The Role of Human Capital in Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
June O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
White Men ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Educational Differences ◽  
Successive Generations

This article examines the factors underlying the differential in earnings between black men and white men, with a focus on the role of human capital. Since 1940, successive generations of black men entering the labor force have been increasingly more educated relative to white men, both in terms of years of school completed and in the quality of schooling obtained. This convergence in educational differences combined with the migration of blacks out of the South contributed to the narrowing in the racial gap in earnings over the 1940–80 period, particularly in the first half of the period. The discussion focuses on men, rather than on all blacks. The blackwhite wage gap has remained considerably larger among men than among women, making racial differences among men an issue of particular concern.

Racial Differences in Access to High-Paying Jobs and the Wage Gap between Black and White Women

ILR Review ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Anderson ◽  
David Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Longitudinal Surveys ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
Racial Wage Gap

The authors examine the role that racial differences in access to high-paying occupations played in determining the racial wage gap in the 1980s. Analyzing data on black and white women aged 34–44 from the National Longitudinal Surveys for 1968–88, they estimate the effects of human capital characteristics and discrimination on segregation into high- and low-wage jobs by race. They find that differences in workers' measured characteristics explain little of either the observed occupational segregation by race or the racial wage gap in 1988. Further analysis suggests that several changes in the wage structure for women during the 1980s, notably a widening of occupational wage differentials and an increase in the returns to education, abetted direct discrimination in enlarging the racial wage gap among women.

scholarly journals Religious Coping and Quality of Life Among Black and White Men With Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 107327482093628
Author(s):  
Marino A. Bruce ◽  
Janice V. Bowie ◽  
Haley Barge ◽  
Bettina M. Beech ◽  
Thomas A. LaVeist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Religious Coping ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
White Men ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Positive Religious Coping

Prostate cancer is a significant impediment in men’s lives as this condition often exacerbates stress and reduces quality of life. Faith can be a resource through which men cope with health crises; however, few studies examine how religion or spirituality can have implications for racial disparities in health outcomes among men. The purpose of this study is to assess the associations between religious coping and quality of life among black and white men with prostate cancer. Data for this investigation were drawn from the Diagnosis and Decisions in Prostate Cancer Treatment Outcomes Study that consisted of 624 black and white men with complete information on the primary outcome and predictor variables. The primary outcome for this study was overall quality of life as measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate questionnaire. The main independent variable was religious coping measured by 2 subscales capturing positive and negative forms of coping. Black men in the study had lower overall quality of life scores (134.6 ± 19.6) than their white peers (139.8 ± 14.1). Black men in the sample also had higher average positive religious coping scores (12.9 ± 3.3) than white men (10.3 ± 4.5). Fully adjusted linear regression models of the total sample produced results indicating that positive religious coping was correlated with an increase in quality of life (β = .38, standard error [SE] = 0.18, P < .05). Negative religious coping was associated with a reduction in quality of life (β = −1.48, SE = 0.40, P < .001). Faith-oriented beliefs or perceptions can have implications for quality of life among men with prostate cancer. Sensitivity to the role of religion, spirituality, and faith should be seen by providers of health care as potential opportunities for improved outcomes in patients with prostate cancer and survivors.

scholarly journals The Role Of Education Reform In Uzbekistan In Reducing Youth Delinquency

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Tojibayev Bakhromjon Turabayevich ◽  
◽  
Azimov Ashirali Mexmonboevich ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Young People ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Youth Delinquency

The article assesses the importance of education in the modern world and its role in reducing youth deviation as a social institution. Education reforms in Uzbekistan emphasize the quality of reducing the deviation of young people by increasing the efficiency of "human capital".

scholarly journals Interaction of race and pathology for neuroendocrine tumors: Epidemiology, natural history, or racial disparity?

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 376-376
Author(s):  
Rachel M Lee ◽  
Danielle K DePalo ◽  
Alexandra G Lopez-Aguiar ◽  
Mohammad Yahya Zaidi ◽  
Flavio G. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Oncologic Outcomes ◽  
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Curative Intent ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Us

376 Background: The prognostic value of pathologic variables is not consistent for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). We previously demonstrated a limited prognostic role of lymph node (LN) positivity in small bowel NETs (SBNET) compared to pancreatic NETs (panNET). Although minority race is often associated with worse cancer outcomes, the interaction of race with pathologic and oncologic outcomes of pts with GEP-NETS is not known. Methods: Pts with GEP-NETs who underwent curative intent resection at eight institutions of the US NET Study Group from 2000-16 were included. Given few pts of other races, only Black and White race pts were analyzed. Results: Of 2,182 pts, 1,143 met inclusion criteria. Median age was 58 yrs, median follow up was 3 yrs, 48% were male, 14% (n = 157) were Black, and 86% (n = 986) were White. Black pts were more likely uninsured (7 vs 2%, p = 0.005), had symptomatic bleeding (13 vs 7%, p = 0.006), required emergency surgery (7 vs 3%, p = 0.003), and had LN positive disease (47 vs 36%, p = 0.016). Despite this, Black pts had improved 5 yr recurrence free survival (RFS) compared to White pts (90 vs 80%, p = 0.008). The quality of care received was comparable between both groups, demonstrated by similar LN yield at surgery, neg margin resection rate, post-op complications, and need for reoperation or readmission (all p > 0.05). Black pts were more likely to have SBNET (22 vs 13%) and less likely to have panNET (43 vs 68%) compared to White pts (p < 0.001). Consistent with prior data, pts with LN pos panNET had decreased 5yr RFS (67 vs 83%, p = 0.001); however, for SBNET, LN involvement was not prognostic (77 vs 96%, p = 0.08). The prognostic value of LN pos disease was similar between Black and White pts in both SBNET (p = 0.34) and panNET (p = 0.95). Conclusions: Black pts with GEP-NET present with more advanced disease, including higher LN positivity. Despite this, Black pts have improved RFS compared to White pts. Although there may be delays in seeking or reaching care, Black pts received similar quality of care compared to White pts. The improved RFS seen in Black pts may be attributed to the epidemiologic differences in the site of presentation of GEP-NETs and variable prognostic value of LN pos disease.

scholarly journals Trade Liberalization and the Lead Role of Human Capital and Job Attributes in Wage Determination: The Case of Pakistan’s Labor Market

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Yasmin
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Wage Determination ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Job Attributes ◽  
The Difference

This study analyzes the role of human capital and job attributes, i.e., supply-side determinants, in determining wages in a period of trade liberalization. Using the Mincerian earning function and based on data from the Labor Force Surveys, we construct a model to estimate various wage determinants and compute the rates of return to different educational qualifications and relative occupational wage shares for the years 2005/06 and 1990/91. The estimated earning functions for 1990/91 and 2005/06 are compared to investigate whether individual characteristics—such as gender, job location, nature of job, educational qualifications, and different occupations—cause the wage gap to widen or contract under conditions of trade liberalization. The mean and quantile regression approach is used for estimation purposes. Our key findings postulate (i) an increasing gender pay gap, (ii) a higher wage premium to the highest educational qualification, and (iii) more or less stable relative wages for different occupations over time. In addition, wage dispersion across occupational groups appears more pronounced in 1990/91 than in 2005/06, implying a declining trend in the difference in wage distribution across occupations.

The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination against Black Men

ILR Review ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie L. Baldwin ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
White Men ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Relative Employment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Employment Rates

When labor supply curves are upward-sloping, wage discrimination against black men reduces not only their relative wages, but also their relative employment rates. Using data from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors estimate wage discrimination against black men and, for the first time, quantify the effects of that discrimination on the employment of black and white men. They find that 62% of the difference in offer wages to black and white men, and 67% of the difference in their observed wages, cannot be attributed to differences in productivity. Assuming that the unexplained wage differential is attributable entirely to employer discrimination, then the disincentive effects of wage discrimination reduced the relative employment rate of black men from 89% to 82% of white men's employment rate. Thus, wage discrimination and its employment effects resulted in a substantial transfer of resources from blacks to whites in 1984.

Abstract MP32: Race-sex differences in hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika M Safford ◽  
Paul Muntner ◽  
Raegan Durant ◽  
Stephen Glasser ◽  
Christopher Gamboa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Chd Risk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Risk Categories

Introduction: To identify potential targets for eliminating disparities in cardiovascular disease outcomes, we examined race-sex differences in awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia in the REGARDS cohort. Methods: REGARDS recruited 30,239 blacks and whites aged ≥45 residing in the 48 continental US between 2003-7. Baseline data were collected via telephone interviews followed by in-home visits. We categorized participants into coronary heart disease (CHD) risk groups (CHD or risk equivalent [highest risk]; Framingham Coronary Risk Score [FRS] >20%; FRS 10-20%; FRS <10%) following the 3 rd Adult Treatment Panel. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hyperlipidemia were described across risk categories and race-sex groups. Multivariable models examined associations for hyperlipidemia awareness, treatment and control between race-sex groups compared with white men, adjusting for predisposing, enabling and need factors. Results: There were 11,677 individuals at highest risk, 847 with FRS >20%, 5791 with FRS 10-20%, and 10,900 with FRS<10%; 43% of white men, 29% of white women, 49% of black men and 43% of black women were in the highest risk category. More high risk whites than blacks were aware of their hyperlipidemia but treatment was 10-17% less common and control was 5-49% less common among race-sex groups compared with white men across risk categories. After multivariable adjustment, all race-sex groups relative to white men were significantly less likely to be treated or controlled, with the greatest differences for black women vs. white men (Table). Results were similar when stratified on CHD risk and area-level poverty tertile. Conclusion: Compared to white men at similar CHD risk, fewer white women, black men and especially black women who were aware of their hyperlipidemia were treated and when treated, they were less likely to achieve control, even after adjusting for factors that influence health services utilization.

Racial Differences in Time at Work Not Working

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110638
Author(s):  
William A. Darity ◽  
Darrick Hamilton ◽  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
Gregory N. Price ◽  
Man Xu
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
White Male ◽  
American Time Use Survey ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Wage Earnings ◽  
Response Errors

Racial differences in effort at work, if they exist, can potentially explain race-based wage/earnings disparities in the labor market. The authors estimate specifications of time spent on non-work activities at work by Black and White males and females with data from the American Time Use Survey. Estimates reveal that trivially small differences occur between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White males in time spent not working while on the job that disappear entirely when correcting for non-response errors. The findings imply that Black–White male differences in the fraction of the workday spent not working are either not large enough to partially explain the Black–White wage gap, or simply do not exist at all.

Abstract 15: Trends in Atrial Fibrillation-related Cardiovascular Mortality Rates in The United States: 1999-2017

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Tanaka ◽  
Nilay Shah ◽  
Rod Passman ◽  
Philip Greenland ◽  
Sadiya Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black And White

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults and the prevalence is increasing due to the aging of the population and the growing burden of vascular risk factors. Although deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) death have dramatically decreased in recent years, trends in AF-related CVD death has not been previously investigated. Purpose: We sought to quantify trends in AF-related CVD death rates in the United States. Methods: AF-related CVD death was ascertained using the CDC WONDER online database. AF-related CVD deaths were identified by listing CVD (I00-I78) as underlying cause of death and AF (I48) as contributing cause of death among persons aged 35 to 84 years. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 population, and examined trends over time estimating average annual percent change (AAPC) using Joinpoint Regression Program (National Cancer Institute). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare AAMRs by sex-race (black and white men and women) and across two age groups (younger: 35-64 years, older 65-84 years). Results: A total of 522,104 AF-related CVD deaths were identified between 1999 and 2017. AAMR increased from 16.0 to 22.2 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2017 with an acceleration following an inflection point in 2009. AAPC before 2009 was significantly lower than that after 2009 [0.4% (95% CI, 0.0 - 0.7) vs 3.5% (95% CI, 3.1 - 3.9), p < 0.001). The increase of AAMR was observed across black and white men and women overall and in both age groups (FIGURE), with a more pronounced increase in black men and white men. Black men had the highest AAMR among the younger decedents, whereas white men had the highest AAMR among the older decedents. Conclusion: This study revealed that death rate for AF-related CVD has increased over the last two decades and that there are greater black-white disparities in younger decedents (<65 years). Targeting equitable risk factor reduction that predisposes to AF and CVD mortality is needed to reduce observed health inequities.

scholarly journals Dietary intake of Brazilian black and white men and its relationship to the bone mineral density of the femoral neck

2006 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Constante Jaime ◽  
Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira Latorre ◽  
Alex Antonio Florindo ◽  
Tomoe Tanaka ◽  
Cristiano Augusto de Freitas Zerbini
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
White Men ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Relationship

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are an important public health problem. Although bone loss occurs with age universally, the incidence of bone loss fractures varies greatly between racial groups. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between calcium, protein and energy intake and the bone mineral density of the femoral neck in Brazilian black and white men. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in a teaching hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: The participants were 277 volunteer men, aged 50 years or older. The bone mineral density of the femoral neck (FNBMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between FNBMD and calcium, protein and energy intake, as assessed by a three-day food record, was analyzed using multiple linear regression models and was adjusted for age, height, physical activity and education level. The analysis was stratified by race (white and black). RESULTS: FNBMD presented similar means in the two racial groups (p = 0.538). Protein and energy intake did not show a significant correlation with FNBMD, either in the white or in the black population. Calcium intake showed a strong and independent correlation with FNBMD in the black men (partial r = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Calcium intake was a determinant of FNBMD for black men, aged 50 years or older, but not for the white ones.

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