A study on the Porcine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (PRDC): Update review and proposed measures for its control.

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) represents the major cause of economic loss for swine industry worldwide. It is a multifactorial syndrome with a wide variety in epidemiological features and clinical sings from farm to farm, depending on the prevalence of the responsible pathogens, the environmental conditions and the efficacy of the on-farm veterinary management. As a result, the identification of the pathogens involved is difficult to be established, along with the difficulty in applying an efficient control programme. Moreover, PRDC, is considered to be the most important cause of the extended use of antimicrobials in modern pig industry. Its control is based on the principles of the veterinary management applied from farm to farm, including the most appropriate hygienic, vaccination and metaphylaxis programmes. In this study, a review of the syndrome is presented (aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis) along with a short reference to its current status in Greece. Finally, essential measures for the greek pig industry and public health are suggested.

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Early detection and treatment for bovine respiratory disease

Livestock ◽

10.12968/live.2020.25.6.254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 254-260

Author(s):

Tim Potter

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Scoring Systems ◽

Diagnostic Challenge ◽

Risk Of Mortality ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Costs Of Treatment ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

On Farm

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex syndrome that can cause significant economic impact on farm through the immediate costs of treatment as well as long-term production losses, and increased risk of mortality or premature departure from the herd. The clinical signs and pathology are due in part to the host's response to inflammatory mediators that are produced in reaction to the presence of the pathogens. Variation in individual animals' responses to the sepsis associated with BRD result in the spectrum of clinical signs and disease severity observed on farm. The variation in clinical picture presents a diagnostic challenge for farmers and can negatively impact disease detection. The use of objective scoring systems for BRD can facilitate the detection and provide a means of monitoring disease at a herd or group level. While antimicrobials remain the mainstay of BRD treatment on farm, the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) alongside them has become commonplace, with the aim of promoting more rapid recovery via their analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic actions.

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305 Awardee Talk: Transferring a culture of biosecurity to the feedmill

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 42-42

Author(s):

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Jordan T Gebhardt ◽

Cassandra K Jones ◽

Chad B Paulk ◽

S S Dritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

African Swine Fever Virus ◽

Animal Health ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Current Status ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

On Farm ◽

Farm Biosecurity

Abstract A culture of on-farm biosecurity has been established and practiced by modern swine production systems for many years. The value of this has been repeatedly demonstrated through improved animal health and performance based on the prevention of disease introduction to the herd. With the introduction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) to the US swine industry in 2013, we have learned that feed and feed ingredients can be vectors of disease transmission. Therefore, there is a heightened need to transfer our on-farm biosecurity culture to our feedmills and entire feed supply chain as a way to help prevent disease introduction into swine farms. Feedmills are designed to efficiently and effectively blend feed components into a homogenous batch, and the potential to distribute contaminated feed to multiple farms is significant. While feed and ingredients can be vectors of disease and pathogen transmission, our data continues to show that people are a major risk for pathogen transmission throughout the feed supply chain. Key biosecurity principles such as exclusion, prevention, isolation, mitigation, disinfection, and containment should be adopted and enforced for a strong feedmill biosecurity program. A written feedmill biosecurity plan should be developed and a training program that covers all employees as well as visitors and delivery drivers should be implemented. Continuous risk assessment and environmental monitoring should be utilized to identify new areas of risk and to assess the current status. Unfortunately, feedmills are nearly impossible to completely disinfect and therefore every effort should be made to prevent the introduction of pathogens into the mill. Research that we have conducted with PEDV and African Swine Fever Virus has demonstrated that adopting a culture of biosecurity at the feedmill will reduce risk of disease and pathogen exposure on farms.

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Agreement between bovine respiratory disease scoring systems for pre-weaned dairy calves

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252314000164 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 148-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sharif S. Aly ◽

William J. Love ◽

Deniece R. Williams ◽

Terry W. Lehenbauer ◽

Alison Van Eenennaam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Scoring System ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Scoring Systems ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Scoring ◽

Case Status ◽

Four Levels ◽

On Farm

AbstractClinical scoring systems have been proposed for respiratory disease diagnosis in calves, including the Wisconsin (WI) system (McGuirk in 2008) which uses five clinical signs, each partitioned into four levels of severity. Recently, we developed the California (CA) bovine respiratory disease (BRD) scoring system requiring less calf handling and consisting of six clinical signs, each classified as normal or abnormal. The objective of this study was to estimate the on-farm agreement between the WI and the CA scoring systems. A total of 100 calves were enrolled on a CA dairy and assessed for BRD case status using the two scoring systems simultaneously. The Kappa coefficient of agreement between these two systems was estimated to be 0.85, which indicated excellent agreement beyond chance. The simpler design and reduced calf handling required by the CA BRD scoring system may make it advantageous for on-farm use.

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Detection of agents associated with respiratory diseases of swine by real time PCR

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402015000200005 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 300-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antônio Augusto FONSECA JUNIOR ◽

Carolina Kymie Vasquez NONAKA ◽

Estefânia de Oliveira GUEDES ◽

Zélia Inês Portela LOBATO ◽

Alessandra Silva DIAS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Infectious Agents ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Specific Infectious Agent ◽

Pooled Samples ◽

Porcine Respiratory

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a group of diseases that cause high losses in the swine industry. Several infectious agents are related to PRDC including porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), pseudorabies virus (SuHV-1),Haemophilus parasuis (HP), Mycoplasma hypneumoniae (MH) and Pasteurela multocida (PM). The aim of this study was to develop real-time PCRs (qPCR) for the detection of these infectious agents. Oligonucleotides were designed for each specific infectious agent and labeled with different fluorophores to amplify specific parts of the genome. This was done in two groups of reactions—a duplex qPCR for SuHV-1 and PCV-2 and a multiplex qPCR to detect the three bacteria simultaneously. The reactions were tested in 142 pooled samples of swine lymph nodes and lungs with clinical signs of PRDC. There were 135 samples that tested positive for PCV-2, 61 for HP, 29 for PM, 30 for MH and zero for SuHV-1. We recorded 76 cases of co-infection. The qPCRs developed in this study are useful tools in the diagnosis of PRDC.

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Successful elimination of PRRS virus from an infected farrow-to-finish herd by vaccination

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/68/2017-vetmed ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 553-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Toman ◽

V. Celer ◽

J. Smola

Keyword(s):

Virus Isolation ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Control Programme ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Live Virus ◽

Prrs Virus ◽

Major Threat ◽

Pig Farm

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus represents a major threat to the swine industry worldwide. This study describes the transmission of a European strain of PRRS-1 to a pig farm leading to the spread of the virus to different age categories of pigs and the development of clinical signs in pregnant sows and piglets. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome aetiology was confirmed by serological tests and by virus isolation and subsequent sequencing. Repeated mass vaccination using modified live virus was used to synchronise the level of PRRS-specific immunity in all age categories of animals and to hinder virus circulation in the herd. Four months after the second mass vaccination, regular modified live virus vaccination of sows and gilts was implemented. Introduction of sentinel animals demonstrated cessation of virus circulation and the success of the control programme.

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COVID-19 in children: Pathogenesis and current status

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings ◽

10.2500/aap.2020.42.200104 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lawrence Frenkel ◽

Fernando Gomez ◽

Joseph A Bellanti

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Current Status ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Initial Description ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Inflammatory Syndrome ◽

The Relationship

Background: Since its initial description in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly progressed into a worldwide pandemic, which has affected millions of lives. Unlike the disease in adults, the vast majority of children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms and are largely spared from severe respiratory disease. However, thereare children who have significant respiratory disease, and some may develop a hyperinflammatory response similar to thatseen in adults with COVID-19 and in children with Kawasaki disease (KD), which has been termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).Objective: The purpose of this report was to examine the current evidence that supports the etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 in children and the relationship of COVID-19 with KD and MIS-C as a basis for a better understanding of the clinical course, diagnosis, and management of these clinically perplexing conditions.Results: The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is carried out in two distinct but overlapping phases of COVID-19: the first triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself and the second by the host immune response. Children with KD have fewer of the previously described COVID-19–associated KD features with less prominent acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock than children with MIS-C.Conclusion: COVID-19 in adults usually includes severe respiratory symptoms and pathology, with a high mortality. Ithas become apparent that children are infected as easily as adults but are more often asymptomatic and have milder diseasebecause of their immature immune systems. Although children are largely spared from severe respiratory disease, they canpresent with a SARS-CoV-2–associated MIS-C similar to KD.

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PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS–STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-020-00843-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zongyi Bo ◽

Yurun Miao ◽

Rui Xi ◽

Qiuping Zhong ◽

Chenyi Bao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Activation ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Poly I:C ◽

Interferon Response ◽

Type I ◽

Creb Binding Protein ◽

Swine Industry

Abstract Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is an intracellular sensor of cytoplasmic viral DNA created during virus infection, which subsequently activates the stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent type I interferon response to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, viruses have developed different strategies to modulate this signalling pathway. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease (AD), a notable disease that causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry globally. Previous reports have shown that PRV infection induces cGAS-dependent IFN-β production, conversely hydrolysing cGAMP, a second messenger synthesized by cGAS, and attenuates PRV-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion. However, it is not clear whether PRV open reading frames (ORFs) modulate the cGAS–STING-IRF3 pathway. Here, 50 PRV ORFs were screened, showing that PRV UL13 serine/threonine kinase blocks the cGAS–STING-IRF3-, poly(I:C)- or VSV-mediated transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene. Importantly, it was discovered that UL13 phosphorylates IRF3, and its kinase activity is indispensable for such an inhibitory effect. Moreover, UL13 does not affect IRF3 dimerization, nuclear translocation or association with CREB-binding protein (CBP) but attenuates the binding of IRF3 to the IRF3-responsive promoter. Consistent with this, it was discovered that UL13 inhibits the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS–STING or poly(I:C). Finally, it was determined that PRV infection can activate IRF3 by recruiting it to the nucleus, and PRVΔUL13 mutants enhance the transactivation level of the IFN-β gene. Taken together, the data from the present study demonstrated that PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS–STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3.

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Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10010047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Giovanni Franzo ◽

Michele Drigo ◽

Matteo Legnardi ◽

Laura Grassi ◽

Maria Luisa Menandro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Positive Interaction ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Swine Population ◽

Clinical Conditions

Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

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Association between clinical respiratory signs, lung lesions detected by thoracic ultrasonography and growth performance in pre‐weaned dairy calves

Irish Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1186/s13620-021-00187-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽

Mark McGee ◽

José María Sánchez ◽

Edward O’Riordan ◽

Nicky Byrne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Live Weight ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Post Mortem ◽

Lung Lesions ◽

Lung Lobe ◽

Lung Consolidation ◽

Severe Lung

Abstract Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of mortality among 1-to-5 month old calves in Ireland, accounting for approximately one-third of deaths. Despite widespread use of clinical respiratory signs for diagnosing BRD, lung lesions are detected, using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) or following post-mortem, in calves showing no clinical signs. This highlights the limitation of clinical respiratory signs as a method of detecting sub-clinical BRD. Using 53 purchased artificially-reared male dairy calves, the objectives of this study were to: (i) characterise the BRD incidence detected by clinical respiratory signs and/or TUS, (ii) investigate the association between clinical respiratory signs and lung lesions detected by TUS, and (iii) assess the effect of BRD on pre-weaning growth. Results Clinical BRD (based on Wisconsin clinical respiratory score and/or rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC) was detected in 43 % and sonographic changes (lung lesions) were detected in 64 % of calves from purchase (23 (SD; 6.2) days of age) until weaning, 53 days post-arrival. Calves with clinical BRD were treated. Sixty-one per cent calves affected with clinical BRD had lung lesions 10.5 days (median) before detection of clinical signs. Moderate correlations (rsp 0.70; P < 0.05) were found between cough and severe lung lesions on arrival day, and between rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC and lung lesions ≥ 2 cm2 on day 7 (rsp 0.40; P < 0.05) post-arrival. Mean average daily live weight gain (ADG) of calves from purchase to weaning was 0.75 (SD; 0.10) kg; calves with or without clinical BRD did not differ in ADG (P > 0.05), whereas ADG of those with severe lung lesions (lung lobe completely consolidated or pulmonary emphysema) was 0.12 kg/d less (P < 0.05) than calves without lung lesions. Conclusions Thoracic ultrasonography detected lung consolidation in calves that did not show signs of respiratory disease. The presence of severe lung lesions was associated with reduced pre-weaning growth. These findings emphasise the importance of using TUS in addition to clinical respiratory scoring of calves for an early and accurate detection of clinical and sub-clinical BRD.

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Economics of respiratory disease in dairy replacement heifers

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252320000250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 143-148

Author(s):

Michael W. Overton

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Milk Production ◽

Incident Case ◽

Data Set ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

On Farm ◽

The Impact ◽

Selective Culling

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease concern in dairy cattle and is most commonly diagnosed in young dairy heifers. The impact of BRD is highly variable, depending on the accuracy and completeness of detection, effectiveness of treatment, and on-farm culling practices. Consequences include decreased rate of weight gain, a higher culling risk either as heifers or as cows, delayed age at first service, delayed age at first calving, and in some cases, lower future milk production. In this data set of 104,100 dairy replacement heifers from across the USA, 36.6% had one or more cases diagnosed within the first 120 days of age with the highest risk of new cases occurring prior to weaning. Comparison of the raising cost for heifers with BRD and those without a recorded history of BRD resulted in an estimated cost per incident case occurring in the first 120 days of age of $252 or $282, depending upon whether anticipated future milk production differences were considered or not. Current market conditions contributed to a cost estimate that is significantly higher than previously published estimates, driven in part by the losses associated with selective culling of a subset of heifers that experienced BRD.

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