ABSTRACT: Regional Patterns in Growth of United States Giant Oil Fields, 1945-1998: Influence of Reservoir Drive Mechanism and Recovery Technology

Phenology is a key biological trait that can determine an organism's survival and provides one of the clearest indicators of the effects of recent climatic change. Long time-series observations of plant phenology collected at continental scales could clarify latitudinal and regional patterns of plant responses and illuminate drivers of that variation, but few such datasets exist. Here, we use the web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from over 7000 herbarium specimens representing 30 diverse flowering plant species distributed across the eastern United States. Our results, spanning 120 years and generated from over 2000 crowdsourcers, illustrate numerous aspects of continental-scale plant reproductive phenology. First, they support prior studies that found plant reproductive phenology significantly advances in response to warming, especially for early-flowering species. Second, they reveal that fruiting in populations from warmer, lower latitudes is significantly more phenologically sensitive to temperature than that for populations from colder, higher-latitude regions. Last, we found that variation in phenological sensitivities to climate within species between regions was of similar magnitude to variation between species. Overall, our results suggest that phenological responses to anthropogenic climate change will be heterogeneous within communities and across regions, with large amounts of regional variability driven by local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and differences in species assemblages. As millions of imaged herbarium specimens become available online, they will play an increasingly critical role in revealing large-scale patterns within assemblages and across continents that ultimately can improve forecasts of the impacts of climatic change on the structure and function of ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.

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Variability of Cloudiness over Mountain Terrain in the Western United States

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-16-0194.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 1227-1245 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Edwin Sumargo ◽

Daniel R. Cayan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

High Elevation ◽

Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽

Western United States ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

Cloud Albedo

Abstract This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of cloudiness across mountain zones in the western United States. Daily average cloud albedo is derived from a 19-yr series (1996–2014) of half-hourly Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) images. During springtime when incident radiation is active in driving snowmelt–runoff processes, the magnitude of daily cloud variations can exceed 50% of long-term averages. Even when aggregated over 3-month periods, cloud albedo varies by ±10% of long-term averages in many locations. Rotated empirical orthogonal functions (REOFs) of daily cloud albedo anomalies over high-elevation regions of the western conterminous United States identify distinct regional patterns, wherein the first five REOFs account for ~67% of the total variance. REOF1 is centered over Northern California and Oregon and is pronounced between November and March. REOF2 is centered over the interior northwest and is accentuated between March and July. Each of the REOF/rotated principal components (RPC) modes associates with anomalous large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns and one or more large-scale teleconnection indices (Arctic Oscillation, Niño-3.4, and Pacific–North American), which helps to explain why anomalous cloudiness patterns take on regional spatial scales and contain substantial variability over seasonal time scales.

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Short-Period Surface-Wave Tomography in the Continental United States—A Resource for Research

Seismological Research Letters ◽

10.1785/0220200462 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert B. Herrmann ◽

Charles J. Ammon ◽

Harley M. Benz ◽

Asiye Aziz-Zanjani ◽

Joshua Boschelli

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Group Velocity ◽

Group Velocity Dispersion ◽

Upper Crust ◽

Data Set ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

Moment Tensors ◽

Velocity Models ◽

Short Period ◽

Wave Tomography

Abstract The variation of phase and group velocity dispersion of Love and Rayleigh waves was determined for the continental United States and adjacent Canada. By processing ambient noise from the broadband channels of the Transportable Array (TA) of USArray and several Program for the Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere experiments and using some earthquake recordings, the effort was focused on determining dispersion down to periods as short as 2 s. The relatively short distances between TA stations permitted the use of a 25 km×25 km grid for the four independent tomographic inversions (Love and Rayleigh and phase and group velocity). One reason for trying to obtain short-period dispersion was to have a data set capable of constraining upper crust velocity models for use in determining regional moment tensors. The benefit of focusing on short-period dispersion is apparent in the tomography maps—shallow geologic structures such as the Mid-Continent Rift, and the Michigan, Illinois, Anadarko, Arkoma, and Appalachian basins are imaged. In our processing, we noted that the phase velocities were more robustly determined than the group velocities. We also noted that the inability to obtain dispersion at short periods shows distinct regional patterns that may be related to the local upper crust structure.

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Augusto C. Sandino and the Mexican Revolution

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.604 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alejandro Bendaña

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mexican Revolution ◽

Armed Forces ◽

The United States ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Guerrilla Warfare ◽

Social Aspect ◽

Peace Treaty ◽

Immigrant Worker ◽

Military Support

Augusto C. Sandino (1895–1934) led a peasant rebellion against the armed forces of the United States which occupied Nicaragua between 1926 and 1932. While much has been written about Sandino’s military prowess in this 20th-century guerrilla warfare, less is known about the development of his political thought and intellectual formation. That issue necessarily takes historians to the Mexican Revolution, and specifically to the period between 1923 and 1926 when Sandino was an immigrant worker in the oil fields of the larger Tampico area. Radical labor unionism and anarcho-syndicalism were the principal currents that Sandino encountered, and that helped shape his outlook and subsequent political manifestos. Because Sandino did not directly refer in any detail to this period of his life in subsequent interviews and statements, an examination is made of the cultural and social roots of working-class formations in which he immersed himself. Fortunately, historians have explored the social aspect, labor union activity, economics, and politics of the oil fields in depth (Adleson, Alafita-Mendez, Alcayaga Sasso); Dospital and Hodges were among the first to point to Sandino’s early experience in Mexico including his encounters with the metaphysical schools and mentors who shaped the idealism underpinning his anti-imperialism economic, political, military, and cultural thinking. During a military campaign and at the peak of his fame, Sandino returned to Mexico (1929–1930) expecting that the “revolutionary” government, on the one side, and the Communist Party of Mexico, on the other side, as representative of the international communist movement (Comintern) would lend political, financial, and military support for the war in Nicaragua. Cerdas Cruz told that story well, although without the benefit of primary sources. But Sandino was mistaken and eventually felt betrayed by both sides that laid claim to the revolution. He returned to Nicaragua where he fought successfully until the US Marines’ withdrawal at the end of 1932. Months after signing a peace treaty, Sandino was assassinated (February 1934) in Managua by the leaders of the proxy military constabulary or Guardia Nacional left behind by the United States in Nicaragua. At that time, he was establishing communes in northern Nicaragua according to the teachings of his first intellectual and spiritual mentors.

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GEOPHYSICAL PROGRESS

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1437905 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 510-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Henry C. Cortes

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

The United States ◽

Oil Fields ◽

First Year ◽

Free Enterprise ◽

Gravity And Magnetic ◽

Electrical Prospecting ◽

Made In

Histories or reviews covering the period from 1922, the first year of petroleum geophysics in the United States, to 1940 were ably presented by Eckhardt, Macelwane and Weatherby at the Society of Exploration Geophysicists’ Annual Meeting of the latter year. This paper deals mainly with advances in geophysics since 1940. Marked progress has been made in the amount of geophysical activity, in the number of new oil fields discovered per year based wholly or partially on geophysics, in geophysical techniques, and in education. Improvements in instrumentation, field operational procedures, and interpretation methods have steadily increased the usefulness of the three major methods—seismic, gravity, and magnetic. The development of the aerial magnetometer, especially, and the underwater gravimeter represent notable achievements. These developments have made possible the extension of geophysical activity offshore, and in many other areas previously considered inaccessible. Advances have also been made in logging, particularly in the radioactivity type, geochemistry and electrical prospecting. Research, both fundamental and applied, is being conducted on a greater scale now than in 1940 or prior thereto. Increased geological‐geophysical coordination has led to better appreciation and utilization of the geophysical methods and has resulted in the discovery of important oil and gas reserves. Novel or more direct oil finding methods may possibly be discovered or perfected. It is more probable, however, that the future of exploration geophysics will be primarily in the continual refinement of the present known methods. Advances in exploration geophysics and geology, along with teamwork, should insure adequate production and reserves within the United States for a long period. This is predicated on our nation having competitive free enterprise, which has been responsible for the leadership of this country in oil finding, producing, transporting and refining techniques.

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The Economics of Old Field Oil Supply

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/014459878900700101 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Richard D. Farmer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Crude Oil ◽

The United States ◽

Oil Field ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Crude Oil Price ◽

Old Field ◽

Price Controls ◽

The Relationship ◽

Production Losses

Most additions to proved reserves of crude oil in the United States are associated with reserve revisions and reservoir extensions, which derive exclusively from the continuing development of known oil fields. This paper reviews the major activities pursued by oil field operators that determine the level of production from those fields. Reported reserve additions reflect the consequencies of these activities for the productive capability of old fields and, thus, should be expected to be related to the costs and benefits of investing in such activities. A simple econometric, analysis is presented that demonstrates the influence of oil prices, lifting costs, taxes, and crude oil price controls on reported reserve revisions and extensions for the United States for the period 1970–1986. The strength of the relationship evaluated is particularly striking in light of the year-to-year variability of revisions data noted in other studies. Based on the economic perspective of reserve additions outlined here, U.S. reserves data for 1986 are used to provide a look at the activities that may thus be presumed to have led to the production losses recorded in that watershed year.

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A Dynamical and Statistical Characterization of U.S. Extreme Precipitation Events and Their Associated Large-Scale Meteorological Patterns

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-15-0910.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 1307-1326 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Siyu Zhao ◽

Yi Deng ◽

Robert X. Black

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Warm Season ◽

Base Function ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

Statistical Characterization ◽

Climate System Model ◽

Extreme Precipitation Events ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract Regional patterns of extreme precipitation events occurring over the continental United States are identified via hierarchical cluster analysis of observed daily precipitation for the period 1950–2005. Six canonical extreme precipitation patterns (EPPs) are isolated for the boreal warm season and five for the cool season. The large-scale meteorological pattern (LMP) inducing each EPP is identified and used to create a “base function” for evaluating a climate model’s potential for accurately representing the different patterns of precipitation extremes. A parallel analysis of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), reveals that the CCSM4 successfully captures the main U.S. EPPs for both the warm and cool seasons, albeit with varying degrees of accuracy. The model’s skill in simulating each EPP tends to be positively correlated with its capability in representing the associated LMP. Model bias in the occurrence frequency of a governing LMP is directly related to the frequency bias in the corresponding EPP. In addition, however, discrepancies are found between the CCSM4’s representation of LMPs and EPPs over regions such as the western United States and Midwest, where topographic precipitation influences and organized convection are prominent, respectively. In these cases, the model representation of finer-scale physical processes appears to be at least equally important compared to the LMPs in driving the occurrence of extreme precipitation.

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Social Stress in the United States: Links to Regional Patterns in Crime and Illness

Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews ◽

10.2307/2071614 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 881

Author(s):

T. L. Scheid-Cook ◽

Arnold S. Linsky ◽

Murray A. Straus

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Stress ◽

The United States ◽

Regional Patterns

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Giant Oil Fields in the United States by Basin Types

AAPG Bulletin ◽

10.1306/d9cb6853-1715-11d7-8645000102c1865d ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 77 ◽

Author(s):

HAEBERLE, FREDERICK R., Consulting

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Oil Fields

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EXPLORATION WORK IN MEXICO

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1437853 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 188-200

Author(s):

Antonio Garcia Rojas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

The United States ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Present Level ◽

Geophysical Exploration ◽

Petroleos Mexicanos ◽

The Difference

Since 1940 Mexico has increased exploration work in search of new oil fields. Most of the exploration has been done in the Gulf Coast area where all existing Mexican oil fields are located. A brief résumé is given of the main problems of the different provinces under exploration and a list of the fields discovered by Petróleos Mexicanos in the different provinces of the country. Geophysical methods have been responsible for location of a very large percent of the new fields. To compare the intensity of exploration in the United States and Mexico, the amount of seismic and gravity‐meter work and of wildcat drilling per million barrels of production is given for both countries. The data shows that Mexico’s level of geophysical exploration, per million barrels of oil produced, is very close to that of the United States. A very marked increase in the intensity of exploration is shown for both countries. Wildcat drilling in Mexico has been less intensive than in the United States but shows a definite tendency to increase; its present level is very close to that of the United States during 1940. The writer is of the opinion that the difference in intensity of wildcat drilling shown in the data presented is actually smaller than appears as there is a certain amount of duplication in the United States because of leaseholding problems.

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