scholarly journals Computerized ordering of experimental animals and test authorization

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Maerki ◽  
Albert Walther ◽  
Walter Rossbach
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Central Computer ◽  
Internal Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Computerized System ◽  
Animal Strains

The authorization procedure required by law in Switzerland and the internal set-up at Roche for acquiring experimental animals has made a computerized system for monitoring authorizations and animal deliveries essential. The INQUIRE software program, which can be run on the central computer, was used to set-up databases with information on all personnel who place orders and perform experiments (PERI), authorization matters (BEWI), orders (ORDR), deliveries (SPED), animal species (SPEC), animal strains (STRE), populations (POPU) and the management of various data (BARA). The authorizations database (BEWI) permits sequential searches on specific questions. The animals ordered in the ORDR database are constantly updated in BEWI, thus ensuring that the authorized animal quotas are not exceeded. Expiry of an authorization or an unregistered experimenter will come to light in the course of the plausibility study. Through ORDR the experimenter has a good overview of the animals that he has ordered or have been ordered for him, and he can select the most appropriate strain or population for his studies in STRE or POPU, which contain data on the genetic and physiological characteristics as well as the breeding and keeping of all sublines and stocks. Realization of the IFIS project has made it a simple matter to keep a check on the legal requirements pertaining to animal experimentation and to update the information and evaluate the entire stock of data at any time.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN EFISIENSI MESIN CNC TURNING MENGGUNAKAN METODE SINGLE MINUTES EXCHANGE OF DIES DI PT.X

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faizal Nurrizky ◽  
Muhammad Anwar Septiana ◽  
Jamari Machmudin ◽  
Muhamad Syafii
Keyword(s):  
Cnc Turning ◽  
Internal Set ◽  
Set Up

Abstrak Perusahaan X adalah sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang manufaktur yang memproduksi produk Sparepart Aerospace menggunakan mesin produksi CNC. Kendala yang dihadapi Perushaan X adalah waktu set-up yang lama dan berulang-ulang,  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meminimasi waktu set-up agar dapat meningkatkan produktivitas produksi dengan mengunakan Metode Single Minute Exchange Die (SMED) pada perusahaan X. Tahapan yang dilakukan antara lain langkah pengumpulan data elemen gerakan set-up yang dilakukan, memisahkan internal set-up menjadi ekternal set-up, menyederhanakan seluruh aspek operasi set-up serta perhitungan produktifitas dari penerapan SMED. Mesin CNC di Perusahaan X berjumlah 8 mesin dimana tingkat efisiensi mesin hanya mencapai 50% - 75%. Berdasarkan data produksi perusahaan bahwa kontribusi pada aktivitas set-up merupakan pengaruh terbesar terhadap waktu menganggur mesin CNC yaitu mencapai 55% dengan waktu set-up selama 51,05 menit pada tiap 1 kali set-up. Perbedaan pada tiap operator menjadi permasalahan dalam perusahaan X. Perhitungan waktu set-up dengan menggunakan metode (SMED) diperoleh waktu set-up sebesar 44,3  menit, waktu set-up sebesar 51,05 menit terdapat penurunan waktu set-up sebesar 6,75 menit

Development of an antibiotic resistance monitoring system in Hungary

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva J. Kaszanyitzky ◽  
A. Tarpai ◽  
Sz. Jánosi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Central Computer

Because of the rapid development and spread of antimicrobial resistance it is important that a system be established to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic zoonotic and commensal bacteria of animal origin. Susceptibility testing of bacteria from carcasses and different samples of animal origin has been carried out in veterinary institutes for a long time but by an inconsistent methodology. The disc diffusion method proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) was introduced in all institutes in 1997. In order to obtain a coherent view of the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria a computer system was consulted, consisting of a central computer to store all data and some local computers attached to it through the network. At these local measuring stations computers are connected to a video camera, which displays the picture of Petri dishes on the monitor, and inhibition zone diameters of bacteria can be drawn with the mouse by the inspector. The software measures the diameters, evaluates whether or not the bacteria are sensitive, and stores the data. The evaluation is based upon the data of the NCCLS. The central computer can be connected to as many local computers with measuring stations as we wish, so it is suitable for an integrated system for monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from animals, food and humans, facilitating comparison of the occurrence of resistance for each circumstance in the chain. It depends on the examiners which antibiotics they want to examine. Thirty-two different antibiotic panels were compiled, taking into consideration the active ingredients of medicinal products permitted for veterinary use in Hungary, natural resistance and cross-resistance, the mechanism of resistance and the animal species, i.e. which drugs were recommended for treatment in the given animal species, and the recommendations of the OIE Expert Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The members of the panels can be changed any time, even during the measuring process. In addition to the inhibition zone diameters of bacteria the database also includes information about bacterial and animal species, the age of animals and the sample or organ where the bacteria are from. Since January 2001 the antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus strains isolated from the colons of slaughter cows, pigs and broiler chickens has also been examined. Each of the 19 counties of Hungary submits to the laboratory three tied colon samples from a herd of the above-mentioned animals every month.

scholarly journals Le tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda - La justice trahie (Note)

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-840
Author(s):  
John Philpot
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
International Criminal Tribunal ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Real Issue ◽  
Set Up

On November 8,1994, the Security Council of the United Nations adopted Resolution 955 creating an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to judge individuals responsible for violations of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994. In its form and structure, the Tribunal does not respect basic legal requirements required of a tribunal set up in international law. Us mandate - limited in time, in scope of potential indictment, and in jurisdiction to violations of international humanitarian law - mil prevent any light from being shed on the real issue raised by the Rwandan conflict, namely that of armed military intervention in Rwanda from Uganda. It will likely lead to the reinforcement of a one-sided view of the crisis in Rwanda and legitimate further unilateral interventionist policies in Africa and elsewhere. The Tribunal will institutionalize the de facto impunity for the members and supporters of the present government of Rwanda who undoubtedly committed many serious crimes between October 1, 1990 and the present.

Developing Measures and Standards for the European Electronic Signatures Market

2010 ◽  
pp. 10-27
Author(s):  
Ioannis P. Chochliouros
Keyword(s):  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Electronic Signature ◽  
Electronic Signatures ◽  
The Future ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Set Up

The European Authorities have promoted a specific and innovative framework for the use of electronic signatures, allowing the free flow of electronic signature-related products and services cross borders, and ensuring a basic legal recognition of such facilities. The core aim was to promote the emergence of the internal market for certification products, mainly intending to satisfy various requirements for the proper use and immediate “adoption” of electronic signature applications related to e-government and personal e-banking services. Thus, a number of technical, procedural, and quality standards for electronic signature products and solutions have been developed, all conforming to the requirements imposed by the EU regulation and the relevant market needs. In the present work, we examine the role of standardization activities for the promotion of several needs of an “open” European market based on the effective usage of e-signatures, and being able to affect a great variety of technological, business- commercial, regulatory, and other issues. In any case, the transposition of legal requirements into technical specifications (or business practices) needs to be harmonized at a European member-states’ level in order to enable adequate interoperability of the final solutions proposed. Appropriate technical standards for the sector can help to establish a presumption of conformity that the electronic signature products following or implementing them comply with all the legal requirements imposed, in the background of the actual European policies. Thus we discuss recent European and/or national initiatives to fulfil such a fundamental option. The European Electronic Signature Standardization Initiative (EESSI) has been set up under the auspices of the European Commission for the carrying out of a work program aiming at the development of standards (be it technical specifications or policy practices) that would facilitate the implementation of the basic legal instrument (the “Electronic Signatures Directive”). Two major streams of possible standards-setting work have been determined, covering: (i) Qualitative and procedural standards for the provision of certification services and (ii) technical standards for product interoperability. We identify (and evaluate at a primary level) the basic components/modules of EESSI’s specific results, already developed and offered in the market either as technical regulations and/or as recognized standards, with respect to essential requirements imposed by the European regulation. We also discuss relevant “feedback” already gained from various market areas and we focus on challenges for further implementation, progress, adoption, and development, especially in the framework for the promotion of converged broadband (Internet-based) communications facilities. It is important for the market that expected standardization work takes into account new technological developments as, in the future, users will move their e-signature key from device-to-device in a connected world. The added value of standards in the e-signatures sector, for both end users and assessing parties (judge, arbitrator, conformity assessment body, etc.) is of extreme importance for the future of the European electronic communications market.

Hepatitis E virus

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Efficient Cell Culture System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Avian Hev ◽  
Animal Strains

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.

scholarly journals Solving Organisational Problems with Intranet Technology

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1021-1036
Author(s):  
Sohail Jehangir Malik ◽  
Hina Nazli ◽  
Kashif Abrar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Internal Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Research Organisations ◽  
E Mail

Information serves as an essential intermediate input in decision-making for any business process. It is an essential requirement not only for effective and efficient management but also for medium and long term planning. In this era of technological advancement the rapid growth of information flow has contributed significantly in the expansion of business, commercial, industrial, financial, educational and research organisations. Electronic communication provides the ability to overcome many organisational problems. In recent years, an easy and inexpensive access to information through the Internet and e-mail has created an atmosphere of strong competition among organisations. In this competitive environment, the organisations need an efficient, productive and competent internal set-up based on a well-informed workforce. In the absence of effective co-ordination, the expansion of an organisation may result in inter-group conflicts, unhealthy bureaucratic activities, and various complexities in decision-making [Telleen (1996)]. This applies even more to organisations in developing countries such as Pakistan that are in need of efficient ways to improve governance and enhance institutional reforms.

scholarly journals Fauna diversity in the southern part of the Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Gia Lai province

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Nguyen Ai Tam ◽  
Nguyen Van Tay ◽  
Nguyen Thi Kim Yen ◽  
Ha Thang Long
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Set Up ◽  
First Time

Kon Ka Kinh National Park (KKK NP) is a priority zone for biodiversity protection in Vietnam as well as ASEAN. In order to survey the current fauna species diversity in the southern part of the KKK NP, we conducted camera trapping surveys in 2017, 2018, and 2019. 28 infrared camera traps were set up on elevations between 1041 to 1497 meters. In total, there were 360 days of survey using camera trap. As result, we recorded a total of 27 animal species of those, five species are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2020). The survey results showed a high richness of wildlife in the southern park region, and it also revealed human disturbance to wildlife in the park. The first-time camera trap was used for surveying wildlife diversity in the southern region of the KKK NP. Conducting camera trap surveys in the whole KKK NP is essential for monitoring and identifying priority areas for wildlife conservation in the national park.

Rhinencephalon and Behavior

1956 ◽  
Vol 184 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Schreiner ◽  
Arthur Kling
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Amygdaloid Complex ◽  
Lynx Rufus ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Copulatory Activity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Behavior

Lesions of the rhinencephalon, primarily restricted to the amygdaloid complex, modify aggressive behavior of lynxes ( Lynx rufus), agoutis ( Dasyprocta agouti), monkeys ( Macacus rhesus) and domestic cats toward relative docility and precipitate a state of chronic hypersexuality. Relative docility was characterized by failure of the experimental animals to exhibit aggressive behavior, fear, or escape activity in the presence of threatening situations which precipitated such behavior in their preoperative periods. Hypersexuality was exhibited by marked increases in copulatory activity with males and females of their own and other animal species. It is concluded that the rhinencephalon and its diencephalic connections, in association with endocrine systems, are important regulators of emotional and sexual behavior of rodents, carnivores and primates.

scholarly journals A glance at the gut microbiota of five experimental animal species through fecal samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguang Xiang ◽  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Bochao Yang ◽  
Hang Fan ◽  
Jianguo Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Functional Prediction ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Experimental animals including the ferret, marmoset, woodchuck, mini pig, and tree shrew have been used in biomedical research. However, their gut microbiota have not been fully investigated. In this study, the gut microbiota of these five experimental animals were analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing. The phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were present in the gut microbiota of all the species. Specific phyla were present in different animals: Proteobacteria in the ferret, Tenericutes in the marmoset, and Spirochaetes in the mini pig. Fusobacterium and unidentified Clostridiales were the dominant genera in the ferret, whereas Libanicoccus, Lactobacillus, Porphyromonas, and Peptoclostridium were specific to marmoset, mini pig, woodchuck, and tree shrew, respectively. A clustering analysis showed that the overall distribution of microbial species in the guts of these species mirrored their mammalian phylogeny, and the microbiota of the marmoset and tree shrew showed the closest bray_curtis distances to that of humans. PICRUSt functional prediction separated the woodchuck from the other species, which may reflect its herbivorous diet. In conclusion, both the evolutionary phylogeny and daily diet affect the gut microbiota of these experimental animals, which should not be neglected for their usage in biomedical research.

Long-term animal research in genetic improvement of livestock and poultry

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-585
Author(s):  
E. B. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Long Term Studies

In animal experimentation, long-term studies have contributed substantially to our knowledge of genetics in particular, and of nutrition, physiology, and reproduction, to lesser extents. Long-term genetic selection experiments have yielded information on selection limits, dissipation of genetic variance over time, and created unique lines which may be utilized as consumer demands shift. Costs of long-term experimentation are not inordinately high in comparison to other experimentation, if economic animal species are used and returns from animal products are recovered to help finance the experiment. Government finance is, however, required for long-term experimentation, as private industry has little motivation for this work. The paper outlines recent significant contributions of long-term experimentation, and provides guidelines for planning experiments. Key words: Selection response, animal genetics, long-term experimentation, experimental design

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document