scholarly journals The Glycemic Index of Food- Should It Be Gender Specific?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Basmah Medhat Eldakhakhny ◽  
Aliaa Amr Alamoudi ◽  
Sarah Khalid Binmahfooz ◽  
Sarah Amr Alamoudi ◽  
Maha Essam Akshawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Distinctive Difference ◽  
Gender Specific

Glycemic index (GI) was developed to categorize dietary carbohydrates based on their overall effect on postprandial blood glucose. Low GI foods demand a lower insulin response compared to high GI foods. This is expected to decrease the incidence of insulin resistance, the development of obesity, and hypertension, which are risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Hence, it was recommended to add GI as a valid methodology complementing other dietary aspects that need to be applicable to both genders. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of gender difference on GI in healthy, normal BMI males and females. Healthy, non-smoking adults age between 18 -35 years of normal BMI, were recruited. Subjects were included following initial screening using a structured questionnaire and blood tests to exclude diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or hypertension cases. A standard 50 g glucose tolerance test was performed for two visits for each sugar (glucose and sucrose). Blood was collected at fasting, then at 15,30,45,60,90,120 min after the sugar consumption and the area under the curve was calculated. A total of 11 men and ten women were included in the study after excluding prediabetics and participants with abnormal liver enzymes. The mean GI for the whole sample was 69. A distinctive difference between males and females was noticed in the GI and the response curve. For males, the GI for sucrose was 77, and the response curve peaked at 30 min, followed by a sharp decline below baseline at 2h. On the other hand, the GI for females was 60, and the curve peaked at 45 min. In conclusion, our study showed that there is a clear difference in GI between men and women. A larger study is needed to clarify this further and prove or disprove the need for separate GI lists for men and women.

scholarly journals Analysis of gender representation in basic level English textbooks in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
F. N.K. Nunoo ◽  
D. P. Mensah ◽  
E. Adu Boahen ◽  
I. E. N. Nunoo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
English Textbooks ◽  
Stereotypical Roles ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Basic Level

Textbooks are known to influence the behaviours and worldview of children. Apart from imparting critical knowledge to pupils, textbooks also encourage pupils to form certain perceptions and stereotypes, including the ‘appropriate’ gender-specific roles in society. This paper examined gender stereotypes in the content and design of the Pupil’s English textbook at the Basic Level in Ghana using content analysis. The study revealed that, as teaching materials, the English Pupil’s Books 1, 2 and 3 displayed gross gender bias that reinforces the stereotypical roles of males and females in Ghanaian society. This does not reflect the development of society towards equality between men and women since there was no equality in how both genders are represented in the textbooks.Keywords: Gender; stereotype; gender stereotype; textbooks 

scholarly journals Effects of commonly consumed traditional fortified staple meals on the postprandial blood glucose responses of undergraduate students in Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria: an open-label study

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Chinagorom Asinobi ◽  
Henritta Uzoagba ◽  
Angela Mba-Anyadioha ◽  
Nnodim Johnkennedy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
The Mean

Background: Diabetics Mellitus a chronic metabolic disorder that prevents the body to utilize glucose completely or partially requires low caloric diets. Unfortunately, Nigerian traditional menu is based on starchy foods. Many diabetic individuals had been ignorantly oriented to consume some staple foods that are believed to have lower calorie than others for low blood glucose response.The study is focused on determining the glycemic index of commonly consumed fortified staple foods as well as determining the extent of their effects on the postprandial blood glucose responses of undergraduate students.Methods: Fifteen volunteered non- diabetic undergraduate students aged 20 – 25yrs on which standard oral glucose tolerate test was performed were selected and were asked to report at the study centre each day after overnight fasting (10 – 12hrs) with certain precautions by 8am for a period of 5days for different prepared test meals from the commonly consumed fortified staple food; namely; beans stew, rice stew, yam stew, unripe plantain stew and garri and stew. Fasting blood samples (2ml each) were collected from the prominent arm veins of each student prior to the eating of one of the test meals on each day. Each test meal contains 50g carbohydrate portion per meal. After the meals had been eaten, 2ml venous blood samples were collected at 30minutes interval for 120 minutes each day from each student and put into the specimen bottles for blood glucose estimations. Also the random sugar was determined 2hours later. A glucometer was used for measuring the blood sugar using test strips. The mean values of postprandial glucose blood sugar for each test meals for the selected students were obtained.Results: The glycemic index of the commonly consumed fortified staple test meals was highest in rice stew (107.7± 8.4), followed by yam stew (102.4±1.8), garri and stew (101.4±11.8), beans stew (86.9±6.7), and unripe plantain stew (81.8±8.4) in that order. The carbohydrate content of the commonly consumed fortified staple test meals was highest in garri with soup (68.2±0.2g) and lowest in unripe plantain stew while the fibre content was highest in plantain stew (5.8±0.4g) and lowest in rice stew (2.8±0.12g). The mean blood oral glucose tolerance test of the students was below 100mg/dl but has the mean peak after an hour interval (112.8±7.3mg/dl) the test food meals were ingested.The highest increase on the postprandial blood glucose after ingestion of the test meals was highest for garri and stew test meal (97.2±14.7mg/dl) but lowest for unripe plantain stew meal (85.574.3±11.6mg/dl) after 60 minutes the test meals were ingested.The random blood sugar test was highest in garri and soup (93.1±2.4mg/dl), followed by beans stew (88.4±4.9mg/dl), and lowest in plantain stew (74.3±11.6mg/dl) test meals after 2hrs the test meals were ingested.Conclusion: Unripe plantain stew meal had the lowest glycemic index response, with lowest postprandial blood glucose response after for the period of time the test meal were ingested.. This could be attributed to the relatively higher level of fibre content of the unripe plantain than other test meals.Key Words: glycemic index, postprandial blood glucose concentrations, glucose tolerance test   

scholarly journals Gender bias in sentiment analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if there are biases in lexical sentiment analysis accuracy between reviews authored by males and females. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sets of TripAdvisor reviews of hotels and restaurants in the UK written by UK residents to contrast the accuracy of lexical sentiment analysis for males and females. Findings Male sentiment is harder to detect because it is less explicit. There was no evidence that this problem could be solved by gender-specific lexical sentiment analysis. Research limitations/implications Only one lexical sentiment analysis algorithm was used. Practical implications Care should be taken when drawing conclusions about gender differences from automatic sentiment analysis results. When comparing opinions for product aspects that appeal differently to men and women, female sentiments are likely to be overrepresented, biasing the results. Originality/value This is the first evidence that lexical sentiment analysis is less able to detect the opinions of one gender than another.

scholarly journals Effect of resistance exercise on postprandial lipemia

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 694-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darby S. Petitt ◽  
Sigurbjörn Á. Arngrímsson ◽  
Kirk J. Cureton
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
Fat Tolerance Test ◽  
Meal Ingestion

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance exercise on postprandial lipemia. Fourteen young men and women participated in each of three treatments: 1) control (Con), 2) resistance exercise (RE), and 3) aerobic exercise (AE) estimated to have an energy expenditure (EE) equal that for RE. Each trial consisted of performing a treatment on day 1 and ingesting a fat-tolerance test meal 16 h later ( day 2). Resting metabolic rate and fat oxidation were measured at baseline and at 3 and 6 h postprandial on day 2. Blood was collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h after meal ingestion. RE and AE were similar in EE [1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 (SE) MJ, respectively], as measured by using the Cosmed K4b2. Baseline triglycerides (TG) were significantly lower after RE than after Con (19%) and AE (21%). Furthermore, the area under the postprandial response curve for TG, adjusted for baseline differences, was significantly lower after RE than after Con (14%) and AE (18%). Resting fat oxidation was significantly greater after RE than after Con (21%) and AE (28%). These results indicate that resistance exercise lowers baseline and postprandial TG, and increases resting fat oxidation, 16 h after exercise.

scholarly journals Determining insulin sensitivity from glucose tolerance tests in Iberian and landrace pigs

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11014
Author(s):  
José Miguel Rodríguez-López ◽  
Manuel Lachica ◽  
Lucrecia González-Valero ◽  
Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Post Infusion

As insulin sensitivity may help to explain divergences in growth and body composition between native and modern breeds, metabolic responses to glucose infusion were measured using an intra-arterial glucose tolerance test (IAGTT). Iberian (n = 4) and Landrace (n = 5) barrows (47.0 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW)), fitted with a permanent carotid artery catheter were injected with glucose (500 mg/kg BW) and blood samples collected at -10, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min following glucose infusion. Plasma samples were analysed for insulin, glucose, lactate, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin and urea. Insulin sensitivity indices were calculated and analysed. Mean plasma glucose, creatinine and cholesterol concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in Iberian (14, 68 and 22%, respectively) than in Landrace pigs during the IAGTT. However, mean plasma insulin, lactate, triglycerides and urea concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in Iberian (50, 35, 18 and 23%, respectively) than in Landrace pigs. Iberian pigs had larger area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (P < 0.05) or tended to a greater AUC of lactate (P < 0.10), and a smaller (P < 0.05) AUC for glucose 0-60 min compared with Landrace pigs. Indices for estimating insulin sensitivity in fasting conditions indicated improved β-cell function in Iberian compared with Landrace pigs, but no difference (P > 0.10) in calculated insulin sensitivity index was found after IAGTT between breeds. A time response (P < 0.05) was obtained for insulin, glucose and lactate so that maximum concentration was achieved at 10 and 15 min post-infusion for insulin (Iberian and Landrace pigs, respectively), immediately post-infusion for glucose, and 20 min post-infusion for lactate, decreasing thereafter until basal levels. There was no time effect for the rest of metabolites evaluated. In conclusion, growing Iberian pigs challenged with an IAGTT showed changes in biochemical parameters and insulin response that may indicate an early stage of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Acute Postexercise Effects of Concentric and Eccentric Exercise on Glucose Tolerance

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew David Cook ◽  
Stephen David Myers ◽  
John Stephen Michael Kelly ◽  
Mark Elisabeth Theodorus Willems
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Downhill Running

Impaired glucose tolerance was shown to be present 48 hr following muscle-damaging eccentric exercise. We examined the acute effect of concentric and muscle-damaging eccentric exercise, matched for intensity, on the responses to a 2-hr 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Ten men (27 ± 9 years, 178 ± 7 cm, 75 ± 11 kg, VO2max: 52.3 ± 7.3 ml·kg-1·min-1) underwent three OGTTs after an overnight 12 hr fast: rest (control), 40-min (5 × 8-min with 2-min interbout rest) of concentric (level running, 0%, CON) or eccentric exercise (downhill running, –12%, ECC). Running intensity was matched at 60% of maximal metabolic equivalent. Maximal isometric force of m. quadriceps femoris of both legs was measured before and after the running protocols. Downhill running speed was higher (level: 9.7 ± 2.1, downhill: 13.8 ± 3.2 km·hr-1, p < .01). Running protocols had similar VO2max (p = .59), heart rates (p = .20) and respiratory exchange ratio values (p = .74) indicating matched intensity and metabolic demands. Downhill running resulted in higher isometric force deficits (level: 3.0 ± 6.7, downhill: 17.1 ± 7.3%, p < .01). During OGTTs, area-under-the-curve for plasma glucose (control: 724 ± 97, CON: 710 ± 77, ECC: 726 ± 72 mmol·L-1·120 min, p = .86) and insulin (control: 24995 ± 11229, CON: 23319 ± 10417, ECC: 21842 ± 10171 pmol·L-1·120 min, p = .48), peak glucose (control: 8.1 ± 1.3, CON: 7.7 ± 1.2, ECC: 7.7 ± 1.1 mmol·L-1, p = .63) and peak insulin levels (control: 361 ± 188, CON: 322 ± 179, ECC: 299 ± 152 pmol·L-1, p = .30) were similar. It was concluded that glucose tolerance and the insulin response to an OGTT were not changed immediately by muscle-damaging eccentric exercise.

scholarly journals Determining insulin sensitivity from glucose tolerance tests in Iberian and Landrace pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Rodríguez-López ◽  
M Lachica ◽  
L González-Valero ◽  
I Fernández-Fígares
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Post Infusion

ABSTRACTAs insulin sensitivity may help to explain divergences in growth and body composition between native and modern breeds, metabolic responses to glucose infusion were measured using an intra-arterial glucose tolerance test (IAGTT). Iberian (n = 4) and Landrace (n = 5) barrows (47.0 ± 1.2 kg BW), fitted with a permanent carotid artery catheter were injected with glucose (500 mg/kg BW) and blood samples collected at −10, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min following glucose infusion. Plasma samples were analysed for insulin, glucose, lactate, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin and urea. Insulin sensitivity indices were calculated and analyed. Mean plasma glucose, creatinine and cholesterol concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in Iberian (14, 68 and 22%, respectively) compared with Landrace pigs during the IAGTT. However, mean plasma insulin, lactate, triglycerides and urea concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in Iberian (50, 35, 18 and 23%, respectively) than in Landrace pigs. Iberian pigs had larger area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (P < 0.05) and lactate (P < 0.1), and smaller (P < 0.05) AUC for glucose 0-60 min compared with Landrace pigs. Indices for estimating insulin sensitivity in fasting conditions indicated improved β-cell function in Iberian compared with Landrace pigs, but no difference (P > 0.10) in calculated insulin sensitivity index was found after IAGTT between breeds. A time response (P < 0.05) was obtained for insulin, glucose and lactate so that maximum concentration was achieved 10 and 15 min post-infusion for insulin (Iberian and Landrace pigs, respectively), immediately post-infusion for glucose, and 20 min post-infusion for lactate, decreasing thereafter until basal levels. There was no time effect for the rest of metabolites evaluated. In conclusion, growing Iberian pigs challenged with an IAGTT showed changes in biochemical parameters and insulin response that may indicate an early stage of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Field Trial on Glucose-Induced Insulin Response in High-Yielding Dairy Cows under Different Environmental Temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-382
Author(s):  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Radiša Prodanović ◽  
Goran Korićanac ◽  
Jovan Bojkovski ◽  
Predrag Simeunović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Basal Insulin ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Intravenous Glucose

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate glucose-induced insulin response in cows exposed to different temperature-humidity index. Twenty early lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were divided into 2 equal groups based on season, as summer (SU) and spring (SP). SP cows were not exposed to heat stress, while SU cows were exposed to moderate or severe heat stress. Milk production was recorded daily. Starting from day 30 of lactation, intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was carried out three times at 30-day intervals. Blood samples were taken before (basal) and after glucose infusion, and glucose and insulin were measured at each sample point. The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index was calculated. Milk yield from days 30 to 40 and 64 to 90 of lactation were higher in SP cows than in SU cows. Basal glucose did not differ on days 30 and 60 of lactation, while basal insulin and HOMA were lower in SU compared to SP cows. On day 90 of lactation, SU cows had higher basal glucose, whereas basal insulin and HOMA did not differ. IVGTT results revealed that glucose tolerance was affected by heat stress such that SU cows had higher glucose clearance. Insulin responses to IVGTT did not differ on days 30 and 60 of lactation. Heat stress had a marked effect on insulin secretion on day 90 of lactation, illustrated by higher increments, peak concentrations and area under the curve for insulin in SU cows. Overall, season differences in glucose tolerance depend not only on heat stress and milk production but also on the stage of lactation.

scholarly journals Phenotype of Higher Post-load Insulin Response as a Predictor of All-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality in the Chinese Non-diabetes Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Shen ◽  
Siyao He ◽  
Jinping Wang ◽  
Xin Qian ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Response ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess whether a higher insulin response increased the long-term risk of mortality in a non-diabetes population.Methods A total of 446 non-diabetes who participated in the Da Qing Diabetes Study were stratified into quartiles subgroups according to their baseline insulin area under the curve (AUC) during oral glucose tolerance test, defined as Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. The insulin AUC increased drastically from 75.23, 129.61, 179.06 to 309.85mU/L across the four groups. The participants were followed from 1986 to 2016 to assess the risk of death in association with the magnitude of post-load insulin response.Results The rates of all-cause death in participants who were assigned in the highest (Q4) and lowest (Q1) quartiles of insulin AUC groups were 17.58/1000 and 9.94/1000 person years during a 30-year period, respectively. Multiple Cox analyses with adjustment for baseline age, sex, smoking, post load glucose and other potential confounders showed that the risks of all-cause death in the Group 4 was significantly higher than Group 1(HR 1.90, 95% CI:1.12-3.23). The CVD death rate across these subgroups showed a similar trend (10.47/1000 person years in Group 4 vs 5.14/1000 person years in Group 1) as all-cause death, but it was not significantly different after the same adjustment. Conclusions A higher post-load insulin response was significantly associated with a long-term increased risk of all-cause mortality in the Chinese non-diabetes population. Therefore, subjects featured by this phenotype was a potential important target for further intervention.

scholarly journals The lifetime cost of reproductive potential – who spends the most?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shai Fuchs ◽  
Miki Goldenfeld ◽  
Michal Dviri ◽  
Clifford Librach ◽  
Micha Baum
Keyword(s):  
Mass Density ◽  
Lifetime Cost ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Male Gamete ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectivesTo determine who spends more energy over a lifetime on maintaining their reproductive potential: men or women?DesignAs a model and energetic equivalent, we set the mass of gametes supported over time from birth until exhaustion of fertility. We calculated gender-specific dynamics of gamete pool mass over time. To this purpose we collated data from existing literature, accounting for gamete volume over stages of development, time in each stage, mass density, and count. Our model generates the integral, or area under the curve (AUC) of the gamete pool mass over a lifetime as a proxy to energetic requirements.Main outcome measuresThe area under gamete mass curve over a lifetime in men and women.ResultsThe number of gametes over a lifetime is 600,000 in women and close to 1 trillion in men. Accounting for mass and time, women invest approximately 100 gram*days in maintaining the female oocyte pool. Women reach 50% of lifetime AUC by age 10, and 90% by age 25. Men invest approximately 30 Kg*days over a lifetime (300-fold more), reaching 50% of lifetime AUC at age 37 and 90% at age 62 years old.ConclusionsThe study quantifies for the first time the area under gamete mass in men and women through a nuanced calculation accounting for all components of post-natal gamete dynamics. We found a 300-fold excess is supported male gamete mass over a lifetime (100g*days vs. 30 Kg*days in females vs. males, respectively). Our methodology offers a framework for assessing other components of the reproductive system in a similar quantitative manner.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document