Actuating Force Required for Operating Various Controls of a Walk-Behind Type Paddy Transplanter Leading to Development of a Remotely Operated System

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Shiv Kumar Lohan ◽  
Mahesh Kumar Narang ◽  
Manjeet Singh ◽  
Abhijit Khadatkar ◽  
Manoj Karkee
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
List Type ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Frequency Of Use

HighlightsThe actuating force, torque, and application rate needed to operate the control levers of a walk-behind type paddy transplanter were determined.The results will be beneficial for the development of a remote-control or autonomous system for the transplanter.Such a system will reduce operator fatigue, resulting in increased work efficiency and safety.Abstract. An enormous amount of human fatigue is involved in operating the walk-behind type paddy transplanters widely used in South Asian countries, especially India. To operate a transplanter remotely, accurate estimation of the actuating force needed to operate the control levers (push/pull type), the stroke length of the levers, and the frequency of use of the levers is required so that the mechanical levers can be replaced with appropriate electronic sensors, control units, and actuators. In this study, the actuating forces and required torques of the control levers of a walk-behind type paddy transplanter (Kubota NSP-4W, model MZ175-B-1) were measured using three load-measuring instruments. The results revealed that about 24.1 N of force was required to control the accelerator lever, while the left and right steering levers required an actuating force of 24.0 N each. To start the transplanting mechanism, a much higher actuating force (78.1 N) and torque (15.47 N-m) were required 54 times per hour for the planting clutch lever; however, to stop the mechanism, a comparatively smaller force (28.3 N) and torque (5.71 N-m) were required 54 times per hour. Movement of the transplanter was controlled with the shift clutch lever, which required 14.30 N of force and 2.72 N-m torque for forward movement of the transplanter in field conditions, while 12.7 N of force and 2.88 N-m torque were required for forward movement of the transplanter on paved roads. These findings will be beneficial for selecting the force and stroke length of actuators for the development of a remote-control or autonomous system for walk-behind type paddy transplanters and similar machines, which is expected to substantially reduce the operator workload and enhance both workability and safety. Keywords: Actuating force, Hand control levers, Remotely controlled paddy transplanter.

Development of Robot Using Pneumatic Artificial Rubber Muscles to Operate Construction Machinery

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kawashima ◽  
◽  
Takahiro Sasaki ◽  
Toshiyuki Miyata ◽  
Naohiro Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Robot Arm ◽  
Static Characteristics ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Construction Machinery ◽  
6 Degrees Of Freedom

After disasters, remote control of construction machinery is often required to ensure the safety of workers during excavation. However, only limited numbers of remote-controlled construction machinery exist, and they are typically larger than conventional machinery. After a disaster, the transportation of such machinery takes additional time and is often troublesome. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop a remote-control system that could easily be installed on ordinary construction machinery. A pneumatic humanoid robot arm is in the process of being developed. While considering the portability issue, a lightweight fiber knitted pneumatic artificial rubber muscle (PARM) was selected as the actuator for the arm. This arm can be installed on all construction machinery models, can be controlled remotely, and has been designed for easy installation and portability. In this research, construction machinery was retrofitted with a pneumatic robot that enables it to be operated remotely. This robot has 6 degrees of freedom and utilizes the fiber knitted PARM. Experiments were conducted to measure the static characteristics of the new PARM and to measure their performance in the remote control of construction machinery. Experimental results showed that the developed system is able to achieve handling two levers of machinery, one that controls back and forward movement and the other that controls the bucket. Experimental results showed that the developed system successfully operated construction machinery remotely.

Design of remote control units for seniors

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. McLlvaine Parsons ◽  
Jessica Terner ◽  
Greg Kearsley
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Control Units

scholarly journals Automatic Remote Control based Surface Level Marine Debris Cleaning and Signaling

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-307
Author(s):  
Dhivya devi R ◽  
Nandhini P ◽  
Lokeswaran S ◽  
Dhivyaa M ◽  
Anto mamman shane
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Waste Plastic ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Apparent Level

Marine debris in the water bodies is one of the major issues prevailing in our world, where 8.8 million metric tons of plastic waste are being dumped each year. The main objective of our system is to make an autonomous system which can clean the surface level solid waste (plastic, wood and metal) in the ocean, in addition it aims at collecting more waste at a time. Our idea proposes to allow the ocean water to flow through the water inlet. The water inlet has been designed with an escalator mechanism such that it dumps the waste in the container which is also fitted with a crusher at it sides to crush the waste almost in order to collect more waste. Since the ship is guided through the remote control, this technique involves no manual contrivance to clean the plastics that float on the apparent level of the ocean.

scholarly journals Bayesian forecasting for intravenous tobramycin dosing in adults with Cystic Fibrosis using one versus two serum concentrations in a dosing interval

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Drennan ◽  
Yann Thoma ◽  
Lucinda Barry ◽  
Johan Matthey ◽  
Sheila Sivam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
List Type ◽  
Bayesian Forecasting ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Dosing Interval ◽  
Post Infusion

AbstractBackgroundIntravenous tobramycin requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to ensure safety and efficacy when used for prolonged treatment, as in infective exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The 24 hour area under the concentration time curve (AUC24) is widely used to guide dosing, however there remains variability in practice around methods for its estimation.ObjectivesTo determine the potential for a sparse sampling strategy using a single post-infusion tobramycin concentration and Bayesian forecasting, to assess the AUC24 in routine practice.MethodsAdults with CF receiving once daily tobramycin had paired concentrations measured 2 hours (c1) and 6 hours (c2) following end of infusion as routine monitoring. We estimated AUC24 exposures using Tucuxi, a Bayesian forecasting application incorporating a validated population pharmacokinetic model. We performed simulations to estimate AUC24 using the full dataset using c1 and c2, compared to estimates using depleted datasets (c1 or c2 only), with and without concentration data from earlier in the course. We assessed agreement between each simulation condition and the reference graphically, and numerically using median difference (Δ) AUC24, and (relative) root mean square error (rRMSE) as measures of bias and accuracy respectively.Results55 patients contributed 512 concentrations from 95 tobramycin courses and 256 TDM episodes. Single concentration methods performed well, with median ΔAUC24 <2 mg.h.l-1 and rRMSE of <15% for sequential c1 and c2 conditions.ConclusionsBayesian forecasting, using single post-infusion concentrations taken 2-6 hours following tobramycin administration can adequately estimate true exposure in this patient group and are suitable for routine TDM practice.Key Points-In stable adult patients with Cystic fibrosis without significant renal impairment, Bayesian forecasting allows accurate estimation of tobramycin AUC24 using a single blood sample taken 2-6 hours post-infusion with acceptable accuracy, especially when including prior measured concentrations.-A single sample approach with Bayesian forecasting is logistically less complicated than a two-sample approach, and could facilitate best-practice TDM in the outpatient setting.-A more intensive sampling strategy with Bayesian forecasting using two tobramycin concentrations in a dosing interval should be considered in unstable patients, or where observed concentrations deviate significantly from model predictions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Interface Modality Effectiveness for Remotely-Controlled Locomotives

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 2211-2215
Author(s):  
So Young Kim ◽  
Neeraja Subrahmaniyan ◽  
James D. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Game Controller ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Command Input ◽  
Operator Control ◽  
New Generation

The use of remote-control locomotives has become prevalent in most major rail yards in North America. Despite their increased use, they are limited by the functionality and current design of the operator control unit. Human factors research has identified interface design issues with the controller, emphasizing the need to rethink a new generation of remote-control units that can accommodate the growing needs of operational functionality through effective interface design. Towards that goal, we present the preliminary findings of an exploratory study comparing the functional effectiveness and usability of two types of remote-control modalities – a traditional gaming controller and a multi-touch tablet – to drive a locomotive. Initial findings indicate that the game controller modality is preferred over multi-touch, with low variation among participants. However, the preference of control mode (i.e., vehicle power or speed command input) was different for the two modalities. These initial findings are the first of their kind in identifying initial design considerations for future remote locomotive operation and in comparing the use of traditional gaming and multi-touch controllers.

scholarly journals An Empirical V-notch Weir Equation and Standard Procedure to Accurately Estimate Drainage Discharge

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105
Author(s):  
Md Sami Bin Shokrana ◽  
Ehsan Ghane
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Control Structure ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Flow Equation ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Weighing Method ◽  
Sharp Crest

HighlightsAn empirical flow equation was developed for a metal-edge sharp-crest V-notch weir.A top-down approach was used to determine the height of the V-notch apex.A combination of the weighing method and a flow meter was used to develop the stage-discharge equation.A standard procedure was presented to accurately estimate the flow rate.Abstract. A reliable empirical flow equation for V-notch weirs will provide flow estimates that can be used to calculate nutrient loads leaving fields with subsurface drainage. The objective of this study was to develop such an equation for an AgriDrain metal-edge sharp-crest 45° V-notch weir. In this undertaking, we measured flow rate with a combination of the weighing method for low flow and a turbine flow meter for high flow. The head of water (H) was measured inside a 25-cm AgriDrain control structure with a three-step method. First, we measured the water level (a) and height of the control structure (b). Second, we measured the height of the V-notch apex (c). Third, we calculated head using this equation: H= (b-a) – (b-c). Based on the flow meter readings (Q) and H measurements, we developed the following stage-discharge equation: Q = 0.749H 2.25, with Q in liters per minute and H in centimeters. This equation is valid for an H less than the height of the V-notch (i.e., flow through the V-notch) with unsubmerged flow. Based on field experience, we provide a standard procedure for accurate estimation of drainage discharge. In conclusion, the stage-discharge equation developed in this study can provide reliable flow estimates for subsurface drainage studies. Keywords: Flow rate, Metal-edge weir, Sharp-crest weir, Subsurface drainage, Tile drainage, Weir placement.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Host Sistem Mini SCADA Untuk Pengontrolan Beban Trafo 20 KV Pada Gardu Induk

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ikhwanto Ikhwanto ◽  
R. A. Kusumoputro ◽  
Novi Azman
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Short Message ◽  
Scada System ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Message Service ◽  
Program Software ◽  
Frequency Current

In this era of globalization, the needs of remote control systems is increasing, where the system used is more sophisticated. Similarly, when a transformer operator in electrical substations, which will control and monitor the load transformer 20 KV is still done by hand. This will result in less efficient and optimal performance of the operator. We need a system that can control remotely. To overcome these problems, hence designed "Host Mini SCADA systems for controlling the load on 20 KV transformer substations parent. With this system an operator can perform control and monitoring of the load transformer 20 KV, among others: Frequency, Current, Voltage, and Temperature. In addition, this system also can detect if the transformer is faulty. Monitoring and controlling performed remotely via SMS Gateway. This system consists of a PC (Personal Computer), which functions as process control and remote control units. GSM Modem serves to make the process of data transfer via SMS (Short Message Service). Software Visual Basic, a programming language used to create a program / software on Host mini SCADA system.

Automotive Anti-Theft System

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pulkit Batra
Keyword(s):  
Remote Control ◽  
System Design ◽  
Security System ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Efficient Access ◽  
The World ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
Access Mechanisms

Automotive Theft has been a persistent problem around the world. Design and manufacture of anti-theft systems have become more and more intricate due to the rise in complexity of theft in the system. Most of the anti-theft systems existing in the market, are the alarm types which audibly prevent some thieves away but do not prevent one’s car from being stolen and even are not good enough to meet the growing complexity of theft in the country. This paper presents a simple and an efficient anti-theft system which provides enhanced security by the use of efficient access mechanisms and immobilization systems. This security system can immobilise an automobile and its key auto systems through remote control when it is stolen. It hence deters thieves from committing the theft. It also effectively prevents stealing of key auto systems for reselling by introducing four layers of security features written in the form of firmware and embedded on the Electronic Control Units (ECUs). The particulars of system design and operation are defined in the paper. The experimental outcomes show that this system is feasible and the owner can steadily control his vehicle within a few seconds.

scholarly journals Measurement of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics by the Ultrasonic Anemometers and the Calibration Processes

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Nosov ◽  
Vladimir Lukin ◽  
Eugene Nosov ◽  
Andrei Torgaev ◽  
Aleksandr Bogushevich
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Similarity Theory ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Spatial Derivatives ◽  
Derivatives Of

In ultrasonic equipment (anemometers and thermometers), for the measurement of parameters of atmospheric turbulence, a standard algorithm that calculates parameters from temporary structural functions constructed on the registered data is usually used. The algorithm is based on the Kolmogorov–Obukhov law. The experience of using ultrasonic meters shows that such an approach can lead to significant errors. Therefore, an improved algorithm for calculating the parameters is developed, which allows more accurate estimation of the structural characteristics of turbulent fluctuations, with an error that is not more than 10%. The algorithm was used in the development of a new ultrasonic hardware-software complex, autonomous meteorological complex AMK-03-4, which differs from similar measuring instruments of turbulent atmosphere parameters by the presence of four identical ultrasonic anemometers. The design of the complex allows not only registration of the characteristics of turbulence, but also measurement of the statistical characteristics of the spatial derivatives of turbulent temperature fluctuations and orthogonal components of wind speed along each of the axes of the Cartesian coordinate system. This makes it possible to investigate the space–time structure of turbulent meteorological fields of the surface layer of the atmosphere for subsequent applications in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and to study turbulent coherent structures. The new measurement data of the spatial derivatives of temperature at stable stratification (at positive Monin–Obukhov parameters) were obtained, at which the behavior of the derivatives was been investigated earlier. In the most part of the interval of positive Monin–Obukhov parameters, the vertical derivative of the temperature is close to a constant value. This fact can be considered as a new significant result in similarity theory.

scholarly journals CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INSURANCE LINES OF BUSINESS: AN ILLUSION OR A REAL PHENOMENON? SOME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Avanzi ◽  
Greg Taylor ◽  
Bernard Wong
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Life Insurance Industry ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Real Phenomenon ◽  
Simple Chain ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Dependence Structures

AbstractThis paper is concerned with dependency between business segments in the non-life insurance industry. When considering the business of an insurance company at the aggregate level, dependence structures can have a major impact in several areas of Enterprise Risk Management, such as in claims reserving and capital modelling. The accurate estimation of the diversification benefits related to the dependence structures between lines of business (LoBs) is crucial for (i) capital efficiency, as one should avoid holding unnecessarily high levels of capital, and (ii) solvency of the insurance company, as an underestimation, on the other hand, may lead to insufficient capitalisation and safety. There seems to be a great deal of preconception as to how dependent insurance claims should be. Often, presence of dependence is taken as a given and rarely discussed or challenged, perhaps because of the lack of extensive datasets to be publicly analysed. In this paper, we take a different approach, and consider how much correlation some real datasets actually display (the Meyers–Shi dataset from the USA, and the AUSI dataset from Australia). We develop a simple theoretical framework that enables us to explain how and why correlations can be illusory (and what we mean by that). We show with some real examples that, sometimes, most (if not all) of the correlation can be “explained” by an appropriate methodology. Two major conclusions stem from our analysis. 1.In any attempt to measure cross-LoB correlations, careful modelling of the data needs to be the order of the day. The exercise will not be well served by rough modelling, such as the use of simple chain ladders, and may indeed result in the prescription of excessive risk margins and/or capital margins.2.Such empirical evidence as examined in the paper reveals cross-LoB correlations that vary only in the range zero to very modest. There is little evidence in favour of the high correlation assumed in some jurisdictions. The evidence suggests that these assumptions derived from either poor modelling or a misconception of the cross-LoB dependencies relevant to the purpose to which they are applied.

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