The Role of Cognitive Skills in Economic Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A Hanushek ◽  
Ludger Woessmann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
School Quality ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
School Attainment ◽  
High Level

The role of improved schooling, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment has not guaranteed improved economic conditions. This paper reviews the role of cognitive skills in promoting economic well-being, with a particular focus on the role of school quality and quantity. It concludes that there is strong evidence that the cognitive skills of the population—rather than mere school attainment—are powerfully related to individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. New empirical results show the importance of both minimal and high level skills, the complementarity of skills and the quality of economic institutions, and the robustness of the relationship between skills and growth. International comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes clear that closing the economic gap with developed countries will require major structural changes in schooling institutions.

Foundations of International Aid

1960 ◽  
Vol 329 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Jane M. Hoey
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Individual

The newly developing countries desire not only political independence but also economic progress for their people—a progress which they can see, and are now aware of, in the rest of the world. The role of the developed countries is to extend aid to the needy. Moral foundations underlie the donor's contributions, but they are more than that, they are the means for acquiring support for international aid in the donor's country. The United States must assume the leader ship among' the free nations in granting aid; she must accept this role because of her economic achievements and technologi cal advantages. Donators of such aid should take cognizance of the complementary character and interrelatedness of economic and social development. For economic development, however much it is sought, is not an end in itself, rather the aim is the well-being and happiness of the individual. Such a goal neces sitates economic aid accompanied by social aid. Social welfare can also be a vehicle to achieve peace, inasmuch as people-to- people relationships generate brotherly love—the only lasting foundation for peace.—Ed.

World Society, World Polity, and the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being, 1990–2011

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Society ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
World Polity ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Developed Nations

Research on the carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB), a measure representing a country's development in terms of both environmental and human well-being, often explores the role of economic development, while the effects of other aspects of global integration remain under-explored. I use macro-comparative sociological perspectives to investigate the extent to which theories of global integration help explain variation in countries’ CIWB over time. I evaluate propositions drawn from neoinstitutional world society and world polity theories using longitudinal modeling techniques to analyze data from 81 countries from 1990 to 2011. I also examine subsets of more and less developed countries and compare production- and consumption-based measures of CIWB. I find that world society/world polity integration is associated with a reduction in CIWB only in more developed nations, and only when using the production measure for CO2 emissions, highlighting the complexities of sustainable development in an unequal global system.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL FEATURES AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3(72)) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
V.N. FOMISHYNA ◽  
S. V. FOMISHYN ◽  
O.K. LADUSHYNA
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
World Development

Topicality. Subjective educational, professional, moral and psychological properties of a person which were important at all times, nowadays receive special significance in the context of the formation of a global knowledge economy,. It now becomes an axiom that a person, his knowledge and skills, his ability to creativity is the main productive resource and the main value of society. Valuable measure gets an economic importance in the sense that, in the case of its deformation, all society's efforts, expenditures of government and intergovernmental institutions, households and other actors in sufficient (or high) cost of human capital achievement will fail in forming the main value and the main productive resource of society. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the functional role, international features of the formation of human capital and their manifestations in the national economy. Research results. The most developed countries are those which have a high level of human capital development. The functional role of human capital in world development is realized through qualitative improvement of the human potential of the country, the formation of the abilities and needs of its population, plus the characteristics of the contribution of these non-market investments to economic growth, efficiency and competitiveness. Human capital, like all kinds of capital, is not objectively predetermined, it is the result of the joint efforts of the man himself, his family, enterprise, and state. For a person, these efforts are associated with labor costs, time and financial resources, for enterprises and the state - mainly with the financial costs associated with economic and social development. The financial cost of a qualitative improvement of the workforce, which means its transformation into human capital, takes the form of investment � all kinds of investments into a person, that can be valued in cash or another form and are purposeful, that contribute to the growth of labor productivity and increase income level. Investments in human capital in comparison with investments in other types of capital are distinguished by a number of peculiarities that influence the decision making of the subject in relation to the choice between current consumption or savings for the purpose of further investment and accumulation of human capital. Each of the subjects, investing in individual human capital, pursues its own goals and sees in his own way the future benefits of its accumulation. The dynamics, structure and volume of these investments shows that they differ significantly in the industrialized countries and in Ukraine. The volumes of investments into different components of human capital in Ukraine are lower than in Western countries, the USA, and Japan. As a result, in the last decades there has been a deformed structure of investment in a person, which complicates its quantitative and qualitative reproduction. Conclusion. International tendencies of human capital development are manifested in the following: the formation of a human-centric concept and the humanization of world development; growth of the role of financial markets in investing in human capital; a large proportion of human capital in the national wealth of highly developed countries; high and stable expenditures on human capital development at all levels of the economy; rapid response of the educational sphere to structural changes in the economy; the transformation of knowledge into the most extensive sphere of investment. In the system of reproduction of human capital in modern Ukraine has accumulated a number of acute problems of socio-economic and moral-ideological nature, which, due to the unfavourable development of events, could lead not only to the progress of the economic system, but also to its destruction.

scholarly journals Situating Continuing Professional Development in Life Long Learning in Qatar

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishanth Weerakkody ◽  
Mohamad Osmani ◽  
Paul Waller ◽  
Nitham Hindi ◽  
Rajab Al-Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Continuing Professional Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
High Level

<p>Continued professional development (CPD) has been at the centre of capacity building in most successful organisations in western countries over the past few decades. Specialised professions in fields such as Accounting, Finance and ICT, to name but a few, are continuously evolving, which is necessitating certain standards to be followed through registration and certification by a designated authority (e.g. ACCA). Whilst most developed countries such as the UK and the US have well established frameworks for CPD for these professions, several developing nations, including Qatar (the chosen context for this article) are only just beginning to adopt these frameworks into their local contexts. However, the unique socio-cultural settings in such countries require these frameworks to be appropriately modified before they are adopted within the respective national context. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of CPD in Qatar through comparing the UK as a benchmark and drawing corresponding and contrasting observations to formulate a roadmap towards developing a high level framework.</p>

The Role of Helplessness in the Appraisal of Illness Uncertainty in Women With Fibromyalgia

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
Melody D. Reibel ◽  
Marianne H. Hutti
Keyword(s):  
Survey Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Illness Uncertainty ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by uncertainty in etiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. The high level of illness uncertainty that results from fibromyalgia is a risk factor for maladjustment to illness. A cross-sectional survey design was used to examine the relationships among illness uncertainty, helplessness, and subjective well-being in 138 women with fibromyalgia. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine a predictive model for mediation. We found illness uncertainty is negatively associated with subjective well-being and that helplessness strongly influences the impact of illness uncertainty on subjective well-being in women with fibromyalgia.

scholarly journals There Is No Performance, There Is Just This Moment: The Role of Mindfulness Instruction in Promoting Health and Well-Being Among Students at a Highly-Ranked University in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Kerrigan ◽  
Victoria Chau ◽  
Melissa King ◽  
Emily Holman ◽  
Alain Joffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Culture ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Health And Well Being

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been shown to improve health outcomes across populations. We explored the feasibility, acceptability, and initial effects of a pilot MBSR program at a highly-ranked university in the United States. We conducted 23 in-depth interviews with 13 students. Interviews explored stressors and coping mechanisms, experiences with MBSR, and its reported impact and potential future use. Interviews were analyzed using thematic content and narrative analyses. Results indicated that students are exposed to a very high level of constant stress related to the sheer amount of work and activities that they have and the pervasive surrounding university culture of perfectionism. MBSR offered an opportunity to step back and gain perspective on issues of balance and priorities and provided concrete techniques to counter the effects of stressors. We conclude that MBSR and mindfulness programs may contribute to more supportive university learning environments and greater health and well-being among students.

scholarly journals Enrollment of Rural Farmers’ Children into Schools in Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
O. O. Oke ◽  
A. S. Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

Education is germane to liberating many people from high level of illiteracy and abject poverty. But lack of school enrollment among vulnerable children of such people living in the rural areas will further limit development, progress and the well-being they deserve. This study however was meant to assess the enrollment of rural farmers’ children into schools in Ido and Oluyole Local Government Areas, Ibadan, Oyo state. Purposive sampling technique was used for selection of the study area in the areas of Ibadan while random sampling was used to select 150 respondents from 10 communities in the 2 LGAs. Data collected were analyzed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that majority of the respondents (94.2%) were married, 63.3% were above 60 years, 50.8% of the respondents were Christian while 49.2% were Muslims. The result also revealed that the majority of the respondents had primary (45%) and no formal education (45%). The result also showed the enrolment levels of farmers’ children in schools that 49.2% of the respondents’ male children between the ranges of 2-4 are enrolled in schools with the highest percentage of enrolment about 59.2% of the respondents female children are enrolled in schools. More so, 43.3% of the total respondents’ children are enrolled in schools, implying low enrollment in schools due to their low standard of living and unemployment in the country as indicated by 61.7% of the respondents to be a challenge to school enrolment for their children. In conclusion, the government should come up with strategies of establishing program such as free education where rural farmers’ children can benefit from and also ensure access to loans to improve farm business of rural farmers, supplying them with input and improved varieties that will increase their yield with commensurate income to support the enrolment of their children in schools. This will encourage and support enrolment of their children in school and eventually improve their living standard in the society.

scholarly journals Core values driving sustained elite performance cultures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Eric Biener
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Athletic Departments ◽  
Group Members ◽  
High Level

Organizational culture within sport has an important influence on the performance and well-being of the group and individuals. Often, cultural descriptions are based on teams' results (e.g., winning teams have strong cultures and losing teams have poor cultures). However, these after-the-fact cultural labels ignore the myriad underlying factors that contribute to the group's culture. The preponderance of organizational culture research in sport has tended to either focus on culture at the macro level (e.g., cultures of national governing bodies or athletic departments) or focus on culture change (essentially the mechanisms and processes through which poorly performing cultures changed their fortunes). However, there has been limited research looking at the cultures of programs who have sustained high-level performance for long periods of time. Moreover, there is even less research looking into the core values of such programs, one of the three levels of Schein's (Schein, 1990; Schein and Schein, 2017) culture analysis model. Therefore, this phenomenological study aimed to understand the perceptions and experiences of head coaches in leading and developing their sustained elite-performing cultures; specifically, this study targeted the role of core values within these cultures' development, an area lacking sufficient research (Wagstaff and Burton-Wylie, 2018). Analysis of experienced championship coaches' responses (n=5) revealed that core values focused on growth and development within sport and beyond, as well as the ways in which group members treat each other. Coaches also revealed that bringing these values off the page required consistent, daily, intentional effort, with values serving as touchstones when actions deviated from them.

Marketing Healthy Food in an African City: Consumer Motivations for Adopting Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato in Maputo, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110212
Author(s):  
Roland Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

Since the late 1990s, the International Potato Center has promoted orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) cultivars in Mozambique as a healthy food, emphasizing its capacity to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among mothers and young children. This article seeks to reveal why consumers in Maputo, the capital city of Mozambique, adopt or reject OFSP looking at the role of food systems and consumer characteristics in access and acceptance of healthy food and at the positioning OFSP on the market in terms of lifestyle and need satisfaction. The results of 255 street interviews confirm that OFSP is widely known. Information reaches people mainly via informal channels (relatives and retailers). Nonadoption is the result of the positioning of OFSP as food for young children and sick people. The OFSP appeals most to the hedonistic and conservative lifestyle segments. Adoption is associated with the perception of OFSP as a source of vitamins that builds up muscles and improves physical appearance and self-fulfillment. While women are typically responsible for domestic tasks, male adopters emphasize the role of OFSP in family health and well-being more than female adopters. This first attempt to understand the marketing of healthy food in Mozambique exposes many similarities between the urban consumers in Maputo and those in developed countries. The results indicate that future marketing should exploit informal channels such as vendors and emphasize its nutritious value for all consumers instead of focusing on mothers and young children.

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