scholarly journals Why authors have to use a rigid format for their journal articles

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Heseltine
Keyword(s):  
Medical Writing ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Good Science ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The World ◽  
Science Paper ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

‘Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.’ Jonathan Swift Medical writing is a creative process. It combines rhetoric and science to produce a piece of work that connects the scientific community with the general public. However, despite pressure to publish, many researchers dread the thought of medical writing. It can be an intimidating journey and hard work – and after all, where does one learn how to write a good science paper? Is there a recipe for success? The answer lies in the IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion) structure. This allows authors to organise and structure their work in an effective manner, which maintains the emphasis on the matter of good science. Some may think applying such a structure is too formulaic and breeds mediocrity. Others may believe IMRaD allows authors to organise thoughts and ideas as well as helping them to remember to convey critical elements. That it makes evaluation of a manuscript easier for editors and reviewers and also allows readers to locate specific information without going through the entire article is less contentious. Although the IMRaD structure may not reflect the order of scientific enquiry and activities, most journals continue to apply it to medical articles. It appears that having such a discipline to writing opens the doors to those who have not yet overcome their writer’s block. In the third article of the publishing series, Elisabeth Heseltine informs readers ‘how to write’. Elisabeth became a scientific editor through science rather than language. She has worked as a researcher on the BBC science programme Horizon, as a proof-reader and then as a copy-writer. She is head of publications at the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, in Lyon, France. She has edited many documents for other United Nations agencies and for research institutes around the world. She also runs workshops in scientific communication in over 30 countries. JYOTI SHAH Commissioning Editor

scholarly journals In Memoriam Dietrich Hoffmann

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 254-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Klus ◽  
M Kunze ◽  
Beiträge Editors of
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
In Memoriam ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Governments

AbstractDietrich Hoffmann passed away on April 20, 2011, at his home in Larchmont, New York. He had suffered from Parkinson's disease for more than 20 years. With Dietrich Hoffmann's death the tobacco community lost one of its most prominent scientists, who was familiar with all areas of tobacco research. His work guided and influenced a whole generation of scientists working in the tobacco industry, universities, regulatory agencies, national governments or international organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is an obligation of honor for the authors M. Kunze, H. Klus, and the editors of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International publish a short tribute in memory of Dietrich Hoffmann.

The Behavioral and Cognitive Manifestations of Blindness in Children

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Pring ◽  
Valerie Tadić
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Vision 2020 ◽  
Developmental Neuroscience ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Ground-breaking progress in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders has allowed us far more insight into blindness and visual impairment (VI). The field of cognitive neuroscience has now established itself solidly in the literature, combining the knowledge from cognitive psychology, clinical studies related to brain damage, and neuroscience to open the way to significant advances in understanding. In recent years, the optimism engendered from the adult studies has played a large part in providing the impetus for developmental studies and in particular developmental neuroscience (Johnson 2005; Tager-Flusberg 1999). It is from this developmental neuroscience perspective that we can begin to understand the cognitive and behavioral manifestations associated with blindness and VI; albeit with the proviso that children with VI present particularly heterogeneous developmental patterns when compared to typically developing children (Fraiberg 1971). In considering the effects of blindness and VI, this chapter will focus on social understanding, language, cognition, and motor development. However, it begins with brief introductions to epidemiology and the effects of blindness on the functional and structural organization of the brain, which it is hoped will provide a useful context in which to consider the development of children who cannot see. Today the number of blind people in the world stands at 45 million, even though up to 75% of blindness could be avoided either by treatment or by prevention. The number of people with avoidable blindness will have doubled from 1990 to 2020 unless there is rapid and effective intervention, and the total number of the blind is projected to be as many as 76 million by 2020. To prevent this scenario, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) have jointly initiated Vision 2020, a project that aims to eliminate the main causes of avoidable blindness by the year 2020, with the ultimate long-term goal of a world in which all avoidable blindness is eliminated and in which everyone with unavoidable vision loss reaches their full potential. The top priority of Vision 2020 is the prevention of childhood blindness. At present there are 1.4 million children under the age of 15 who are blind.

Health for All and Primary Health Care, 1978–2018: A Historical Perspective on Policies and Programs Over 40 Years

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B. Rifkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of Health ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

In 1978, at an international conference in Kazakhstan, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund put forward a policy proposal entitled “Primary Health Care” (PHC). Adopted by all the World Health Organization member states, the proposal catalyzed ideas and experiences by which governments and people began to change their views about how good health was obtained and sustained. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (as it is known, after the city in which the conference was held) committed member states to take action to achieve the WHO definition of health as “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Arguing that good health was not merely the result of biomedical advances, health-services provision, and professional care, the declaration stated that health was a human right, that the inequality of health status among the world’s populations was unacceptable, and that people had a right and duty to become involved in the planning and implementation of their own healthcare. It proposed that this policy be supported through collaboration with other government sectors to ensure that health was recognized as a key to development planning. Under the banner call “Health for All by the Year 2000,” WHO and the United Nations Children’s Fund set out to turn their vision for improving health into practice. They confronted a number of critical challenges. These included defining PHC and translating PHC into practice, developing frameworks to translate equity into action, experiencing both the potential and the limitations of community participation in helping to achieve the WHO definition of health, and seeking the necessary financing to support the transformation of health systems. These challenges were taken up by global, national, and nongovernmental organization programs in efforts to balance the PHC vision with the realities of health-service delivery. The implementation of these programs had varying degrees of success and failure. In the future, PHC will need to address to critical concerns, the first of which is how to address the pressing health issues of the early 21st century, including climate change, control of noncommunicable diseases, global health emergencies, and the cost and effectiveness of humanitarian aid in the light of increasing violent disturbances and issues around global governance. The second is how PHC will influence policies emerging from the increasing understanding that health interventions should be implemented in the context of complexity rather than as linear, predictable solutions.

scholarly journals TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC DEFINITIONS OF STUDYING VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE JUNIOR SPECIALISTS IN NURSING IN COLLEGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
М. R. Demianchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
World Health ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

The article argues that nowadays a well-established conceptual and terminological apparatus, whose origins have deep historical roots, in modern vocational training of future specialists in nursing of different qualification levels, is used. On the basis of theoretical analysis of scientific literary sources and conceptual and terminological synthesis has been established that definition of “nurse” comes from Latin “nutricius”,which means caring for those who suffer. On the basis of comparative analysis the comparative-historical way of becoming nurse profession has been reflected.The basis is a five-stage periodization of the formation and development of nursing (by M. Shehedyn). It has been concretized that in the prehistoric period, which lasted from ancient times to the V century AD, work that reflected some of the functions of modern nurse was regarded as a spontaneous care, not as a profession; the period of the Middle Ages was marked by the functioning of specialized institutions for the care of sick people; during the Classical period the nursing and Sisters of Charity were born; the Neoclassical period was marked by the development of scientific concepts for the organization of the system of training nurses; in the Modern period the degree nursing education was introduced. In different historical periods, to indicate the functional characteristics of persons who determine the modern professional activity of nurse, the following terms were used: “deaconess”, “caregiver”, “Sister of Mercy”, “Daughter of Charity”, “nurse”. The recognition of nursing staff by the World Health Organization in 1983 as independent and equal in the health care system, as well as the official definition of “nursing”, which was considered as an activity aimed at addressing individual and public health problems in a changing environmental conditions, became an extremely important event in development of the world nursing.

Kısa Cinsel Refah Ölçeğinin Türkçe Sürümü [Turkish Version of the Short Sexual Well-Being Scale]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Gerymski ◽  
Ezgi Nur Güvem
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychometric Validation ◽  
Turkish Version ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization

Sexual well-being is often mistakenly operationalized simply as sexual satisfaction. The concept of sexual well-being has been often used as an umbrella term for positive aspects of sexuality, apart from its negative spheres. A new concept of sexual well-being was proposed in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of sexual health. The definition tried to enrich the concept of sexual well-being, but it did not solve the problem of its operationalization. Two separate studies were conducted for the psychometric validation of the Short Sexual Well-Being Scale. Short Sexual Well-Being Scales shows good psychometric properties in its original version. These properties are yet unknown for the its Turkish translation.

scholarly journals Critical Review of the Effects of Glyphosate Exposure to the Environment and Humans through the Food Supply Chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Torretta ◽  
Ioannis Katsoyiannis ◽  
Paolo Viotti ◽  
Elena Rada
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Global Market ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Synthesis Product ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Glyphosate is a synthesis product and chemical substance that entered in the global market during the 70s. In the beginning, the molecule was used as an active principle in a wide range of herbicides, with great success. This was mainly due to its systemic and non-selective action against vegetable organisms and also to the spread of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) crops, which over the years were specifically created with a resistance to glyphosate. To date, the product is, for these reasons, the most sprayed and most used herbicide in the world. Because of its widespread diffusion into the environment, it was not long before glyphosate found itself at the center of an important scientific debate about its adverse effects on health and environment. In fact, in 2015 the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France), an organization referred to as the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization (WHO, Geneva, Switzerland), classified the substance as “likely carcinogenic” to humans. This triggered an immediate and negative reaction from the producer, who accused the Agency and claimed that they had failed to carry out their studies properly and that these conclusions were largely contradictory to published research. Additionally, in 2015, just a few months after the IARC monography published on glyphosate, the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy), another WHO related organization, declared that it was “unlikely” that the molecule could be carcinogenic to humans or that it could cause any type of risk to human health. The conflict between the two organizations of the World Health Organization triggered many doubts, and for this reason, a series of independent studies were launched to better understand what glyphosate’s danger to humans and the environment really was. The results have brought to light how massive use of the herbicide has created over time a real global contamination that has not only affected the soil, surface and groundwater as well as the atmosphere, but even food and commonly used objects, such as diapers, medical gauze, and absorbent for female intimate hygiene. How human health is compromised as a result of glyphosate exposure is a topic that is still very debatable and still unclear and unambiguous. This paper is a review of the results of the main independent recent scientific studies.

Reflection on the definition of impairment and disability as defined by the World Health Organization

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brandsma ◽  
K. Lakerveld-Heyl ◽  
C. D. Van Ravensberg ◽  
Y. F. Heerkens
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document