scholarly journals Nitrification Inhibitors: A Perspective tool to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission from Rice Soils

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Malyan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Calcium Carbide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Rice Soil ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Coated Urea

Rice fields are significant contributors of greenhouse gases mainly methane and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. Increasing concentrations of these greenhouse gases play significant role in changing atmospheric chemistry such as mean air temperature, rainfall pattern, drought, and flood frequency. Mitigation of greenhouse gases for achieving sustainable agriculture without affecting economical production is one the biggest challenge of twenty first century at national and global scale. On the basis of published scientific studies, we hereby assess the use of nitrification inhibitors for greenhouse gas mitigation from rice soil. Biologically oxidation of ammonium to nitrate is termed as nitrification and materials which suppress this process are known as nitrification inhibitors. Soil amendment by addition of certain nitrification inhibitors such as neem oil coated urea, nimin-coated urea; dicyandiamide, encapsulated calcium carbide, and hydroquinone reduce cumulative methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice. Firstly, these inhibitors reduce nitrous oxide emissions both directly by nitrification (by reducing NH4+ to NO3-) as well as indirectly by de-nitrification (by reducing NO3- availability in soil). Secondly, methane emission from rice soil can be reduced by enhancing methane oxidation and suppressing methane production and further by reducing the aerenchymal transportation through rice plant. Application of some of the nitrification inhibitors such as calcium carbide and encapsulated calcium carbide reduce methane production by releasing acetylene gas which helps in reducing the population of methanogenic microbes in the soil. Application of nitrification inhibitors also helps to maintain soil redox potential at higher level subsequently reducing cumulative methane emission from soil. Plant derived organic nitrification inhibitors (neem oil, neem cake, karanja seed extract) are eco-friendly and possess substantial greenhouse gas mitigation potential from rice. In the current scenario of global warming and environmental pollution, application of organic plant derived nitrification inhibitors is much needed for sustainable agriculture.

Anaerobic digestion: impact of future greenhouse gases mitigation policies on methane generation and usage

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Greenfield ◽  
D.J. Batstone
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Ghg Mitigation

The debate as to whether carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gas emissions will become subject to increasing regulation, increased restrictions, and probably to some form of carbon tax, has moved from a simple “yes” or “no” to “when”. Wastewater treatment plants will be significantly impacted by increased energy costs and by specific regulations and/or penalties associated with emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. In this paper, the greenhouse gases emissions of different wastewater process options are estimated. The paper outlines the increasing need for wastewater treatment plants to factor greenhouse gas mitigation issues into their medium- as and long-term strategies, and identifies anaerobic enhouse as processes as being at the core of such strategies. Further, the paper identifies a number of key research challenges to be addressed if such strategies are to play a larger role in attenuating the likely impacts of GHG mitigation requirements on wastewater treatment plant design and operation.

Liability and Climate Change

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Faure ◽  
Marjan Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Court System

In view of the need to curb greenhouse gases, the question arises as to the functions of liability in providing effective incentives for emitters in order to change their behavior. Liability for emitting greenhouse gases exists (or can exist) in the area of public law and private law and can be subdivided into international, administrative, and criminal liability (public law liabilities) and tort law liability (private law liability). Actions for holding individual and legal persons (such as states, authorities, and companies) liable can, depending on the specific jurisdiction, be triggered by citizens but also by legal persons, such as authorities, companies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), particularly environmental NGOs. The central question in this article is how climate liability is arranged under public law and whether there would be any role for climate liability to play under private law, thereby applying a legal and economic methodology. That so-called law and economics doctrine is a useful approach as it has given a lot of attention, for example, to the different functions of specific legal instruments (more particularly regulation, including taxation and emissions trading and tort law liability) for mitigating greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, in practice, various examples can be identified whereby tort law liability is used as a complement to greenhouse gas regulation. This specific use of tort liability is analyzed in the light of the law and economics literature, thereby pointing at prospects but also at remaining core questions. The success of tort law actions will most likely greatly depend on the (lack of) ambition vested into the emissions regulations at international and national levels. One of the exciting questions for the near future is to what extent judges feel able to step into the regulation of the climate change problem, in an ex ante way. The most difficult cases are obviously those where a regulatory system concerning greenhouse gas mitigation has been put in place and where the court system is strong, but where particular groups consider the regulations to be insufficient.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Strategies to Reduce NH3 Emissions from Slurries in European Agriculture and Consequences for Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Christoph Emmerling ◽  
Andreas Krein ◽  
Jürgen Junk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
The Impact

The intensification of livestock production, to accommodate rising human population, has led to a higher emission of ammonia into the environment. For the reduction of ammonia emissions, different management steps have been reported in most EU countries. Some authors, however, have criticized such individual measures, because attempts to abate the emission of ammonia may lead to significant increases in either methane, nitrous oxide, or carbon dioxide. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of experimental European data published in peer-reviewed journals to evaluate the impact of major agricultural management practices on ammonia emissions, including the pollution swapping effect. The result of our meta-analysis showed that for the treatment, storage, and application stages, only slurry acidification was effective for the reduction of ammonia emissions (−69%), and had no pollution swapping effect with other greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide (−21%), methane (−86%), and carbon dioxide (−15%). All other management strategies, like biological treatment, separation strategies, different storage types, the concealing of the liquid slurry with different materials, and variable field applications were effective to varying degrees for the abatement of ammonia emission, but also resulted in the increased emission of at least one other greenhouse gas. The strategies focusing on the decrease of ammonia emissions neglected the consequences of the emissions of other greenhouse gases. We recommend a combination of treatment technologies, like acidification and soil incorporation, and/or embracing emerging technologies, such as microbial inhibitors and slow release fertilizers.

scholarly journals Mixing the Message: Do Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Fowler ◽  
Christopher J. Gillespie ◽  
Steve Denning ◽  
Shuijin Hu ◽  
Wes Watson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractBy mixing and potentially aerating dung, dung beetles may affect the microbes producing the greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, their sum-total global warming effect is described as the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Our literature analysis of reported GHG emissions and statistics suggests that most dung beetles do not, however, reduce CO2e even if they do affect individual GHGs. Here, we compare the GHG signature of homogenized (“premixed”) and unhomogenized (“unmixed”) dung with and without dung beetles to test whether mixing and burial influence GHGs. Mixing by hand or by dung beetles did not reduce any GHG – in fact, tunneling dung beetles increased N2O medians by ≥1.8x compared with dung-only. This suggests that either: 1) dung beetles do not meaningfully mitigate GHGs as a whole; 2) dung beetle burial activity affects GHGs more than mixing alone; or 3) greater dung beetle abundance and activity is required to produce an effect.

scholarly journals Comparative effect of various organic extracts coated urea fertilizer on the release pattern of Ammonium and Nitrate in the soil at different time intervals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeel Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Yaseen ◽  
Hafiz Naeem Asghar ◽  
Shahzad Maqsood Ahmed Basra
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
And Control ◽  
Urea Granules

Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is a very important commodity in agricultural systems. However, due to the losses of applied N from the soil microenvironment its efficiency is too low. Different strategies like the use of polymer coating and use of chemical nitrification inhibitors had been employed to reduce N losses. But these chemical nitrification inhibitors are very expensive. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of parthenium extract, neem oil and acidulated cow dung compost extract on N dynamics in the soil. Three concentrations of parthenium extract (5, 10 and 15 %) and neem oil (1, 2 and 3 %) were coated on urea granules after mixing with the polymer material. Three pH (2, 4 & 6 pH) based acidulated cow dung compost extracts were also coated on urea granules in the same pattern. These coated fertilizers and uncoated urea were applied in jars filled with soil (100g per jar) at the rate of 1g of fertilizer per jar. One treatment was kept as control (without any fertilizer). Treatments along three replications were arranged according to the completely randomized design (CRD). Results depicted that all coating materials caused the release of N consistently from applied fertilizers compared to uncoated treatment. In addition, percent nitrified N was also reduced significantly in coated treatments in comparison to the uncoated urea and control treatments. However, the level of concentration effect was not obvious as lower concentrations of these extracts and oil also performed almost equal to that of higher concentrations.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Common Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Cyanobiont of the Azolla–Nostoc Symbiosis and Clues as to Nod Factors in Cyanobacteria

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilantha Gunawardana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Calvin Cycle ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Floating Macrophytes

Azolla is a genus of aquatic ferns that engages in a unique symbiosis with a cyanobiont that is resistant to cultivation. Azolla spp. are earmarked as a possible candidate to mitigate greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide. That opinion is underlined here in this paper to show the broader impact of Azolla spp. on greenhouse gas mitigation by revealing the enzyme catalogue in the Nostoc cyanobiont to be a poor contributor to climate change. First, regarding carbon assimilation, it was inferred that the carboxylation activity of the Rubisco enzyme of Azolla plants is able to quench carbon dioxide on par with other C3 plants and fellow aquatic free-floating macrophytes, with the cyanobiont contributing on average ~18% of the carboxylation load. Additionally, the author demonstrates here, using bioinformatics and past literature, that the Nostoc cyanobiont of Azolla does not contain nitric oxide reductase, a key enzyme that emanates nitrous oxide. In fact, all Nostoc species, both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, are deficient in nitric oxide reductases. Furthermore, the Azolla cyanobiont is negative for methanogenic enzymes that use coenzyme conjugates to emit methane. With the absence of nitrous oxide and methane release, and the potential ability to convert ambient nitrous oxide into nitrogen gas, it is safe to say that the Azolla cyanobiont has a myriad of features that are poor contributors to climate change, which on top of carbon dioxide quenching by the Calvin cycle in Azolla plants, makes it an efficient holistic candidate to be developed as a force for climate change mitigation, especially in irrigated urea-fed rice fields. The author also shows that Nostoc cyanobionts are theoretically capable of Nod factor synthesis, similar to Rhizobia and some Frankia species, which is a new horizon to explore in the future.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions with enhanced efficiency and conventional urea fertilizers in winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo An ◽  
Jen Owens ◽  
Brian Beres ◽  
Yuejin Li ◽  
Xiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

AbstractOptimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study tested if split applying enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) resulted in lower N2O emissions than applying equivalent rates of urea at planting. In semiarid southern Alberta, field trials were conducted during three years (planting to harvest) in rainfed winter wheat crops. Annual fertilizer rates ranged from 146 to 176 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer types were urea, and three EEFs (polymer-coated urea, urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors, and urea with a nitrification inhibitor). Each fertilizer type was applied three ways: 100% banded at planting, split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast in late fall, and split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4, post-tiller formation, wheat entering the greening up phase in the early spring). Nitrous oxide was measured using static chambers between sub-weekly and monthly from planting to harvest. Over three years, cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.16 to 1.32 kg N ha−1. This was equivalent to emissions factors between 0.009 and 0.688%. Cumulative N2O emissions and emissions factors did not differ between fertilizer types, but they were lower when fertilizer was split applied at GS4 compared to in late fall (P ≤ 0.10). Our study suggests that EEFs do not reduce N2O emissions from rainfed winter wheat crops, but a well-timed split application with a majority of fertilizer applied after winter can minimize N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Adaptation Approaches for Direct Seeded Rice to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Perspective of Climate Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 643-651
Author(s):  
Suborna Roy Choudhury ◽  
Anupam Das ◽  
Veena Bharati ◽  
Swaraj Kumar Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Nitrogen Management ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Direct Seeded

A field experiment was conducted at research farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, India during 2017 and 2018 to gain insight crop phonology mediated greenhouse gas emission under different tillage and nitrogen management practices in direct seeded rice (DSR). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two tillage viz. zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) as main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz. 100% nitrogen through neem coated urea (S1), SPAD based nitrogen management (S2), 75% through neem coated urea + 25% nitrogen through vermicompost, (S3) and ¼ nitrogen as basal and rest in equal three splits at 20, 40, 60 DAS (S4) as sub plot, in three replication. The highest yield (4.69 t ha-1), net return (Rs 46440 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.44) were recorded from zero tilled DSR. Further, highest yield (4.82 t ha-1), net return (Rs 44880 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.36) was obtained under split application of nitrogenous fertilizers among other subplot treatments. The range of methane (0.57- 1.47 mg m-2 hr-1) carbon dioxide (0.32- 0.61 mg m-2 hr-1)  and nitrous oxide (19.58- 38.79 µg m-2 hr-1) emission was recorded lowest in zero tilled plots and split application of nitrogenous fertilizer also emitted lowest values of 1.59 mg m-2 hr-1 methane, 0.86 mg m-2 hr-1 carbon dioxide and 46.76 µg m-2 hr-1 nitrous oxide at maximum tillering stage of crop growth. Moreover, methane and nitrous oxide emission was gradually decreased from maximum tillering to harvesting stage. Zero tilled DSR with split nitrogen fertilizer application ascribed lowest greenhouse gas intensity among the other crop establishment and nitrogen management options. Thus, zero tilled method of crop establishment with split application of nitrogenous fertilizer could be a remunerative and environmentally stable method for direct seeded rice cultivation.

scholarly journals Do greenhouse gas mitigation cost-effectiveness rankings based on the global warming potential favor sub-optimal allocation of resources?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Weiss ◽  
Adrian Leip ◽  
Vera Eory
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Measures

Abstract The global warming potential GWPgas(H) relates radiative forcing of a single pulse emission of a greenhouse gas, the absolute global warming potential AGWPgas(H), to the respective radiative forcing of carbon dioxide over a defined time horizon H. Mitigation measures targeting short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) or reversible measures need to be applied permanently to be effective in the long run, but cost effectiveness for a permanent application of a measure differs from a single application. We propose a concept for an absolute global warming potential of permanent yearly pulses AGWP’gas(H), and several options for alternative indices to replace or complement the GWP: For the GWPgas(H/H) and the GWPcgas(H/H) we keep the AGWPCO2(H) in the denominator, which allows the direct comparison with conventional estimates, while for the GWP’gas(H) we define a new metric replacing the denominator by the AGWP’CO2(H). Different cost-effectiveness indicators can be defined respectively. We demonstrate the concept on the example of typical greenhouse gases emitted or removed by the agricultural sector: methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, fossil and stored as soil carbon. We show that, compared to GWP-based cost-effectiveness analysis, measures targeting soil carbon are discouraged relative to measures targeting methane, nitrous oxide and fossil carbon dioxide.

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