scholarly journals E as mulheres? Uma Perspectiva Feminista Sobre a Resolução de Conflitos Armados l What About Women? A Feminist Perspective on Armed Conflict Resolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e59057
Author(s):  
Mariana Germana Miquelino Alves de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Feminist Perspective ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Feminist Theories

Neste artigo, buscamos entender as implicações das relações de gênero para a resolução de conflitos armados e as possíveis contribuições resultantes da inclusão de mulheres nos processos de paz. À luz das teorias feministas das Relações Internacionais, propomos a hipótese de que não se pode compreender amplamente as dinâmicas de um conflito armado sem considerar a influência das relações de gênero para a sua eclosão e continuidade e, por conseguinte, não se pode implementar medidas de resolução que sejam plenamente eficientes. Mais do que isso, sugerimos que as mulheres sejam parte ativa dos esforços de construção da paz  para que esse processo  se torne mais representativo e possa responder também às fontes de insegurança feminina.Palavras-chave: Resolução de conflitos; Construção da paz; Mulheres.ABSTRACTIn this article, we seek to understand the implications of gender relations for the resolution of armed conflicts and the possible contributions resulting from the inclusion of women in peace processes. In the light of feminist theories of International Relations, we propose the hypothesis that one cannot fully understand the dynamics of armed conflict without considering the influence of gender relations for its outbreak and continuity and, therefore, resolution measures that are fully efficient cannot be implemented. Furthermore, we suggest that for the peace process to become more representative and to respond to sources of female insecurity as well.Keywords: Conflict resolution; Peace building; Women. Recebido em: 10/04/2021 | Aceito em: 27/07/2021. 

scholarly journals Complexities and Context: Women's Peace-Building in Conflict and Post-Conflict Bougainville

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dylan Page
Keyword(s):  
Peace Process ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace And Conflict Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Context Specific

<p>The potential role of women in conflict and post-conflict environments has been the subject of much debate in the field of peace and conflict studies. In 2000 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1325, which called for a greater involvement of women and acknowledgement of gender issues in conflict and post-conflict environments, and this has led to further discussion about what this might mean and how it might be implemented. Despite this women are continually under-represented in nearly all peace processes and there is no universally agreed upon way to ensure this situation does not come about. The barriers women face range from cultural to logistical and economic, and surmounting them can be hard to achieve.  One case where women have been involved at all levels in the peace process with substantial success is the Pacific island of Bougainville, where a conflict over mining issues and secession from Papua New Guinea was waged from 1988-1997. Women were active in attempts to bring all parties to negotiations during the conflict and have also been heavily involved in the continuing reconciliation and healing processes. For cultural reasons Bougainvillean women were well placed to perform the role of peace-builders but that is not to say that they did not face challenges and barriers to their involvement. This thesis examines the involvement of women in both the immediate peace negotiations and the longer-term aspects of the peace process in Bougainville in order explain how and why they enjoyed these successes and what lessons can be learnt from this case in regards to the potential roles of women in other post-conflict environments. Four factors will be identified as key to women's involvement in the peace process: the history of Bougainville up to and including the conflict; the grassroots mobilisation and organisation of women; the traditional cultural roles of women in Bougainville; and the identification of women with motherhood and its associated traits.  These factors indicate that the involvement of women in peace processes is highly context-specific and although there are policies which can be pursued to encourage their participation the potential barriers to this are imposing.</p>

Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
The World

The peace process in Northern Ireland is associated with the signing of the Good Friday or Belfast Agreement, the arduous and lengthy implementation of this Agreement, and the continuing sectarianism in Northern Ireland. Despite the numerous and various studies about this case, no collection of scholarly analysis to date has attempted to assess a wide variety of theories prominent in International Relations (IR) that relate directly to the conflict in Northern Ireland, the peace process, and the challenges to consolidating peace after an agreement. IR scholars have recently written about and debated issues related to paradigms, border settlement and peace, the need to provide security and disarm combatants, the role of agents and ideas, gender and security, transnational movements and actors, the role of religions and religious institutions, the role of regional international organizations, private sector promotion of peace processes, economic aid and peacebuilding, the emergence of complex cooperation even in the world of egoists, and the need for reconciliation in conflict torn societies. How do the theories associated with these issues apply in the context of Northern Ireland’s peace process? Theories of International Relations and Northern Ireland explores primarily middle-range theories of International Relations and examines these theories in the context of the important case of Northern Ireland.

scholarly journals The Bangsamoro Peace Process and Peacebuilding in Mindanao: Implications to Philippine Studies and National Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juvanni A. Caballero ◽  
Mark Anthony J. Torres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
National Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
State University ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The University

This paper is all about how integral Mindanao is to the Philippines. As such, Mindanao studies should not only be at the periphery of Philippine studies. The recent developments in Mindanao should be enough reason for scholars to devote significant amount of their attention to the region. After all, the peace processes in Mindanao, both vertical and horizontal, have generated a constellation of issues and questions for them to delve and study. More critically, this paper interrogates the gaps in Mindanao and Philippine studies, arguing that scholars can contribute to the success of the peace processes not only by engaging in research but also by initiating extension activities with research components. Here, I will discuss, as an example, initiatives from the academe (e.g., the partnership on peacebuilding between the University of Hawaii and Mindanao State University, under the aegis of the United States Institute of Peace) that complements the vertical peace process.Finally, the paper is an invitation for scholars to help steer the boat of Philippine Studies towards the direction of peace-building by writing articles on Mindanao using a peace lens.

scholarly journals Armed Conflicts and Peace Efforts: Paradigm shift towards New world Order

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4S) ◽  
pp. 192-198
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
New World ◽  
World Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
New World Order ◽  
Second World

Conflicts and the ways of conflict resolution have prevailed since prehistoric times. Even when the Second World Warconcluded in 1945, it is observed that the number of armed conflicts hasn’t been reduced. On the contrary, there has been a rise in these numbers. Opportunely the 20th century has also seennumerous peace building efforts. A New World Order perceived by the then leaders, is seen take shape even though it is extremely dynamic in nature. This article studies the statistics of the state-based armed conflicts and peace-building efforts in the form of treaties that were taken at that time to resolve the conflicts.

A CRY IN THE WILDERNESS: WOMEN IN ARMED AFRICAN CONFLICTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-54
Author(s):  
Matthew Nyaanga ◽  
Zwelibanzi Mpehle
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
South African ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Women Officers ◽  
African Context ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Resolution Processes

The growing number of armed conflicts in Africa has impacted adversely on women who fall victims to violence, sexual abuse and harassment. Women play a minimal role as combatants during the armed conflicts and as peace negotiators after the armed conflicts. This article looks at the role women play in the pre-armed and post-armed conflict phases in an African context. Data for this article were gathered through questionnaires distributed to twenty women officers who participated in the Joint Senior Command and Staff Programme (JSCSP) at the South African National War College. The findings make it evident that women often participate unwillingly as combatants in an armed conflict; they face social changes in the post-armed conflict phase that make their roles change in both their families and communities, and often neglected in the postarmed conflict negotiations and conflict resolution processes.

scholarly journals The Saga of Conflict Transformation and Peace Process in Nepal: A Unique Account

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Debendra Prasad Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Peace Education ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Conflict Transformation ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Global Peace

Transforming from conflict to a state of peace has been a global concern in the 21st century. Nepal involved in peace building process in a unique way. Nepal’s effort to solve armed conflict has proven to be a unique Nepali model in peace and conflict literature. This paper examines the context of armed conflict and the peace process in the light of managing combatants of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) thereby contributing to the approach of transforming armed conflict into a state of global peace. For this purpose, I have used the meta-analysis to illuminate the situation of transformation from conflict to peace. Additionally, I have reflected on the ideas as a peace and human rights activist in Nepal. The paper concludes that the consensus among the conflicting parties to address the causes of armed conflict with their own ideas can uniquely contribute to conflict transformation and to establish negative peace. The reflection of this paper will pave the way for further research on peace education focusing on positive and negative peace in the post-conflict political context of the country.

scholarly journals Restorative Justice in Cordillera Administrative Region: Tradition and Praxis towards a Peace Process Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Jesster Pasule Eduardo
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The study assessed the peace processes under the concept of Restorative Justice in Cordillera Administrate Region (CAR). Restorative Justice (RJ) is a means to heal, not punish, the harm caused by one person to another. It is a process which allows the harmed party to participate in the decisions which are made to heal the harm caused them. The study used the Individual Positivism Theory to analyze the use of RJ in CAR. Through Descriptive Survey Method, the level of attainment of the goals and objectives of peace processes was measured based on the responses of the three groups of respondents in the study namely: (a) Stakeholders (victims, complainants, respondents, witnesses, and the community); (b) Barangay Peace and Order Council (BPOC) (Lupong Tagapamayapa chaired by the Punong Barangay [Barangay Officials] and Council of Elders); and (c) PNP organic personnel. Hence, study showed that RJ through indigenous method of conflict resolution played a significant role in preserving Unity, Peace and Order, and Justice in the community most especially among families, relatives, or clans in CAR. 

scholarly journals The impact of armed conflict on the effects of international treaties

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-400
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Tienieshev
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
The Impact

In the science of international law, different views are expressed on the nature of the impact of war on international treaties. It should also be noted that there is no strict consistency on this issue and in the practice of international relations. This was one of the reasons for the lack of relevant provisions in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Some definite understanding of the content of existing customary norms and trends in the progressive development of international law is given by the Articles of the United Nations Commission on International Law on the Consequences of Armed Conflicts for International Treaties. The basic principle enshrined in the Articles is that the existence of an armed conflict ipso facto does not terminate or suspend treaties between States Parties to that conflict or between a State Party to an armed conflict and a State which is not a Party to it. This principle is intended to promote the stability of international relations. The following factors should be considered when deciding whether to terminate, withdraw from, or suspend an armed conflict in the event of an armed conflict: a) the nature of the contract - in particular its subject, object and purpose, its content and the number of parties to the contract; (b) The characteristics of an armed conflict, such as its territorial distribution, scale and intensity, its duration and, in the case of a non-international armed conflict, also the degree of external involvement. The developers of the Articles have tried to provide an indicative (and therefore inexhaustible) list of types of contracts, the subject of which is to extend their validity. The categories of contracts included in the indicative list caused a great deal of disagreement. The intention to terminate the treaty shall be communicated to the other States Parties or the depository of the treaty. The termination or suspension of a treaty as a result of an armed conflict in no way affects the obligation of the State to fulfill the obligations enshrined in the treaty, which also exist in accordance with international law, regardless of this treaty. Following the termination of an armed conflict, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the suspension of the suspended agreements may take place with the agreement of the States concerned. Obviously, customary international law has developed a set of rules regarding the impact of armed conflict on treaties. Armed conflict in modern international law ipso facto does not terminate or suspend existing treaties, even though a number of them may be terminated or suspended in view of their nature. In this regard, it can be said that the regulation of treaties in the event of armed conflict aims at the maximum possible preservation of legal relations between the states.

scholarly journals On Success in Peace Processes: Readiness Theory and the Aceh Peace Process

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Free Aceh Movement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mutual Agreement

The study presents an analysis of the conflict resolution process in the Aceh conflict between the government of Indonesia (GoI) and the Free Aceh Movement (“Gerekan Aceh Merdeka” or GAM). Starting with unofficial efforts by the Indonesian side from mid-2003, which eventually led the parties to the negotiation table and to the signing of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in August 2005, the peace process put an end to the 30-year conflict over the independence of Aceh. The peaceful resolution of the Aceh conflict will be examined using readiness theory, which posits the factors that lead parties to negotiate and indicates which factors contribute to success in reaching a mutual agreement. The aim of this study is twofold. The first aim is to better understand the factors that led to the MoU. The second aim of this research is to offer a systematic examination of the assumptions of readiness theory, which have been the subject of few case studies to date. The study's findings indicate that the Aceh process was characterized by an increase in the parties’ level of readiness – to the point of being fully ready to sign an agreement. In the pre-negotiation phase the motivation of both parties increased significantly, while the level of optimism rose moderately on the part of the GoI but not GAM, whereas during the negotiations motivation as well as optimism increased significantly on both sides. Nevertheless, the application of readiness theory to the case study also gives rise to a number of questions regarding the theory's hypotheses and scientific status.

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