“The Word ‘Bribe’ Was Never Mentioned”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Heinzen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
The Third ◽  
Micro Level

The third chapter turns to an examination of popular perceptions of the bribe, situating the practice within traditions of gift-giving to officials. Chapter 3 argues that it is productive to evaluate bribery as a type of negotiation shaped by personal and collective values, rather than simply as a contemptible act to be condemned morally. As such, the scope of actions labeled as “bribery” in this study is framed not exclusively by the Soviet criminal code but also by the outlooks, customs, social obligations, and practices of petitioners and officials. The chapter explores the micro-level of everyday interactions. How did people decide who to give gifts to? What kinds of assumptions did they bring to the negotiations? And how did petitioners and officials justify their actions, both as givers and as acceptors of gifts?

Language as a phenomenon of the third kind

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-229
Author(s):  
Ewa Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Invisible Hand ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractWhile many linguists view language as either a cognitive or a social phenomenon, it is clearly both: a language can live only in individual minds, but it is learned from examples of utterances produced by speakers engaged in communicative interaction. In other words, language is what (Keller 1994. On language change: The invisible hand in language. London: Taylor & Francis) calls a “phenomenon of the third kind”, emerging from the interaction of a micro-level and a macro-level. Such a dual perspective helps us understand some otherwise puzzling phenomena, including “non-psychological” generalizations, or situations where a pattern which is arguably present in a language is not explicitly represented in most speakers’ minds. This paper discusses two very different examples of such generalizations, genitive marking on masculine nouns in Polish and some restrictions on questions with long-distance dependencies in English. It is argued that such situations are possible because speakers may represent “the same” knowledge at different levels of abstraction: while a few may have extracted an abstract generalization, others approximate their behaviour by relying on memorised exemplars or lexically specific patterns. Thus, a cognitively realistic usage-based construction grammar needs to distinguish between patterns in the usage of a particular speech community (a social phenomenon) and patterns in speakers’ minds (a cognitive phenomenon).

Ecology Community Construction Based on Low-Carbon Idea

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6672-6676
Author(s):  
Chun Rong Zhao ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Space System ◽  
The Third ◽  
System Service ◽  
Community Construction ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Spatial Plan

The low-carbon urban construction is an important carrier of the energy saving and emmission reduction,which will lead to an new trend of future city construction.while regarded as the important component of low-carbon construction, low-carbon ecology community will promote city sustainable development. And it is characteristic of the naturalness, economy and sociality. Based on present situation of chinese ecology community construction, some strategies are presented, incuding that the first is urban planning at macro-level; the second is spatial plan, transportation system, service facilities and green space system at medium measure; the third is water environment plan, energy plan, architectural design from at micro level; the fourth is community housing structure and public participation from social policies.

Principles of liability under the Polish Criminal Code for behavior relating to the termination of pregnancy undertaken in Poland and the Czech Republic

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-264
Author(s):  
Olga Sitarz ◽  
Anna Jaworska-Wieloch
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Situation

Summary The article explores the problem of significance the termination of pregnancy in the context of criminal responsibility. In the first step, the legal analysis is focused on establishing the change of legal status connected with abortion and all the consequences for criminal responsibility. The second section refers to the current act, trying to find the answer how to recognized the termination of pregnancy. The third part refers to legal situation in Czech Republic at this area. Finally, some reflections on the criminal liability for the place of the offence have been presented. The possibility of conviction for abortion in a country where it is legal should be examined..

Changes in industrial network logics: the case of the Japanese retail industry

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoritoshi Hara
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Retail Industry ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Japanese Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Industrial Network

Purpose This study aims to examine changes in “network logics” that refer to cognitive views socially accepted by actors about the network. These logics provide organizations with templates on how to act in business networks. This study investigates the causes and processes of network logic changes and the phases in the changes. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on content analysis using text data from newspaper articles on global retailers entering the Japanese retail industry. Three different logics were found to describe the actions of the retailers. Two of the logics are related to institutional and strategic logics including network logics, while the third is associated with institutional works that mean actions to create, maintain and disrupt institutions. Findings With regard to transitions in network logics in the Japanese retail industry, the analysis identified four phases: politicization, reflection, establishment and evaluation. Changes in regulative and normative logics were resulted from institutional works of the global retailers into the Japanese market. The findings also include empirical description about how network changes progress through interactions among business actors. Additionally, compared to the regulative and normative logics, it would be difficult to influence the cultural-cognitive logics. Originality/value Business networks often transform with changes in network logics. This study contributes to the literature on industrial network changes by exploring the interactions between macro-level structural states and micro-level events in network logic transitions.

scholarly journals Theorizing societalization across borders: Globality, transnationality, postcoloniality

2020 ◽  
pp. 001139212095211
Author(s):  
Anna Amelina ◽  
Manuela Boatcă ◽  
Gregor Bongaerts ◽  
Anja Weiß
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
Border Studies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Methodological Nationalism ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Micro Level

The editorial summarizes the main conceptual and epistemological challenges of theorizing on society across borders. Its particular aim is to initiate the dialogue between theories of society and cross-border studies that address global, transnational and postcolonial relations. In essence, this special issue addresses four interrelated concerns of studying societal processes across borders. The first of these concerns is prompted by a decades-old critique of methodological nationalism. The second concern addresses the question of how can ‘society’ and the boundaries of ‘societalization’ be conceptualized, if global, transnational and postcolonial processes straddle the boundaries of nation-states? The third concern relates to the fact that sociological ‘grand’ theories have been criticized for failing to analyze recent developments of societies on a meso- and micro-level. Fourthly, a conversation between social theory and cross-border studies is also challenged by epistemic inequalities. Therefore, theories of society should be able to take into account not only the ‘grand scale’ of societal contexts and societal changes but also the positionality of the theorizing subject within global asymmetries of power.

scholarly journals Non-Modulated Martensite Microstructure With Internal Nanotwins In Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 2267-2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Szczerba
Keyword(s):  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Martensite Plate ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Third ◽  
Incoherent Interface ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Martensite Microstructure ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract The self-accommodated non-modulated martensite of Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in the latter case using the electron backscatter diffraction technique. Three kinds of interfaces existing at different length scales were reported. The first, is the wavy and incoherent interface separating martensite variants observed on the micro-level with no-common crystallographic plane between them. The second is within a single martensite plate where the lattice rotates around one of the {110} pole to accommodate the interfacial curvature between martensite plates. Finally, at the nanoscale the third interface exists, a twin boundary separating internal nanotwins with the {112} type habit plane.

scholarly journals Old Inconsistency In Electromagnetism And A Way To Eliminate It

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5193-5203
Author(s):  
Valerij Disan Petushchak
Keyword(s):  
Axial Vector ◽  
Magnetic Interaction ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Magnetic Interactions ◽  
Classical Electrodynamics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Correct Form ◽  
Correct Formula ◽  
Solenoidal Field ◽  
Micro Level

Classical electromagnetic theory uses axial pseudo-vectors to describe magnetic interactions. It is impossible to explain adequately magnetic interaction at the micro level (elements of conductors and the magnetic interactions of charges) by axial vectors. As a result, the correct form of interactions in classical electrodynamics is only an integral one. The differential formulas for magnetic interactions violate the third Newton’s law. In the paper, we use polar vectors (real physical vectors) to describe magnetic interactions. On this way, we show that the real physical magnetic field, in contrast to the solenoidal field of the axial vector magnetic induction B, has two components: a potential field with nonvanishing divergence and a solenoidal field with vanishing divergence. These two fields act separately and independently and have different models of interactions. Doing so, we can write differential form  for the Ampere’s law obtaining correct formula for the magnetic interactions and adequate interpretation of the Biot-Savart law.

scholarly journals Relasi Gender dalam Kolom Humor “Si Palui” di Banjarmasin Post (Analisis Wacana Kritis Norman Fairclough pada Kolom Humor Si Palui di Banjarmasin Post)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurnal ARISTO
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
View Point ◽  
Gender Relation ◽  
Cultural Perception ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
Micro Level

As well as a result of cultural perception, humour can also be seen as a kind of text representing the culture of society which produces it. The humour column of “Si Palui” in Banjarmasin Post is not an exception. Reflecting the culture of the people of Banjar, the stories in Si Palui are strongly related to women and how men, as the dominant gender in Banjar culture, deal with women in daily life. Inasmuchas text is firmly connected with discourse, using Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, in this paper I will see the discourse of gender relation in Si Palui on three levels—micro (text), mezzo (text producent), and macro (sociocultural). On micro level the representation is seen from the using of language. On the second level, mezzo, how women are represented is studied from the view point of the text producent, namely Banjarmasin Post. Meanwhile on the third level which is macro, the representation of women in Si Palui is comprehended from broader perspective, namely the Banjar culture which can not be separated from Islam Banjar. It is concluded from this research that: (1) On micro level men are always more dominant than women, (2) on mezzo level the sexist humor of Si Palui is strongly related to the fact that all of the writer of Si Palui are men, and (3) on macro level, the gender relation narrated on Si Palui is firmly connected with patriarchal ideology adopted by the people of Banjar, which is legitimated by Islam Banjar.

scholarly journals Relasi Gender dalam Kolom Humor “Si Palui” di Banjarmasin Post (Analisis Wacana Kritis Norman Fairclough pada Kolom Humor Si Palui di Banjarmasin Post)

ARISTO ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Irene Santika Vidiadari
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
View Point ◽  
Gender Relation ◽  
Cultural Perception ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
Micro Level

As well as a result of cultural perception, humour can also be seen as a kind of text representing the culture of society which produces it. The humour column of “Si Palui” in Banjarmasin Post is not an exception. Reflecting the culture of the people of Banjar, the stories in Si Palui are strongly related to women and how men, as the dominant gender in Banjar culture, deal with women in daily life. Inasmuchas text is firmly connected with discourse, using Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, in this paper I will see the discourse of gender relation in Si Palui on three levels—micro (text), mezzo (text producent), and macro (sociocultural). On micro level the representation is seen from the using of language. On the second level, mezzo, how women are represented is studied from the view point of the text producent, namely Banjarmasin Post. Meanwhile on the third level which is macro, the representation of women in Si Palui is comprehended from broader perspective, namely the Banjar culture which can not be separated from Islam Banjar. It is concluded from this research that: (1) On micro level men are always more dominant than women, (2) on mezzo level the sexist humor of Si Palui is strongly related to the fact that all of the writer of Si Palui are men, and (3) on macro level, the gender relation narrated on Si Palui is firmly connected with patriarchal ideology adopted by the people of Banjar, which is legitimated by Islam Banjar.

Negligent Rape in Croatian Criminal Law: Was Legal Reform Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-160
Author(s):  
Marin Mrčela ◽  
Igor Vuletić ◽  
Goran Livazović
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
Sexual Offences ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the issue of negligent rape and liability for unreasonable belief in the victim`s consent in the context of Croatian criminal law. Modern rape law presents many challenges to both lawmakers and judges, with criminalizing negligence being only one of those challenges. This became more interesting in Croatia after amendments to the Criminal Code in 2011 (in effect since 2013), that criminalized unreasonable mistake of facts in the crime of rape. Croatian rape law has undergone significant changes related to these amendments. However, this paper focuses only on the aspect of unreasonable mistake of consent, this being both the most controversial and of great practical importance. The first section describes the elements of rape according to the Croatian Criminal Code along with an interpretation of those elements in the jurisprudence of the Croatian Supreme Court. Special attention is placed on the problem of mens rea and (un)reasonable belief in consent. The discussion also identifies the reasons for reform and the impact of the Sexual Offences Act of England and Wales (2003), which served as a model for Croatian legislators. The second section analyzes the results of research conducted by Croatian judges on the relevant status of the mistake of facts defense, as well as the importance of the victim`s resistance in terms of achieving a conviction, with special regard to the rate of rape convictions in Croatian law. The third section reviews comparative regional laws (Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro) with the goal of positioning the new Croatian rape law in a regional context. The last section discusses the necessity of criminalization of the negligent form of rape from the perspective of trends and standards created in Croatian theory and jurisprudence in the years prior to this amendment of the law.

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