A General Purpose Laboratory for Small-Scale In-Barn Swine Discoveries

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-949
Author(s):  
Sara E. Weyer ◽  
Benjamin C. Smith ◽  
Brett C. Ramirez ◽  
Jay D. Harmon ◽  
Daniel S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
List Type ◽  
Air Infiltration ◽  
Swine Confinement ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Frame Construction

HighlightsDesign and construction of mobile swine facility on a flat decked trailer for experimentation.Air infiltration evaluation for an experimental building.Theoretical building shell thermal analysis and heat transfer determination.Abstract. Specialized animal environment experiments needing swine facilities calls for novel technology creation to enable unique experimentation without the drawbacks of traditional swine facilities. In a full-scale swine facility, there are challenges with cost, increased travel time to sites, additional labor is required, the facility cannot be fully controlled, and biosecurity becomes a risk. A small-scale, mobile swine confinement laboratory was designed and built to mitigate the challenges faced in a full-scale barn. The mobility of the laboratory enables it to travel to swine farms to obtain fresh animal specimens, which allows the experiments and data collected to be more representative of an in-barn application. The model facility, built on a flat-bed trailer, has two identical, fully instrumented rooms (L × W × H) of 2.24 × 2.29 × 2.05 m (88.0 × 90.0 × 80.5 in.) with a 0.46 m (18 in.) shallow pit, replicating typical swine finishing rooms. Walls were composed of typical wood-frame construction with interior paneling and metal clad on the exterior. Instrumentation allows the environment and air quality of the rooms, along with other parameters, to be controlled and monitored. The rear portion of the trailer includes an instrumentation room to house necessary computers, controllers, and associated equipment. Commissioning of components and verifying function of equipment were performed, which included quantifying infiltration and performing a thermal analysis for each room. Analysis showed that the infiltration equation was distinct for each room. The use of this laboratory for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of in-barn experimentation on a controlled, small-scale will mitigate the challenges presented in a typical barn. Keywords: Building, Commissioning, Facility, Heat transfer, Mobile, Pig.

Lateral Load Performance of Panelized Wood I-Joist Floor Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-438
Author(s):  
Sigong Zhang ◽  
Ying Hei Chui ◽  
David Joo
Keyword(s):  
Load Transfer ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Floor Systems ◽  
Diaphragm Action ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Frame Construction

Abstract Panelized light wood frame construction is becoming more popular due to the faster construction time and shortage of onsite skilled labor. To use light wood frame panels effectively in panelized floor systems, panel-to-panel joints must be fastened adequately to allow load transfer between panels. They must also possess in-plane shear strength and stiffness comparable to stick-built, staggered-sheathed assemblies. This study was designed to develop efficient and effective panel-to-panel joints for connecting adjacent floor panels built with wood I-joists and evaluate the efficiency of the joints in achieving diaphragm action. At first, a number of these panel-to-panel joints were tested in the laboratory using a small-scale diaphragm test setup to determine their efficiency in transferring in-plane forces between panels. Test results showed that a small decrease in in-plane stiffness was expected for the most effective joints, but their strengths were significantly higher than at the same location in a conventional site-built floor diaphragm. The presence of blockings and use of two-row nailing were found to considerably improve stiffness and strength. These features can be used to mitigate the potential reduction in mechanical performance of panelized floor construction, in comparison with the site-built wood I-joist floor.

Foam Insulation Behavior in Void Space Under Fire Conditions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Kurzawski ◽  
Ofodike A. Ezekoye
Keyword(s):  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Void Space ◽  
Gypsum Board ◽  
Space Construction ◽  
Smoke Detectors ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Frame Construction

A fire contained within a room can spread into void spaces in the walls and ceiling through penetrations in the material that lines the compartment. Few studies have looked at how a room and contents fire transitions to a structural fire. One of the active areas of fire research is the coupling of the fire to the structure. Lightweight wood frame construction represents the majority of residential construction in the U.S. The construction details and choice of materials will affect the overall fire resistance of the structure. Because of the relative lack of knowledge on the fire penetration into wall spaces, this research examined how fire might penetrate into the void spaces of wood framed structures. In the U.S.A., a critical barrier to the penetration of hot gas products into void spaces is provided by the gypsum-board skin of the compartment. For most compartments, there are many penetrations within the compartment’s gypsum-board skin. Common potential access points include security system wiring (e.q. smoke detectors and cameras), ventilation fixtures, light switches, and electrical outlets among others. A hole in the gypsum may create opportunities for void space ignition. One of the purposes of this work is to develop a small scale testing system to characterize fire driven flow and heat transfer into a void space. With such an apparatus, one can rapidly identify materials that are prone to igniting for a given leakage geometry and fire size. Common materials found in void spaces include wooden structural members, plywood/oriented strand board, a variety of insulation types, and vapor barriers. This study discusses the characteristics of the small scale experimental system and preliminary tests on a range of void space construction materials.

scholarly journals Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Two Insulated Cotton Based on Wall Framing

2019 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Yao Lu ◽  
Wenbo Xie ◽  
Zheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Heat Conducting ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Frame Construction

The heat preservation performance of the light wood frame construction wall directly affects the energy saving effect of the light wood frame construction. In order to strengthen the research of the thermal performance of the light wood structure wall and sandwich wall, in this paper, the heat transfer coefficient of glass-insulated cotton with two kinds of materials was measured in the exterior wall of the same light-weight wooden structure through field test method for heat transfer coefficient of construction so as to compare the test value and theory of the wall insulation coefficient Value, and preferably a thermal insulation cotton filling material. The conclusion shows that the wall filling material of guardian glass insulation performance is better than the Owens Corning Glass insulation cotton, and the former is adapted to the area of hot summer and cold winter and hot in summer and warm in winter, which is suitable for the hot summer and warm winter area. This paper is helpful to promote the energy saving optimization design of the wall structure of the light wood frame construction, and the engineering application value is high. Calculating the heat-conducting value of light wood structure wall, and the calculated values of the temperature of the constituent materials are comparable with the measured values actually, and the composite material theory can be used to predict the heat-conducting property of wood structure construction. The above is mentioned help to improve the level of on-site testing technology of heat-conducting, and provide a useful reference for the energy-saving insulation design work for light wood structure wall in our country, and this study has a high engineering application value.

scholarly journals 101 Expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) using static bag for the clinical manufacturing rapid expansion protocol (REP) process

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A110-A110
Author(s):  
Kenneth Onimus ◽  
Adrian Wells ◽  
Nermin Gerges ◽  
Courtney Herman ◽  
Shwetha Lakshmipathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Clin Oncol ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Autologous Tumor ◽  
List Type ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

BackgroundLifileucel (LN-144) and LN-145, adoptive cell therapies using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), have demonstrated encouraging efficacy with acceptable safety in a variety of tumor types.1–4 The lifileucel Gen 2 clinical manufacturing process uses gas-permeable rapid expansion (G-Rex®, Wilson Wolf, Saint Paul, MN) bioreactors for TIL expansion.5 Static gas-permeable cell culture bags (EXP-Pak™, Charter Medical, Winston-Salem, NC) are alternate bioreactors that have been used for clinical manufacturing of T cells.6 In this study, TIL product characteristics were compared after expansion at small- and full-scale using EXP-Pak bags and G-Rex bioreactors.MethodsCryopreserved pre-REP TIL were cultured with OKT-3 and irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in either small-scale (G-Rex 5M flasks or EXP-50 bags) or full-scale (G-Rex 500MCS or EXP-5L bags) conditions. The same culture media formulation was used throughout the process. Final harvested TIL products were characterized for the following quality attributes: total viable cells (TVC), purity (% viability), identity (% CD45+CD3+), and activity (IFN-gamma release). Additional characterization was performed to determine the TIL differentiation, central and effector memory subsets, activation, exhaustion status, and impurities using multi-color flow cytometry. The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of the final products were assessed for unique CDR3 (uCDR3) counts and shared clones using RNA-seq.ResultsThe median (range) TVC from 6 small-scale runs of G-Rex condition was 90.8×109 (26.9×109–98.6×109) cells, and the corresponding TVC of EXP-Pak bag condition was 119×109 (63.2×109–141×109) cells. Full-scale runs (n=3) yielded similar TVC for G-Rex and EXP-Pak bag conditions. Both conditions had comparable purity, identity, and activity (table 1). 91–99% of TCR Vbeta clones of EXP-Pak bag TIL were present in G-Rex (table 2). Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and mitochondrial function of TIL generated from EXP-Pak bags and G-Rex flask methodologies will be presented.ConclusionsThe final TIL product generated in the EXP-Pak bag condition did not differ from cells produced in the G-Rex flask functionally or phenotypically and demonstrated similar growth profiles. These data support further evaluation of EXP-Pak bags for potential use in clinical and potential commercial TIL cell therapy manufacturing applications.AcknowledgementsThis study and analysis were funded by Iovance Biotherapeutics, Inc. (San Carlos, CA, USA). Editorial support was provided by Amanda Kelly (Iovance).ReferencesSarnaik AA, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2021; doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00612.Thomas SS, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39 (suppl; abstract 9537).Jazaeri A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37 (suppl; abstract 2538).Jimeno A, et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8 (suppl; abstract A378).Wardell S, et al. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7 (suppl 1; abstract P226).BioProcess International. 2014 [white paper]. https://bioprocessintl.com/sponsored-content/efficacy-utility-new-exp-pak-closed-system-disposable-cell-expansion-bags-designed-cell-therapy-applications/Accessed July 23, 2021.Abstract 101 Table 1Summary of final TIL product attributesAbstract 101 Table 2Common uCDR3 clones and% overlap of TCR clones

Steady-State Natural Convection in Empty and Partitioned Enclosures at High Rayleigh Numbers

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Olson ◽  
L. R. Glicksman ◽  
H. M. Ferm
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Convection ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Rayleigh Numbers ◽  
Vertical Partition

Steady-state natural convection, which occurs in building enclosures (Rayleigh numbers of 1010), was studied experimentally in a full-scale room and in a 1:5.5 small-scale physical model containing R114 gas. The model was geometrically similar, had the same Rayleigh number, and had the same dimensionless end wall temperatures as the full-scale room. Configurations were tested with the enclosure empty, with a vertical partition extending from the floor to midheight, and with the vertical partition raised slightly off the floor. For isothermal opposing end walls at different temperatures, excellent agreement was found between the full-scale room and the scale model in flow patterns, velocity levels, temperature distributions, and heat transfer, even though the radiation heat transfer was not scaled between the two models.

scholarly journals FULL-SCALE VIBRATION TEST OF THE BUILDING BY WOODEN UNIT CONSTRUCTION METHOD (WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION)

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Makoto HOSH ◽  
Hideyuki WATANABE ◽  
Masaharu NAKAZATO ◽  
Hiroyuki NOGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Construction Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Vibration Test ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Frame Construction

scholarly journals Investigation the effect of outdoor air infiltration on the heat-shielding characteristics the outer walls of high-rise buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 02006
Author(s):  
Yu.S. Vytchikov ◽  
A. B. Kostuganov ◽  
M. E. Saparev ◽  
I. G. Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Air Infiltration ◽  
Heat Shielding ◽  
Story Building

The presented article considers the influence of infiltrated outdoor air on the heat-shielding characteristics of the exterior walls of modern residential and public buildings. A review of the sources devoted to this problem confirmed its relevance at the present time, especially for high-rise buildings. The authors of the article analyzed the effect of longitudinal and transverse air infiltration on the heat-shielding characteristics of the outer wall of a 25-story building that was built in Samara. The results showed a significant reduction of the reduced resistance to the heat transfer of the outer wall when air is infiltrated through it. There are the results of full-scale examination of external walls to confirm the calculated data. Based on the results of the study carried out by the authors of the article, general recommendations on the internal finishing of the outer walls of high-rise buildings are given.

scholarly journals Upscaling THM modeling from small-scale to full-scale in-situ experiments in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone

2021 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 104582
Author(s):  
D.M. Seyedi ◽  
C. Plúa ◽  
M. Vitel ◽  
G. Armand ◽  
J. Rutqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
In Situ Experiments

scholarly journals The need for a multi-purpose, optical–NIR space facility after HST and JWST

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud Jahnke ◽  
Oliver Krause ◽  
Hans-Walter Rix ◽  
Frédéric Courbin ◽  
Adriano Fontana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Hubble Constant ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
List Type ◽  
Space Telescope ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Visible Wavelengths

AbstractIn the early 2030s, after the end of operations for the epochal Hubble Space Telescope and the long-anticipated James Webb Space Telescope, astrophysics will lose access to a general purpose high-spatial resolution space observatory to cover the UV–optical–NIR wavelength range with a variety of imaging bandpasses and high-multiplexing mid-resolution spectroscopy. This will greatly impact astrophysical “discovery space” at visible wavelengths, in stark contrast to progress at most other wavelengths enabled by groundbreaking new facilities between 2010 and 2030. This capability gap will foreseeably limit progress in a number of fundamental research directions anticipated to be pressing in the 2030’s and beyond such as: What are the histories of star formation and cosmic element production in nearby galaxies? What can we learn about the nature of dark matter from dwarf galaxies? What is the local value of the Hubble Constant? A multi-purpose optical–NIR imaging and multiplexed spectroscopy Workhorse Camera (HWC) onboard NASA’s 4m-class Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) space mission would provide access to these required data. HabEx is currently under study by NASA for the US Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020, and if selected would launch around 2035. Aside from its direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets, it will have a general-observatory complement of instrumentation. The versatile Workhorse Camera will provide imaging and R$\sim $ ∼ 1000 spectroscopy from 370nm to 1800nm, diffraction-limited over the whole wavelength range, with simultaneous observations of the visible and NIR. Spectroscopic multiplexing will be achieved through microshutter arrays. All necessary HWC technology is already at Technology Readiness Level 5, hence technological risks are low. HWC has a rough-order-of-magnitude (ROM) cost of 300 M€, and could be European-funded within the cost envelope of an ESA S-class mission in the Voyage 2050 program, with matching funds by national funding agencies to construct HWC by a European instrument consortium. This White Paper is intended to put a European HabEx Workhorse Camera into ESA’s considerations. If ESA shares the wide interest and if HabEx were to be selected by NASA, there would be ample time to identify interested institutes for a European instrument consortium, including MPIA, to design, finance, and build the HabEx Workhorse Camera.

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