scholarly journals Η βιοτρομοκρατία και η σύγχρονη αναγκαιότητα της βιοάμυνας

Bioethica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Natalia Amasiadi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Bioethical Issues ◽  
International Laws

Introduction: Scientific progress has considerably increased the risk of unexpected bioterrorist attacks. In accordance comes the necessity for a potent “shield” of protection, known as “biosecurity” and widely referred as “biodefense”. However, ethical challenges and concerns, arising along with bioterrorism, are inevitable to address.Methods: COVID-19 outbreak immerged the significance of preexisting powerful biodefense systems. Primary factors to consider are theirs efficacy, the availability of capable emergency plans, adequate personal protective equipment, and sufficient funding. Least but not last comes the proper comprehension of risk assessment and the promotion of prevention, which contributes fundamentally in avoiding the outbreak, even before the harmful biological agent has begun spreading itself among the community.Results: Meticulous data recording will promote our knowledge of effectively constructive biodefense systems and will contribute in identifying crucial bioethical issues, as well to legislate accordingly, nationally, and internationally, in order to duly address the emerging threats. Conclusion: Drastic measures against bioterrorism are inevitable to take, so is the foundation of sufficient biodefense systems, which should lay on scientific knowledge that drives from relevant research, and general consent. Ultimately is, the establishment of international laws, to propel collaboration among nations and eliminate future bioterrorist attacks. 

scholarly journals Alzheimer's Disease–Related Dementias Summit 2016: National research priorities

Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (23) ◽  
pp. 2381-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick A. Corriveau ◽  
Walter J. Koroshetz ◽  
Jordan T. Gladman ◽  
Sophia Jeon ◽  
Debra Babcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
National Plan ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Dementia Research

Goal 1 of the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease is to prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer disease–related dementias by 2025. To help inform the research agenda toward achieving this goal, the NIH hosts periodic summits that set and refine relevant research priorities for the subsequent 5 to 10 years. This proceedings article summarizes the 2016 Alzheimer's Disease–Related Dementias Summit, including discussion of scientific progress, challenges, and opportunities in major areas of dementia research, including mixed-etiology dementias, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal degeneration, vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, dementia disparities, and dementia nomenclature.

“Smash Temples, Build Schools”: Comparing Secularism in India and China

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter van der Veer
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Political Project ◽  
India And China

This chapter discusses secularism as a political project with its own utopian elements. Secularism refers to the growing importance of scientific knowledge that is not constrained by religious authority. Religion is sometimes taken to be an obstacle for scientific progress and secularism demands its removal for the benefit of societal development that is guided by scientific discovery and technological innovation. Secularization was seen by sociologists as an intrinsic and inescapable part of the modernization of Western society, with the assumption that this was something all societies had to go through. An alternative to post-Weberian arguments in sociology about religion and secularity is offered by theories that emphasize individual, rational choice in religious markets.

Internet and Access to Scholarly Publications

2011 ◽  
pp. 653-659
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Rennard
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Sir Isaac Newton ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Scholarly Publications

“If I have seen further it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” The famous statement of Sir Isaac Newton demonstrates that the progress of science relies on the dissemination of discoveries and scientific knowledge. Even though scientific progress is not strictly cumulative (Kuhn, 1970), information sharing is the heart of this progress. In the Gutenberg era, researchers had no alternative: Publishers were the only way to reach readers. The development of e-commerce and of digital networks led to the post-Gutenberg era, and offers a powerful alternative that can lead in the long term to a new organization of scientific publications (Harnad, 1999). As well as e-commerce is revolutionizing the distribution of cultural goods (particularly music), the distribution of scientific knowledge through the Internet should contribute to the emergence of a new economic model.

scholarly journals Hydrofluoric acid burn: a case report

CJEM ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (04) ◽  
pp. 292-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roohi Qureshi ◽  
Ronald House ◽  
Eric Uhlig ◽  
Leon Genesove ◽  
D. Linn Holness
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hydrofluoric Acid ◽  
Occupational Health Services ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Occupational History ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Department Evaluation ◽  
Index Cases

ABSTRACT: A case of occupational hydrofluoric acid exposure is presented, accentuating the importance of eliciting an occupational history during the initial emergency department evaluation. Patients who present with major hydrofluoric acid burns are at risk for systemic complications, including potentially fatal hypocalcemia. Information regarding the accident and workplace circumstances may well allow the physician to anticipate the exposed patient’s course. These patients should be considered occupational index cases that will require follow up by government occupational health services. Identification of potential hazards, risk assessment and enforcement of recommendations for change (such as engineering controls, personal protective equipment, education) may be key to preventing similar injuries in the future.

scholarly journals Emergency Planning for Records and Archives Service

Atlanti ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Habibe Qovanaj ◽  
Shpresa Mekaj
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Emergency Planning ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Terrestrial Globe

Every day we are witnessing the destruction of archival documents in all the terrestrial globe as a result of disasters such as earthquakes, floods, fires, war etc. These adversities have raised awareness of archivists to do anything to protect archival documents, because these disaster at any moment can slam their institution. In order to protect themselves and their assets, including records and archives, many organizations develop “emergency plans”. An emergency plan seeks to protect people and property and ensure that, in the event of an emergency, action is taken immediately to reduce the damage incurred and institute recovery procedures right away. A risk assessment and impact analysis is usually carried out in four stages: identifying records and assets, determining threats, assessing their impact and recommending action.

scholarly journals Dilema Etik di Rumah Sakit saat Keterbatasan Sumber Daya dalam Pandemi COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Astrid Pratidina Susilo ◽  
Ervin Dyah Ayu Masita Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Care Planning ◽  
Advanced Care Planning ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Additional Measure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Health Problem

Abstract—COVID-19 has induced a global health problem with the impact to different aspects of human life. If numbers of patients are increasing beyond the healthcare capacity, the constraint of resources will stimulate ethical dilemma. In hospitals, the availability of drug, hospital beds, trained health professionals, and personal protective equipment are not enough to response patients’ needs. To face this condition, health professionals and hospitals need ethical guidance to allocate resources. This article aims to discuss the guides that are available in the international literature and to recommend Advanced Care Planning as an additional measure to manage the scarcity or resources. The communal culture or Indonesia may contribute to the ethical challenges through the ‘in-group’ and ‘out-group’ phenomenon. Keywords: COVID-19, resource allocation, ethical dilemma Abstrak—Pandemi COVID-19 telah menyebabkan masalah kesehatan global yang berdampak ke berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia. Jika angka penderita melebihi kapasitas sistem layanan kesehatan, terjadi keterbatasan sumber daya yang akan menimbulkan dilema etik. Di rumah sakit, ketersediaan obat, tempat tidur, tenaga kesehatan terlatih, alat pelindung diri tidak cukup untuk merespons kebutuhan pasien. Untuk menghadapi kondisi ini, tenaga kesehatan dan rumah sakit membutuhkan panduan etika untuk mengalokasikan sumber daya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan panduan-panduan yang ada di internasional serta mengusulkan Advanced Care Planning sebagai pendekatan tambahan dalam mengelola keterbatasan sumber daya. Budaya komunal di Indonesia dapat menambah tantangan etika di Indonesia melalui fenomena ‘dalam’ dan ‘luar’ kelompok. Kata kunci: COVID-19, alokasi sumber daya, dilema etik

scholarly journals Well-Designed Studies are Needed to Assess Adverse Effects on Healthy Lung Function after Long-Term Face Masks Usage

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e1222
Author(s):  
Arni S. R. Srinivasa-Rao ◽  
Steven G. Krantz
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
The World ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Healthy Lung

Face coverings, especially cloth masks, were the critical personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The advantages of such masks were well understood and widely used across the world. With this idea in mind, we have reviewed the available data and literature to identify whether masks exert an untoward effect on lung function in otherwise healthy persons. Interestingly enough, we have found no well-designed studies to assess whether masks have an unintended negative consequence on healthy lung function. Moreover, we are also aware that there could exist a differential impact of facial coverings depending on the type of masks exposed to. In addition, there could also be some ethical challenges in order to implement these cohort studies. We are recommending the need for thorough evaluations of long term mask utilization.

scholarly journals Secondary use of clinical data in data-gathering, non-interventional research or learning activities: definition, types, and a framework for risk assessment (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jungkunz ◽  
Anja Köngeter ◽  
Katja Mehlis ◽  
Eva C. Winkler ◽  
Christoph Schickhardt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Definition Of

UNSTRUCTURED Background: The secondary use of clinical data in data-gathering, non-interventional research or learning activities (SeConts) bears great potential for scientific progress and health care improvement. At the same time, it poses relevant risks for privacy and informational self-determination of the patients whose data are used. A tailored framework for risk assessment in SeConts is still lacking and so does a clarification of the concept and practical scope of SeConts. Methods: (1) We analyze each element of the concept of SeConts to provide a synthetic definition. (2) We investigate the practical relevance and scope of SeConts through a literature review. (3) We operationalize the widespread definition of risk (as a harmful event of a certain magnitude that occurs with a certain probability) in order to conduct a tailored analysis of privacy risk factors typically implied in SeConts. Results: (1) We offer a conceptual clarification and a definition of SeConts. (2) We provide a list of types of research and learning activities that can be subsumed under the definition of SeConts. We also offer a proposal for the classification of SeConts types into the categories “non-interventional (observational) clinical research”, “quality control and improvement”, or “public health research”. (3) We provide a list of risk factors that determine either probability or magnitude of harm implied in SeConts. Discussion: The risk factors mentioned above provide a framework for assessing the privacy-related risks for patients implied in SeConts. We illustrate the usage of the risk assessment by applying it to a concrete example. Conclusion: In the future, research ethics committees and data use and access committees will be able to rely on and apply the framework offered here when reviewing projects of secondary use of clinical data for learning and research purposes.

scholarly journals Risk, Actuarialism, and Punishment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel Kemshall
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
Risk Practices ◽  
High Crime

Risk is a pervasive feature of contemporary life, and has become a key feature of penal policy, systems of punishment, and criminal justice services across a number of the Anglophone jurisdictions. Risk as an approach to calculating the probability of “danger” or “hazard” has its roots in the mercantile trade of the 16th century, growing in significance over the intervening centuries until it pervades both the social and economic spheres of everyday life. Actuarialism, that is the method of statistically calculating and aggregating risk data, has similar roots, steeped in the probability calculations of the insurance industry with 20th-century extension into the arenas of social welfare and penality. Within criminal justice one of the first risk assessment tools was the parole predictor designed by Burgess in 1928. Since then we have seen a burgeoning of risk assessment tools and actuarial risk practices across the penal realm, although the extent to which penality is totally risk based is disputed. Claims for a New Penology centered on risk have been much debated, and empirical evidence would tend toward more cautious claims for such a significant paradigm shift. Prevention and responsibilization are often seen as core themes within risk-focused penality. Risk assessment is used not only to assess and predict future offending of current criminals, but also to enable early identification of future criminals, “high crime” areas, and those in need of early interventions. The ethics, accuracy, and moral justification for such preventive strategies have been extensively debated, with concerns expressed about negative and discriminatory profiling; net-widening; over targeting of minority groups especially for selective incarceration; and more recently criticisms of risk-based pre-emption or “pre-crime” targeting, particularly of ethnic minorities. Responsibilization refers to the techniques of actuarial practices used to make persons responsible for their own risk management, and for their own risk decisions throughout the life course. In respect of offenders this is best expressed through corrective programs focused on “right thinking” and re-moralizing offenders toward more desirable social ends. Those offenders who are “ripe for re-moralization” and who present a level of risk that can be managed within the community can avoid custody or extended sentencing. Those who are not, and who present the highest levels of risk, are justifiably selected for risk-based custodial sentences. Such decision-making not only requires high levels of predictive accuracy, but is also fraught with severe ethical challenges and moral choices, not least about the desired balance between risks, rights, and freedoms.

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