scholarly journals Validating Spray Coverage Rate Using Liquid Mass on a Spray Card

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-895
Author(s):  
Michael P. Sama ◽  
Austin M. Weiss ◽  
Emma K. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Field Validation ◽  
Steady State Method ◽  
State Method ◽  
Coverage Rates

Abstract. Validation of agricultural sprayers is important for quantifying as-applied coverage rates under field conditions. The complexity of modern sprayer control systems presents a challenge for precise field validation due to the use of nozzle control technologies, such as pulse width modulation, to meter chemical flow rates at individual nozzles. Non-uniform flow over time may result in local variations at high spatial resolutions that are ignored when estimating as-applied coverage rates across a field. The purpose of this study was to test several methods for estimating the mass of water applied to a water-sensitive paper spray card target using steady-state and instantaneous measurement techniques. The steady-state method consisted of a spray patternator table used to quantify the mass flow rate distribution across the nozzle width at varying nozzle pressures. The mass flow rate was then projected onto a two-dimensional area traveling across the spray width to calculate the mass of water that was deposited in the area. Two instantaneous sampling methods were used. The first method directly measured the mass of the spray card and water for 5 min after exposure to model the evaporation rate and solve for the initial mass at the time of exposure. The second method indirectly used the percent coverage of the exposed spray card by droplets. Results showed that the error between the calculated mass of water from the mass flow rate and the estimated initial mass of water from the evaporation rate varied between 2% and 8%. The relationships between the calculated and estimated initial mass of water methods and the spray card percent coverage were highly linear (R2 > 0.98). Both instantaneous methods produced results with higher variability between replications than the steady-state method, but the number of replications resulted in acceptably small differences between average mass measurements. These results show the potential for using evaporation rates for laboratory validation and percent coverage for laboratory or field validation of as-applied coverage rates. Keywords: Evaporation rate, Flow measurement, Precision agriculture, Sprayers, Water-sensitive paper.

Pitfalls for Accurate Steady-State Port Flow Simulations

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
Zhaohui Chen ◽  
Tang-Wei Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
Bench Tests ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Mesh Topology ◽  
State Flow

Steady-state port flow simulations were carried out with a commercial three dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code using Cartesian mesh with cut cells to study the prediction accuracy. The accuracy is assessed by comparing predicted and measured mass-flow rate and swirl and tumble torques at various valve lifts using different boundary condition setup and mesh topology relative to port orientation. The measured data is taken from standard steady-state flow bench tests of a production intake port. The predicted mass-flow rates agree to within 1% with the measured data between the intermediate and high valve lifts. At low valve lifts, slight over prediction in mass-flow rate can be observed. The predicted swirl and tumble torques are within 25% of the flow bench measurements. Several meshing parameters were examined in this study. These include: inlet plenum shape and outlet plenum/extension size, embedded sphere with varying minimum mesh size, finer meshes on port and valve surface, orientation of valve and port centerline relative to the mesh lines. For all model orientations examined, only the mesh topology with the valve axis aligned closely with the mesh lines can capture the mass-flow rate drop for very high valve lifts due to flow separation. This study further demonstrated that it is possible to perform 3D CFD flow analyses to adequately simulate steady-state flow bench tests.

Predictions of Flow Separation at the Valve-Seat for Steady-State Port-Flow Simulation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Fang ◽  
Satbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Separation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Mesh Density

Steady-state port-flow simulations with static valve lift are often utilized to optimize the performance of intake system of an internal combustion engine. Generally, increase in valve lift results in higher mass flow rate through the valve. But in certain cases, mass flow rate can actually decrease with increased valve lift, caused by separation of turbulent flow at the valve-seat. Prediction of this phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models is not trivial. It is found that the computational mesh significantly influences the simulation results. A series of steady-state port flow simulation are carried out using a commercial CFD code. Several mesh topologies are applied for the simulations. The predicted results are compared with available experimental data from flow bench measurements. It is found that the flow separation and reduction in mass flow rate with increased valve lift can be predicted when high mesh density is used in the proximity of the valve seat and the walls of the intake port. Higher mesh density also gives better predictions of mass flow rate compared to the experiments, but only for high valve lifts. For low valve lifts, the error in predicted flow rate is close to 13%.

MHD Transient Free Convection Flow in Vertical Concentric Annulus with Isothermal and Adiabatic Boundaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 40-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basant K. Jha ◽  
Taiwo S. Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Free Convection ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
State Solution ◽  
Concentric Annulus ◽  
Riemann Sum

This paper presents MHD transient flow in an infinite vertical concentric annulus when the fluid is set in motion by free convection current occurring in the annulus as a result of application of isothermal heating on the inner surface of the outer cylinder while the outer surface of the inner cylinder is thermally insulated. The solution of the governing equations are obtained using the well-known Laplace transform technique while the Riemann-sum approximation method has been used to invert the solution from Laplace domain to time domain. The numerical values obtained using Riemann-sum approximation approach is validated by presenting a comparison with the values obtained using the implicit finite difference method as well as the steady-state solution. These comparisons with the steady state solution shows a remarkable agreement at large value of time. The effect of the governing parameters on the velocity field, temperature field, mass flow rate as well as the skin-friction on both surfaces of the annulus have been analysed and presented with the aid of line graph. Generally, we observed that the mass flow rate and skin friction at the isothermally heated surface increases with increase in radius ratio. However, the reverse is seen at the thermally insulated surface as the skin-friction decreases with increase in radius ratio.

Pitfalls for Accurate Steady-State Port Flow Simulations

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Yang ◽  
Zhaohui Chen ◽  
Tang-Wei Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
Bench Tests ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Mesh Topology ◽  
State Flow

Steady-state port flow simulations were carried out with a commercial three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code using Cartesian mesh with cut cells to study the prediction accuracy. The accuracy is assessed by comparing predicted and measured mass-flow rate and swirl and tumble torques at various valve lifts using different boundary condition setup and mesh topology relative to port orientation. The measured data are taken from standard steady-state flow bench tests of a production intake port. The predicted mass-flow rates agree to within 1% with the measured data between the intermediate and high valve lifts. At low valve lifts, slight overprediction in mass-flow rate can be observed. The predicted swirl and tumble torques are within 25% of the flow bench measurements. Several meshing parameters were examined in this study. These include: inlet plenum shape and outlet plenum/extension size, embedded sphere with varying minimum mesh size, finer meshes on port and valve surface, orientation of valve, and port centerline relative to the mesh lines. For all model orientations examined, only the mesh topology with the valve axis aligned closely with the mesh lines can capture the mass-flow rate drop for very high valve lifts due to flow separation. This study further demonstrated that it is possible to perform 3D CFD flow analyses to adequately simulate steady-state flow bench tests.

Predictions of Flow Separation at the Valve Seat for Steady-State Port-Flow Simulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Fang ◽  
Satbir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Separation ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Mesh Density

Steady-state port-flow simulations with static valve lift are often utilized to optimize the performance of intake system of an internal combustion engine. Generally, increase in valve lift results in higher mass flow rate through the valve. But in certain cases, mass flow rate can actually decrease with increased valve lift, caused by separation of turbulent flow at the valve seat. Prediction of this phenomenon using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models is not trivial. It is found that the computational mesh significantly influences the simulation results. A series of steady-state port-flow simulations are carried out using a commercial CFD code. Several mesh topologies are applied for the simulations. The predicted results are compared with available experimental data from flow bench measurements. It is found that the flow separation and reduction in mass flow rate with increased valve lift can be predicted when high mesh density is used in the proximity of the valve seat and the walls of the intake port. Higher mesh density also gives better predictions of mass flow rate compared to the experiments, but only for high valve lifts. For low valve lifts, the error in predicted flow rate is close to 13%.

Dynamic Model of Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycles Driven by Concentrated Solar Power

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Berthet Couso ◽  
Rodrigo Barraza Vicencio ◽  
Ricardo Vasquez Padilla ◽  
Yen Chean Soo Too ◽  
John Pye
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Partial Load

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle is an emerging technology to be used as a power block with concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, tower type, sCO2 Brayton cycle has the potential to be competitive with traditional Rankine steam cycle. Most of the studies have been focused on the steady state analysis of this technology. This research has developed numerical models for five configurations of sCO2 Brayton cycles operating under quasi steady state conditions. The studied cycles are connected directly to the solar central receiver tower, which is used to provide heat input to the cycles; consequently, the heat addition is changing over time as a function of solar radiation. During the off load operation, the mass flow rate of the cycle is changing with the goal of keeping the turbine inlet temperature at 700°C. The compressor and turbine use a partial load model to adjust velocities according to the new mass flow rate. Also, the heat exchangers effectiveness are adjusted as they present off-design operation. In the recompression cycle, the model permits to explore the relationship between recompression fraction and the ambient temperature. It is demonstrated that the power generated by the cycle may be improved more than 6 % if the recompression fraction is continuously changed and controlled as a function of the ambient temperature.

Fuel Dispersion and Flow Blockage Analyses for MYRRHA-FASTEF Reactor by SIMMER Code

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomino Bandini ◽  
Marica Eboli ◽  
Nicola Forgione
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Primary System ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Flow Blockage

This work illustrates the 3D set up model and the results concerning the recent analysis of fuel dispersion in the MYRRHA-FASTEF reactor performed with SIMMER code within the EU-FP7 SEARCH Project. Under severe accidental conditions, the release of fuel in the primary system can occur in case of fuel rod clad failure and degradation. Two cases were therefore taken into account, an imposed fuel release to study key parameters which influence the dispersion phenomenon and a coolant flow blockage in a fuel assembly. The reactor was simulated by a 3D Cartesian geometry with 65×63×42 cell mesh. Steady-state and transient analyses were performed by SIMMER-IV. Steady-state analysis was performed in order to assess the correct operability of the code and of the model. The results were compared with the design values. The most significant results obtained for temperature trends and profiles, velocity and mass flow rate trends are reported. Transient results were also analysed, i.e. fuel dispersion transients were simulated, comparing the effect of fuel porosity on the fuel dispersion inside the pool. In addition, the effects of the release position and the fuel particle dimension on the dispersion phenomenon were also investigated. The final section of the paper describes the effects of a flow blockage on the core degradation and dispersion of fuel particles in the primary circuit of the MYRRHA reactor. This simulation, with fuel porosity equal to 5%, started after a preliminary steady state condition. The mass flow rate in one of the inner fuel assemblies was then reduced to about 10% of the initial value. The results show that the SIMMER-IV code is capable of predicting steady-state results in good agreement with the nominal values, also confirming the correctness of the set up model.

scholarly journals Dynamic Model of a Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump for Residential Water Heating

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3464
Author(s):  
Hélio A. G. Diniz ◽  
Tiago F. Paulino ◽  
Juan J. G. Pabon ◽  
Antônio A. T. Maia ◽  
Raphael N. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Time Step

This paper presents a distributed mathematical model for a carbon dioxide direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump used to heat bath water. The main components are a gas cooler, a needle valve, an evaporator/collector, and a compressor. To develop the heat exchange models, mass, energy, and momentum balances were used. The model was validated for transient as well as steady state conditions using experimental data. A reasonably good agreement was observed between the predicted temperatures and experimental data. The simulations showed that the time step required to demonstrate the behavior of the heat pump in the transient regime is greater than the time step required for the steady state. The results obtained with the mathematical model revealed that a reduction in the water mass flow rate results in an increase in the water outlet temperature. In addition, when the carbon dioxide mass flow rate is reduced, the compressor inlet and outlet temperatures increase as well as the water outlet temperature.

scholarly journals Experimental study of centrifugal humidifier fitted in an industrial shed located in tropical climates

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-475
Author(s):  
K. Senthilkumar ◽  
P.S.S. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Space Cooling ◽  
Medium Mass ◽  
Evaporative Cooling System ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
Tropical Climates

An evaporative cooling system based on centrifugal humidification technique is proposed for large industrial spaces. In this system, the evaporation rate is improved by splitting the water into fine micronisers by impinging it onto the stationery strips. The various parameters influencing the rate of evaporation are identified. The effect of mass flow rate of water, disc speed and mass flow rate of air on space cooling and humidifier efficiency is studied experimentally and plotted with respect to time. The studies indicate that medium mass flow rate of water, higher disc speed and medium mass flow rate of air are preferable in reducing the dry bulb temperature of room and for increasing humidifier efficiency.

Steady-State Energetic and Exergetic Performances of Single-Phase Natural Circulation Loop With Hybrid Nanofluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayaram Sahu ◽  
Jahar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Natural Circulation ◽  
Circulation Loop ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluid ◽  
Natural Circulation Loop ◽  
Hybrid Nanofluids

Energy and exergy performances of natural circulation loop (NCL) with various water-based hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3 + TiO2, Al2O3 + CNT, Al2O3 + Ag, Al2O3 + Cu, Al2O3 + CuO, Al2O3 + graphene) with 1% volumetric concentration are compared in this study. New thermophysical property models have been proposed for hybrid nanofluids with different particle shapes and mixture ratio. Effects of power input, loop diameter, loop height, loop inclination and heater/cooler inclination on steady-state mass flow rate, effectiveness, and entropy generation are discussed as well. Results show that both the steady-state mass flow rate and energy–exergy performance are enhanced by using the hybrid nanofluids, except Al2O3 + graphene, which shows the performance decrement within the studied power range. Al2O3 + Ag hybrid nanofluid shows highest enhancement in mass flow rate of 4.8% compared to water. The shape of nanoparticle has shown a significant effect on steady-state performance; hybrid nanofluid having cylindrical and platelet shape nanoparticles yields lower mass flow rate than that of spherical shape. Mass flow rate increases with the increasing loop diameter and height, whereas decreases with the increasing loop and heater/cooler inclinations. Both effectiveness and entropy generation increase with the decreasing loop diameter and height, whereas increasing the loop and heater/cooler inclinations. This study reveals that the particle shape has a significant effect on the performance of hybrid nanofluids in NCL, and the use of hybrid nanofluid is more effective for higher power.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document