scholarly journals Secondary use of clinical data in data-gathering, non-interventional research or learning activities: definition, types, and a framework for risk assessment (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jungkunz ◽  
Anja Köngeter ◽  
Katja Mehlis ◽  
Eva C. Winkler ◽  
Christoph Schickhardt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Definition Of

UNSTRUCTURED Background: The secondary use of clinical data in data-gathering, non-interventional research or learning activities (SeConts) bears great potential for scientific progress and health care improvement. At the same time, it poses relevant risks for privacy and informational self-determination of the patients whose data are used. A tailored framework for risk assessment in SeConts is still lacking and so does a clarification of the concept and practical scope of SeConts. Methods: (1) We analyze each element of the concept of SeConts to provide a synthetic definition. (2) We investigate the practical relevance and scope of SeConts through a literature review. (3) We operationalize the widespread definition of risk (as a harmful event of a certain magnitude that occurs with a certain probability) in order to conduct a tailored analysis of privacy risk factors typically implied in SeConts. Results: (1) We offer a conceptual clarification and a definition of SeConts. (2) We provide a list of types of research and learning activities that can be subsumed under the definition of SeConts. We also offer a proposal for the classification of SeConts types into the categories “non-interventional (observational) clinical research”, “quality control and improvement”, or “public health research”. (3) We provide a list of risk factors that determine either probability or magnitude of harm implied in SeConts. Discussion: The risk factors mentioned above provide a framework for assessing the privacy-related risks for patients implied in SeConts. We illustrate the usage of the risk assessment by applying it to a concrete example. Conclusion: In the future, research ethics committees and data use and access committees will be able to rely on and apply the framework offered here when reviewing projects of secondary use of clinical data for learning and research purposes.

scholarly journals Secondary Use of Clinical Data in Data-Gathering, Non-Interventional Research or Learning Activities: Definition, Types, and a Framework for Risk Assessment

10.2196/26631 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. e26631
Author(s):  
Martin Jungkunz ◽  
Anja Köngeter ◽  
Katja Mehlis ◽  
Eva C Winkler ◽  
Christoph Schickhardt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Definition Of

Background The secondary use of clinical data in data-gathering, non-interventional research or learning activities (SeConts) has great potential for scientific progress and health care improvement. At the same time, it poses relevant risks for the privacy and informational self-determination of patients whose data are used. Objective Since the current literature lacks a tailored framework for risk assessment in SeConts as well as a clarification of the concept and practical scope of SeConts, we aim to fill this gap. Methods In this study, we analyze each element of the concept of SeConts to provide a synthetic definition, investigate the practical relevance and scope of SeConts through a literature review, and operationalize the widespread definition of risk (as a harmful event of a certain magnitude that occurs with a certain probability) to conduct a tailored analysis of privacy risk factors typically implied in SeConts. Results We offer a conceptual clarification and definition of SeConts and provide a list of types of research and learning activities that can be subsumed under the definition of SeConts. We also offer a proposal for the classification of SeConts types into the categories non-interventional (observational) clinical research, quality control and improvement, or public health research. In addition, we provide a list of risk factors that determine the probability or magnitude of harm implied in SeConts. The risk factors provide a framework for assessing the privacy-related risks for patients implied in SeConts. We illustrate the use of risk assessment by applying it to a concrete example. Conclusions In the future, research ethics committees and data use and access committees will be able to rely on and apply the framework offered here when reviewing projects of secondary use of clinical data for learning and research purposes.

Invisible Borders

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Kendra Larrisha Blakely ◽  
Chiquita Long Holmes ◽  
Eugenie Joan Looby ◽  
Kevin Merideth ◽  
Alexis M. Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Counselors ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Risk Factors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Risk ◽  
Mixed Status Families ◽  
Mixed Status

This chapter focuses on children in mixed-status families. The authors provide demographic data and the definition of a mixed-status family, then outline the challenges experienced by these families. The authors delineate developmental, educational, and psychological risk factors for these children. Intervention and advocacy initiatives in which school counselors can engage are examined. Authors provide practical solutions, suggestions for future research, a glossary of terms, and further readings. Finally, each topic discussed includes application strategies for school counselors.

scholarly journals Diagnostics and monitoring of economic entities security

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 08002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Karanina ◽  
Olesya A. Ryazanova ◽  
Alexander N. Timin ◽  
Larisa P. Domracheva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Definition Of

The article shows the place and role of economic entities in the system of economic security of territories. Various approaches to the definition of the term “economic security of small businesses” are considered. The main factors and threats to the economic security of economic entities of the territories are presented. Presents the author’s system of basic indicators of estimation of economic safety of economic entities of the territory. Offers on carrying out diagnostics and monitoring of risks are given. Recommendations as a rating of economic security of economic entities of territories are given. The procedure for monitoring the economic security of economic entities of the territories based on a risk-based approach can be represented in the form of five interrelated stages. This is the stage of collecting data on enterprises and the calculation of the necessary indicators. The stage of formation of the system of indicators, they are risk factors. Stage of processing indicators. The stage of building an integrated model of potential and risk assessment. In addition, the final stage of assessment of the complex level of economic security of economic entities of the territories. This will allow making management decisions in the field of development and support of small businesses at the territorial level.

scholarly journals The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Carolin Reisinger ◽  
Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag ◽  
Per Morten Fredriksen ◽  
Nandu Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Introduction The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) describes the clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors—including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of high-density lipoproteins—that increase the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, a generally accepted definition of MetS in pediatric patients is still lacking. Objectives The aim was to summarize current prevalence data of childhood MetS as well as to discuss the continuing disagreement between different pediatric definitions and the clinical importance of such diagnosis. Methodology A systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. Articles that were published during the past 5 years (2014–2019), using at least one of four predetermined classifications (International Diabetes Federation, Cook et al., Ford et al., and de Ferranti et al.), were included. Results The search resulted in 1167 articles, of which 31 publications met all inclusion criteria. Discussion The prevalence of MetS ranged between 0.3 and 26.4%, whereby the rising number of children and adolescents with MetS partly depended on the definition used. The IDF definition generally provided the lowest prevalences (0.3–9.5%), whereas the classification of de Ferranti et al. yielded the highest (4.0–26.4%). In order to develop a more valid definition, further research on long-term consequences of childhood risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is needed. There is also a temptation to suggest one valid, globally accepted definition of metabolic syndrome for pediatric populations but we believe that it is more appropriate to suggest definitions of MetS that are specific to males vs. females, as well as being specific to race/ethnicity or geographic region. Finally, while this notion of definitions of MetS specific to certain subgroups is important, it still needs to be tested in future research.

Cyberbullying

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-120
Author(s):  
Michelle F. Wright ◽  
Bridgette D. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sequential Designs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Difficulties ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of this literature review is to describe youths' involvement in cyberbullying. The term “youths” refers to individuals in elementary school, middle school, and high school. The chapter begins by providing a description of cyberbullying and the definition of cyberbullying. The next section describes the characteristics and risk factors associated with youths' involvement in cyberbullying. The third section focuses on the psychological, social, behavioral, and academic difficulties associated with youths' involvement in cyberbullying. The chapter concludes with recommendations for schools and parents as well as recommendations for future research. The chapter draws on research utilizing quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential designs, and those from various disciplines, including psychology, communication, media studies, sociology, social work, and computer science.

scholarly journals Pain and its Assessment in Herpes Zoster

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
RH Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Herpetic Neuralgia ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Acute Herpes Zoster ◽  
Prolonged Pain ◽  
Definition Of

Pain typically accompanies acute herpes zoster. In a proportion of patients, herpes zoster pain persists well beyond rash healing. This persisting pain is termed post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Because of the substantial personal and economic burdens caused by PHN, studies of the pathophysiology of herpes zoster pain and of the efficacy of antiviral treatment in reducing prolonged pain are of great importance. Different methods have been used to examine pain in research on herpes zoster and in clinical trials, making it difficult to compare across studies. There is substantial evidence, however, that demonstrates the importance of distinguishing acute pain from PHN. Several differences have been found between acute herpes zoster pain and PHN, including pathophysiological findings, risk factors and pain quality. Recommendations for the design and analysis of future trials of antiviral agents in herpes zoster have been recently proposed. These include a definition of PHN and recommended secondary end points for future trials. Adopting these recommendations in future research on herpes zoster pain, and in the design and analysis of future trials, will facilitate comparisons across studies of the pathophysiology and prevention of PHN.

Mental Illness and its Link to Illegal Street Market Activity: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and How They Compare to Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2094469
Author(s):  
Michelle N. Harris ◽  
Leah E. Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Assessment Study ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Type Of Behavior

Given the focus on research assessing violence among people with mental illness, other forms of deviance such as illegal street market offending have been relatively ignored. As such, the prevalence and risk factors for illegal street market offending among those with mental disorders is unknown. Utilizing the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study, the prevalence of illegal street market offending among this population is assessed along with the risk factors for engaging in this type of behavior. These factors are investigated for their generality in predicting violent offending to see if there are unique risk factors associated with illegal street market offending. Results indicate that factors related to money, factors related to substance usage, and general factors related to offending are significantly associated with illegal street market offending. Theoretical implications and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Elder Abuse Vulnerability and Risk Factors: Is Financial Abuse Different From Other Subtypes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110364
Author(s):  
Silvia Fraga Dominguez ◽  
Bee Ozguler ◽  
Jennifer E. Storey ◽  
Michaela Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Elder Abuse ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Abuse ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
Victim Vulnerability

Elder abuse (EA) affects one in six older adults, and financial EA, a common subtype, severely impacts victims and society. Understanding victim vulnerability and perpetrator risk factors is essential to EA prevention and management. The limited existing evidence about these factors in relation to EA types suggests that financial EA is different. In a cross-sectional quantitative analysis of secondary data ( N = 1,238), we investigated EA vulnerability and risk factors, and victim–perpetrator family relationship, with respect to different EA types (financial only, financial co-occurring with other types, and nonfinancial abuse). Financial abuse-only cases had the lowest prevalence of vulnerability and risk factors. Most of these factors, and a familial relationship, were significantly more common in cases involving other EA types. Findings indicate that financial abuse, occurring in isolation, is distinct from other EA types. Risk assessment and future research should consider financial abuse separately to other EA forms.

Risk and dangerousness

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEC BUCHANAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
General Population ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Clinical Prediction ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Mentally Disordered ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Combining Information

The task of improving the ability of clinicians to predict which of their patients will be violent has come to be seen as one of establishing the relative merits of actuarial and clinical prediction. The meaning of these terms is unclear. ‘Clinical’ is usually defined by exclusion, that is, as something other than actuarial. The term ‘actuarial’ is often used to refer to the techniques of risk prediction in financial services. In the psychiatric and psychological literature relating to the assessment of dangerousness, three further meanings have emerged. That whereby actuarial refers to any mathematical means of combining information is the most widely accepted. Whichever definition is employed, the conclusion of most reviews has been that the future is actuarial. It is argued here that, while mathematical approaches have been successful in showing that risk factors for violence in the general population apply also to the mentally disordered, important questions remain unanswered. Mathematical methods address only one form of probability, that which arises from chance. A development of another form of probability, that which arises from causes, offers the prospect of improved risk assessment in psychiatry. It also offers a definition of clinical prediction that is not based on exclusion.

Exploring Risk for Sexual Recidivism and Treatment Responsivity Through the Lens of Early Trauma

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107906322110516
Author(s):  
Gwenda M. Willis ◽  
Jill S. Levenson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Recidivism ◽  
Assessment Scores ◽  
Dynamic Risk ◽  
Dynamic Risk Assessment ◽  
Treatment Responsivity ◽  
Early Trauma

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are common in the histories of individuals who have sexually offended. Many risk factors for sexual recidivism resemble symptoms of early trauma, and early trauma may present a responsivity barrier to engagement in offense-focused treatment. Using the ACE scale, the current study aimed to (i) examine relationships between ACE scores and static and dynamic risk assessment scores, (ii) examine whether ACE scores differ between treatment completers versus noncompleters, and finally (iii) examine whether ACE scores predict treatment noncompletion. ACE scores were retrospectively coded from files of adult men receiving community-based assessment and/or treatment in New Zealand for sexual offenses against children ( N = 491; n = 185–411 for individual analyses). Although effect sizes were generally small, static risk and general self-regulation dynamic risk factors correlated positively with ACE scores, ACE scores were higher for treatment noncompleters versus completers, and higher dynamic risk assessment scores and ACE scores increased the odds of treatment noncompletion. Implications for future research and enhancing treatment responsivity are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document