (EL), microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of rupture (MOR). NIR spectra were obtained from the radial–longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. The relationships were good in all cases, with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.77 for MOR through 0.90 for EL to 0.93 for stick density. In view of the rapidly expanding range of applications for this technique, it is concluded that appropriately calibrated NIR spectroscopy could form the basis of a "universal" testing instrument capable of predicting a wide range of product properties from a single type of spectrum obtained from the product or from the raw material.

The Influence of Different Hydrophobic Agent on the Water Absorptivity of Foam Concrete

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 192-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Chang Sheng Pan ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
He Chi Pan ◽  
Jun Yi Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Foam Concrete ◽  
Organic Silicon ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Hydrophobic Agent ◽  
High Absorption ◽  
High Fatty Acids

Foam concrete products had high absorption rate due to a large number of bubbles dispersion in it.which has serious effects upon the overall thermal performance of material and the durability of construction.Three methods were studied which includes Organic Silicon hydrophobic agent、High fatty acids hydrophobic agent and hydrophobic agent F in order to reduce the water absorption rate.Results show that the water absorption rate was reduced significantly with mixed High fatty acids. The water absorption rate drops of 68.2%, and the organic silicon is in a second place , and the hydrophobic agent F is the worst.

scholarly journals The numerical simulation of Influence of Drying-wetting Cycles on the Deterioration Characteristics of Gypsum Rocks under Particle Flow Code

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Guopeng Wu ◽  
Wenwu Chen ◽  
Kai Cui
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Particle Flow ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Water Absorption Rate ◽  
Gypsum Rock ◽  
Deterioration Characteristics

In order to study the influence of dry-wet cycling on the deterioration characteristics of gypsum rocks and solve the problems encountered in engineering construction, in this study, gypsum rocks are taken as the research object. With the combination of laboratory test and theoretical analysis, the numerical simulation of particle flow is carried out, and the deterioration characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of gypsum rock under dry-wet cycling are studied. The results show that gypsum, quartz, zeolite and dolomite are the main components of gypsum rocks. Gypsum occupies the most components in gypsum rocks, so the various characteristics of gypsum greatly affect the characteristics of gypsum rocks. The process of water absorption and loss of gypsum is similar, which shows that the rate of water absorption or loss of gypsum is faster in the early stage, and tends to be stable in the later stage. The curve of the whole process of water absorption and loss is fitted by negative exponential function, and the effect is better. The larger the porosity of gypsum rock is, the better its water absorption performance is. Intergranular pore, dissolution pore and dissolution pore are the main pore types of gypsum rock. Intergranular pore is the main water absorption channel of gypsum rock. The cumulative water absorption increases with the increase of wetting and drying cycles. The change of water absorption curve is mainly manifested in water absorption rate and time. The more the number of wet-dry cycles is, the higher the water absorption rate in the early stage of water absorption is, the closer the characteristic curve to the coordinate axis of water absorption is, and the shorter the water absorption time is. In contrast, the shape difference of water loss curve is very small. It can be seen from this that in the process of wetting and drying cycle, the hydrophysical and hydrochemical processes promote each other, which changes the crystal structure and pore structure of gypsum rocks, reduces the crystal strength and increases the porosity, thus leading to the deterioration of the mechanical properties of gypsum rocks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document