THE INFLUENCE OF THE FOAMING AGENTS NATURE ON PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAM

The paper considers the influence of the nature of foaming agent on the properties of foams. Based on the analysis of the market of modern pore-forming additives, from the number of foaming agents the most widely used components, as well as novelties of the market, have been chosen. The technical characteristics of the foaming agents provided on the market are reviewed. The influence of foaming agent concentration, composition and base on the foam expansion, stability and density of foams is studied in the paper. The optimum ("working") concentrations of foaming additives are determined taking into account their stability. The stability of foams formed on the basis of working solutions in porous systems of various compositions is studied. Based on the complex of studies, the protein foaming agents are ranked according to the degree of their effectiveness, according to the data on the physical and technical properties of foams obtained on their basis.

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Effects of foaming agent on properties of foamed gel

Advanced Composites Letters ◽

10.1177/0963693519881649 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 096369351988164

Author(s):

Qing Cao ◽

Jian-jun Shen ◽

Wen-jie Guo

Keyword(s):

Cross Linking ◽

Ammonium Bromide ◽

Foam Expansion ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Foam Stabilizer ◽

Foaming Property ◽

Starting Point ◽

Dodecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide ◽

The Stability

To improve foam expansion and the stability of the foamed gel selected as the starting point, three foaming agents with relatively higher foam expansion and three foam stabilizers were used to determine optimum gradient and composition of the gel. Sodium laurate and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide at a proportion of 2:3 were observed to produce the desirable foaming property and also created the largest foaming volume after the addition of 0.2% polyethylene glycol as the foam stabilizer. Different concentrations of gelatinizing and cross-linking agents were added to the foamed gel containing the foaming agent and the foam stabilizer. The most suitable ratio of the gelatinizing agent and the cross-linking agent determined on the basis of volume of foam dewatering after the addition of foam stabilizer for 6 h was 0.6%:0.5%. The resulting foamed gel was evaluated for rheological and plugging properties and a decrease in the viscosity of the gel and better plugging effect on coal seam were observed.

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Aerated Concrete Produced Using Locally Available Raw Materials

Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.28991/cej-2017-00000087 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 214-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Faris Matalkah ◽

Harsha Bharadwaj ◽

Anagi Balachandra ◽

Parviz Soroushian

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Building Construction ◽

Early Age ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foam Structure ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Aerated Concrete ◽

Concrete Materials ◽

The Stability

Aerated concrete materials were developed with abundant natural materials. Aerated concrete can provide insulating qualities complemented with secondary structural attributes when used as core in sandwich composites for building construction. A hybrid binder that comprised lime and gypsum was used. Different foaming agents were considered for production of aerated concrete, including saponin that is found abundantly in different plants. Different formulations were considered, and the stability of the foam structure as well as the density and early-age compressive strength of the resulting aerated concrete were evaluated. One formulation comprising lime-gypsum binder with saponin foaming agent, with a density of 0.53 g/cm3, was further characterized through performance of thermal conductivity, split tension, flexure, elastic and shear modulus and sorptivity tests. The results pointed at the satisfactory balance of qualities provided by the aerated concrete when compared with alternative aerated concrete materials.

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Determination of the Influence of Hydraulic Additives on the Foaming Process and Stability of the Produced Geopolymer Foams

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14175090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (17) ◽

pp. 5090

Author(s):

Michał Łach ◽

Kinga Pławecka ◽

Agnieszka Bąk ◽

Katarzyna Lichocka ◽

Kinga Korniejenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Expanded Polystyrene ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Foaming Process ◽

Al Powder ◽

The Stability

The research described in this article was aimed at determining the influence of hydraulic additives on the foaming process and the stability of the produced geopolymer foams. These foams can be used as insulation materials to replace the currently commonly used insulations such as expanded polystyrene or polyurethane foams. Geopolymers have low thermal conductivity, excellent fire- and heat-resistant properties, and have fairly good mechanical properties. Research on foamed materials shows that they have the highest class of fire resistance; therefore, they are most often used as insulation products in construction. Geopolymer foams were made of aluminosilicate materials (fly ash) and foaming agents (H2O2 and Al powder), and the stabilizers were gypsum and portland cement. Additionally, surfactants were also used. It was found that better foaming effects were obtained for H2O2—it is a better foaming agent for geopolymers than Al powder. When using a hydraulic additive—a stabilizer in the form of cement—lower densities and better insulation parameters were obtained than when using gypsum. Portland cement is a better stabilizer than gypsum (calcium sulfates), although the effect may change due to the addition of surfactants, for example.

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Functional surfaces produced by foam coating

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj15.8.515 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 515-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

EIJA KENTTÄ ◽

HANNA KOSKELA ◽

SARA PAUNONEN ◽

KARITA KINNUNEN-RAUDASKOSKI ◽

TUOMO HJELT

Keyword(s):

Life Time ◽

Silica Coating ◽

Foaming Properties ◽

Coated Paper ◽

Paper Properties ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Size Stability ◽

Stability Measurement ◽

Standard Paper

This paper reports experiments on silica coating formulations that are suitable for application as a thin pigment layer with foam coating technique on a paper web. To understand the foaming properties of nanosilica dispersions, the critical micelle concentration, foam half-life time, and foam bubble size stability were determined with three different foaming agents. The results indicate that the bubble stability measurement is a useful characterization method for foam coating purposes. Pilot foam coating trials were done and the effects of the chosen foaming agents were studied on the properties of the nanosilica-coated paper. The surface hydrophilicity of silica coated paper was related not only to silica pigment, but also to the chemical nature of the foaming agent. Standard paper properties were not affected by the thin silica coating.

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The effect of foaming agent on mechanical and physical properties of Polypropylene

Materials Science Advanced Composite Materials ◽

10.18063/msacm.v2i1.693 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SEDEF CAKIR 1 ◽

MUHAMMED AYCICEK 1 ◽

EDIZ ALTUN 2 ◽

Akin Akinci 1

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cell Density ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Injection Pressure ◽

Skin Layer ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Cell Diameter ◽

Melt Temperature ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents

In this study, Polypropylene (PP) foam materials were used with injection parameters such as melting, molding and injection temperatures. To produce foam materials, chemical foaming agents were used, and added to polymer materials as 1wt.%, 1.5wt.%, 2wt.%, 2.5wt.%, 3wt.%. The mechanical properties of foam samples were determined based on the parameters. Cell morphology characterization such as cell diameter, cell count, skin layer thickness and cell density, and mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength of polymer foams were examined.Generally, the closed-cell foam structure was obtained. The most important parameters affecting the cell morphology have been injection pressure, melt temperature and amount of foaming agent. With increasing the amount of foaming agent, cell density increased, foam density and mechanical properties decreased.

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Research Results of the Potato Digger Technological Process

Agricultural machinery and technologies ◽

10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-5-14-19 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 14-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. M. Alakin ◽

G. S. Nikitin

Keyword(s):

Design Parameters ◽

Operating Speed ◽

Working Process ◽

Projectile Motion ◽

Operating Process ◽

Cutoff Angle ◽

The Stability ◽

Theoretical Results ◽

Optimum Working

A potato digger equipped with a fourbladed beater operating in connection with rotary separating surface has low material and energy consumption, higher separating efficiency, as well as lower degree of tuber damaging. The potato digger design should include a fourbladed intakeandfeed beater to prevent potato heap transportation faults in front of the first section. (Research purpose) Increasing the technological and economic efficiency of a potato diggingand separating unit through the determination of the optimum values of the design parameters and operating process of the intakeandfeed beater. (Materials and methods) the authors have made an overview of general principles of ensuring the stability of the potato heap movement provided by the fourbladed intakeandfeed beater. The dependency of the minimum beater speed on the operating speed of the potato digger has been found to exclude a probability of its overloading. The methodology of calculating the potato heap velocity and the cutoff angle between the material and the beater blades has been worked out by analyzing potato heap lifting to the upper points of the working units of the rotary separator’s first section. Operating speed of the beater has been determined through the differential equation for the speed of a potato heap moving along the blade surface. (Results and discussion) Preliminary potato heap speed and cutoff angle have been found through the equation of dynamics describing the projectile motion of an object thrown at an angle. The operating values of the angles are dependent on the potato digger working speed and can be selected from the triangle of speeds. The authors have determined the dependence of the optimal beater speed on the working speed of a potato digger. Its value should exceed the minimum speed of the beater. (Conclusions) Theoretical results allow proposing the best design features and optimum working process parameters of a fourbladed beater receiving a potato heap, transporting it and lifting on the rotary separating surface.

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Alternative foaming agents for fabrication of glass foam

Multidiszciplináris Tudományok ◽

10.35925/j.multi.2021.5.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 39-48

Author(s):

Ildikó Fóris ◽

Gábor Mucsi

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Powder Mixtures ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Specimen Density ◽

Before And After ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Glass Foam ◽

Eggshell Waste

Glass foam tablets were produced from container glass bottles (CGB) using eggshell waste (ESW) and perlite (P) as foaming agent in different portions. The ground raw materials (CGB, ESW, P) were homogenized and pressed with hydraulic piston press machine at different pressures (in the case of P containing tablets 30 MPa and ESW containing tablets 15 MPa, 30 MPa and 40 MPa were used).The obtained glass tablets were heat treated at different temperatures (in the case of P containing tablets 800 °C, 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C, and ESW containing tablets 600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C were used). The study shows the specimen density of tablets before and after heat treatment, as well as the true density of the powder mixtures before tableting and the abrasion resistance of the glass foam products.

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Determination the Component of Foaming Agent and its Natural Degradation Characteristics

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.351 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 641-642 ◽

pp. 351-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Su Xia Hou

Keyword(s):

Mine Water ◽

Initial Density ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Guangxi Province ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Natural Degradation ◽

Ultraviolet Ray ◽

Made In

A lot of foaming agents are used during the mining mineral processing. The foaming agent is hard to degrade and remains in the wastewater and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is far exceeded the standard in mine water. In this paper, the component of foaming agent made in Guangxi province was determined and analyzed through experiments. At the same time, the effect and the contribution of foaming agent to the COD materials in the water were also been studied. The degradation performances of foaming agent in different conditions such as pH, initial density and temperature, with aeration or without aeration, with ultraviolet ray or without ultraviolet ray were studied particularly. The result of this study provided the scientific basis in choosing the appropriate new environmental foaming agent and reduced the content of COD in the flotation wastewater.

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The Influence of the Foaming Agents on the Porosity of the PM Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocomposites Processed by Two-Step Sintering

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1128.178 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1128 ◽

pp. 178-186

Author(s):

Cristina Teișanu ◽

Carmen Ristoscu ◽

Gabriela Sima

Keyword(s):

Foaming Agent ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Space Holder ◽

Blowing Agent ◽

Foaming Process ◽

Eds Analysis ◽

Titanium Hydride Powder ◽

The Matrix ◽

Powder Particles ◽

Hydride Powder

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the foaming process developed in hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based bicomposites as a function of the foaming agent. The matrix of the biocomposite consists of either submicronic or micronic powder particles of HAp. The titanium hydride powder was added as reinforcement’s precursor as well as blowing agent, and in order to increase the biocomposites’ porosity calcium carbonate was added as space holder agent. The powders mixture was homogenized in a planetary ball mill with a single grinding bowl for 1 minute in air. Uniaxial cold compaction at 120-170 MPa was performed in order to obtain cylindrical green parts, which next were heated in argon atmosphere using the two step sintering technique at temperatures of 900 °C for 1 minute and 800°C for 450 - 600 minutes. The porosity of the biocomposite is analysed through calculations and SEM and EDS analysis highlighting the influence of the above mentioned foaming techniques (blowing and space holder).

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Development of a Novel In-Situ-Generated Foamed Gel as Temporary Plugging Agent Used for Well Workover: Affecting Factors and Working Performance

SPE Journal ◽

10.2118/194215-pa ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (04) ◽

pp. 1757-1776 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hu Jia ◽

Xin-Yu Yang ◽

Jin-Zhou Zhao

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Gas Permeability ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Fluid Loss ◽

Coefficient Function ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

Working Performance ◽

The Stability

Summary Foams can be used as well-killing fluid for workover operation in low-pressure oil and/or gas wells. However, foams usually come from gas injection under high pressure or high-speed stirring, which is complicated, expensive, and hazardous. In addition, the foam's stability is still limited by the current method of adding viscous polymer or the single crosslinking between the polymer and single crosslinking agent. This paper explores a simple and safe in-situ generating procedure under surface conditions by virtue of the coefficient function of the CO2-gas-producing chemicals (GPCs) and the foaming agent. The foam stability is enhanced through the double crosslinking with the application of chromium acetate III (Cr3+) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), which guarantees its stability in the wellbore. This systematic study consists of optimization of different foaming agents, gel bases, and the effect of the GPC compositions (carbonate and acid) and their quantity, a macroscopic comparison of the stability and rheological properties of the double crosslinking and the common single crosslinking systems, with further investigation of their stability differences through microscopic research, and a coreflooding experiment to evaluate working performance. Within 4 days, the density of this novel foamed gel varies from 0.711 to 0.910 g/cm3 at 35°C, satisfying the present operation requirements for density and stability. This is because of the function of the GPCs and foaming agent, which means that finer foams can be obtained to achieve target low density. Meanwhile, on the basis of the double crosslinking, a more compact gel structure is formed; thus the stability can be effectively improved. Results also demonstrated that this foamed gel shows a favorable performance of low fluid loss and temporary plugging, and the gas-permeability-recovery rate is up to 93.90%, which proves the gel to be effective for formation-damage control. This study suggests that the novel in-situ-generated foamed gel has the potential to achieve favorable well-workover performance in low-pressure and low-temperature reservoirs.

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