scholarly journals The light intensity mediates the pollination efficacy of a Caatinga morning glory Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae)

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. e5906
Author(s):  
Miriam Gimenes ◽  
Laene Silva Araujo ◽  
Anderson Matos Medina
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
The Times ◽  
Opening And Closing

Pollination is an ecological process that relies on the matching traits of flower visitors and flowers. Morphology, behavior, and temporal patterns play essential roles in mediating the interactions between plants and floral visitors. This study analyzed the temporal aspects of visitors and flowers interaction and the possible adjustment between both organisms.  We used Ipomoea bahiensis and its flower visitors as a model system. We evaluated the visitor frequency on the flowers throughout the day, flower opening and closing times, pollen availability and stigma receptivity. We also evaluated the highest fruit production time during the flower longevity was analyzed, and the time of highest pollinator activity, related to climatic factors. Among the floral visitors, bees, especially Melitoma spp., Apis mellifera, and Pseudaugochlora pandora were the most frequent visitors, presenting regular visits synchronized with the flower opening and closing times, which were also regular. This system was influenced mainly by light intensity. Besides, these bees were very active during the times of the highest fruit production.  These data indicate the presence of temporal patterns for both the bees and the visited plants, and synchronization between them, being the light intensity as a modulator of the rhythms of bees and plant, confirming the importance of the temporal adjustments for pollination efficiency.

Floral Biology and Inefficient Pollen Removal in Banksia spinulosa var neoanglica (Proteaceae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Vaughton ◽  
M Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Pollen Removal ◽  
Pollen Longevity ◽  
Floral Visitors

Stigma receptivity, pollen longevity and rates of flower opening were examined in Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica. The interaction between these aspects of floral biology and removal of self pollen by floral visitors, autogamous pollen deposition and autogamous fruit set was determined. Flowers were strongly protandrous; most stigmatic grooves opened and maximum stigma receptivity occurred 3-4 days after the flowers opened. Over 80% of pollen was viable when flowers first opened. Pollen longevity was extended; 58% and 33% of pollen was still viable 8 and 12 days respectively after the flowers opened. Rates of flower opening were slow with only 19-32 flowers opening per day, depending on temperature. More than 80% of flowers had self pollen remaining on their pollen presenters 5 days after the flowers opened. Autogamous pollination did not occur until at least 6 days after the flowers opened. Pollen deposition and fruit production were significantly less on autogamous than open-pollinated inflorescences. Pronounced protandry, extended pollen longevity and slow rates of flower opening in B. spinulosa may have been selectively favoured by inefficient removal of self pollen by floral visitors.

scholarly journals Floral biology and physicochemical characterization of wild passion fruit Passiflora setacea d.C BRS Pérola do Cerrado cultivated in the state of Rio de Janeiro

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Marcos Rangel Junior ◽  
Marco Antonio da Silva Vasconcellos ◽  
Raul Castro Carriello Rosa ◽  
Fabio Ferreira Cruvinel
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fruit Setting ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Pollination Methods

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the floral and physicochemical characteristics of passion fruits BRS Pérola do Cerrado cultivar (Passiflora setacea D.C.), as well as its relationship with local climatic factors. Peak flowering, time in days of floral appearance until anthesis and until fruits harvest, floral morphometry, time of flower opening and closing, occurrence of natural self-pollination, geitonogamy and floral incompatibility, physicochemical characteristics of fruits and relationship with climatic variables were evaluated. Under the conditions of this study, it was observed that the flowering peak occurred in November and the time of flower opening ranged from 7:21 pm to 8:40 pm throughout the year, probably influenced by daily solar radiation; while the time of flower closing occurred between 6:00 am and 8:00 pm. After closing, flowers showed no recurrence of floral opening. Flowers of Passiflora setacea species BRS Pérola do Cerrado cultivar are self-incompatible and do not allow geitonogamy. Therefore, for fruit formation, cross-pollination is necessary. Regarding fruit setting in the different pollination methods, rates were 34.6% when artificially made and 53.5% in case of natural pollination. Fruits had, on average, longitudinal diameter of 4.9 cm, cross-sectional diameter of 46 mm and fresh mass of 55 g, juice volume of 15.7 ml per fruit, 13.31 ° Brix and total titratable acidity of 1.7 g / 100g ac. citric.

scholarly journals Reproductive Characteristics of Pitayo (Stenocereus queretaroensis) and their Relationships with Soluble Sugars and Irrigation

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eulogio Pimienta-Barrios ◽  
Park S. Nobel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
The Times

Flower and fruit production by the columnar cactus, Stenocereus queretaroensis (Weber) Buxbaum, occurred during the dry season in the late winter and spring, and the relatively small annual stem extension occurred primarily during the fall. Thus, reproductive growth does not directly compete with vegetative growth for resources such as reducing sugars, which increased during the wet summer season, a period when total sugars were decreasing. Stem extension, reproductive demography, fruit quality, seed size, and seed quality were not influenced by irrigation. Final fruit size and seed germination, however, were enhanced by applying water. The times from flower bud differentiation to flower opening and from anthesis to fruit ripening were relatively short and unaffected by irrigation.

Protected Culture Systems for Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 459d-459
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Paul R. Adler ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Plant Densities

Strawberry plants (cvs. Camarosa, Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Primetime, Jewel, and Tribute) were grown in soilless culture systems in a greenhouse from October to May. Fresh-dug and runner-tip Aplug® plants were transplanted into two systems: vertically stacked pots (24 plants/m2) containing perlite and horizontal nutrient film technique troughs (13 plants/m2). Plants were fertigated continuously with recirculating nutrient solution. In a 7-month production cycle, the plug plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit during the first month of harvest (December) than the fresh-dug plants. Higher yields from plug plants were a result of more fruit numbers and not larger fruit size. Fruit production averaged 6.0 and 3.5 kg/m2 in the trough and pot systems, respectively. The vertical growing system allows greater plant densities, but light intensity reaching the plants in the lower sections of the tower can be less than 20% of levels measured at the top. Establishment costs of protected culture systems are higher, but production is earlier and labor costs are typically reduced. Greenhouse hydroponic culture systems could extend the winter strawberry production to more northern locations.

scholarly journals Nocturnal and diurnal pollination in Copaifera coriacea, a dominant species in sand dunes of the Middle São Francisco River Basin, Northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Isys Mascarenhas Souza ◽  
Frederic Mendes Hughes ◽  
Ligia Silveira Funch ◽  
Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Pollination System ◽  
Floral Visitors

Background and aims – Copaifera coriacea, a species in the resin-producing clade Detarioideae (Leguminosae), is an endemic and abundant species found in sand dunes in Brazilian Caatinga domain vegetation – a Quaternary paleodesert. We investigated floral traits and aspects of pollination biology, focusing on the pollination system of C. coriacea. Material and methods – Anthesis duration, stigma receptivity, pollen viability, nectar concentration, and the presence of osmophores and pigments reflecting UV light were assessed. Floral visitors were classified as potential pollinators, occasional pollinators or thieves, based on the time and foraging behaviour and resource collected. Pollination effectiveness were assessed for potential pollinators by the detection of pollen tubes on the stigma or stylar canal by epifluorescence microscopy.Key results – The species has white and small flowers, with anthesis beginning in the dark (ca 00:30) and the flowers are completely opened approximately 3 h later, when a sweet odour is perceptible. The onset of stigma receptivity and pollen grain viability occurs only after the completion of flower opening, and a concentrated nectar is available during the day. The presence of pollen tubes confirmed the efficiency of the main insects in the transfer of pollen. Conclusion – Our result demonstrates that C. coriacea has a generalist pollination system mediated mainly by two distinct guilds of insect pollinators: moths (nocturnal, searching for nectar) and bees (diurnal, pollen collectors). This finding can provide more information about diversification in the genus Copaifera.

scholarly journals Changes in Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Lycium barbarum Fruits from Three Typical Growing Areas of China as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Liang ◽  
Yuekun Li ◽  
Yunfang Fan ◽  
Yanlong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Widely Targeted Metabolomics

This study aimed at assessing the climatic factors influencing the wolfberry fruit morphology, and the composition of its nutritious metabolites. The cultivar Ningqi1, widely grown in Northwest China was collected from three typical ecological growing counties with contrasting climatic conditions: Ningxia Zhongning (NF), Xinjiang Jinghe (XF) and Qinghai Nomuhong (QF). During the ripening period, 45 fruits from different plantations at each location were sampled. A total of 393 metabolites were detected in all samples through the widely targeted metabolomics approach and grouped into 19 known classes. Fruits from QF were the biggest followed by those from XF and NF. The altitude, relative humidity and light intensity had negative and strong correlations with most of the metabolites, suggesting that growing wolfberry in very high altitudes and under high light intensity is detrimental for the fruit nutritional quality. Soil moisture content is highly and negatively correlated with vitamins, organic acids and carbohydrates while moderately and positively correlated with other classes of metabolites. In contrast, air and soil temperatures exhibited positive correlation with majority of the metabolites. Overall, our results suggest high soil and air temperatures, low altitude and light intensity and moderate soil moisture, as the suitable conditions to produce Lycium fruits with high content of nutritious metabolites.

scholarly journals Responses to climatic factors by foragers of Plebeia pugnax Moure (in litt.) (Apidae, Meliponinae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. HILÁRIO ◽  
V. L. IMPERATRIZ-FONSECA ◽  
A. de M. P. KLEINERT
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Recorded Data

Flight activity of Plebeia pugnax Moure (in litt.) was studied in six colonies coming from Cunha, SP, from July to October 1994. Twice a week, from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., for 5 minutes every half-hour, all the bees entering and leaving the hives were counted. Six hundred counts were made and the materials that foragers carried were recorded. Data were analysed in relation to temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and day time. Foragers' flight activity was relatively constant in a wide range of temperature, from 22°C to 34°C. The minimum temperature for the beginning of flight activity was 14°C. Effective flight activity (when foragers of all colonies were leaving the hives) occurred at 15°C. These bees also flew within a wide range of relative humidity, from 30% to 100%, decreasing slowly after 50%. Flight activity increased as light intensity rose and it has also increased as the hours passed by, reaching a peak around midday and decreasing gradually afterwards. Pollen was collected all day long, while resin collection was relatively constant and debris transportation was slightly higher after 10:00 h. From all known Plebeia species, this one flew on the lowest temperature ever registered for this genus.

scholarly journals Floral biology and a pollinator effectiveness test of the diurnal floral visitors of Tabernaemontana undulata Vahl. (Apocynaceae) in the understory of Amazon Rainforest, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaysa Nogueira de Moura ◽  
Antonio Carlos Webber ◽  
Liliane Noemia Melo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Pollinator Effectiveness ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Disturbed Area ◽  
Floral Visitor

In this paper we examined the floral biology, per-visit effectiveness, frequency of visits and relative abundance of the diurnal floral visitor taxa of T. undulata (Apocynaceae) at two populations located in the primary forest and in a disturbed area connected to the continuous forest. Its hermaphrodite flowers show a long and narrow floral tube and introrse anthers form a cone around the apex of the style head where the pollen is deposited. The stigmatic head has three functional regions, in a complex pollination mechanism favoring cross-pollination. In the pollinator censuses conducted in the primary forest population we registered Eulaema bombiformis. In the disturbed area Euglossa sp. was responsible for visits on T. undulata fl owers. Eulaema bombiformis was not absent in the disturbed area, but preferred to forage on pollen and nectar-rich flowers of two neighboring flowering species. In the primary forest, T. undulata was the only fl owering treelet at the end of the dry season. Signifi cant differences were not observed regarding the frequency of visits and relative abundance among the diurnal flower visitors at both sites. In the per-visit effectiveness experiment among flower visitors, we observed one fruit produced aft er E. bombiformis' visits. Due to the complex breeding system of T. undulata in that it is characterized by very low fruit production even under natural conditions, an indirect measure of pollinator effectiveness is needed in at a future stage of this study in order to clarify the role of these bee species as pollinators of T. undulata.

scholarly journals Wind pollination and propagule formation in Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae): resource or pollination limitation?

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
TARCILA L. NADIA ◽  
ISABEL C. MACHADO
Keyword(s):  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Rhizophora Mangle ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Wind Pollination ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Pollination Limitation ◽  
Propagule Dispersal ◽  
Male Phase ◽  
And Behavior

Rhizophora mangle is considered as a self-compatible mangrove, and is pollinated by wind and insects. However, there is no information about fruit production by autogamy and agamospermy and on the foraging behavior of its flower visitors. Hence, the present study analyzed the pollination and reproductive systems of R. mangle in a mangrove community in northern Pernambuco, Brazil. Floral morphology, sequence of anthesis, and behavior of flower visitors were described; the proportion of flowers that resulted in mature propagules was also recorded. Autogamy, agamospermy, and wind pollination tests were performed, and a new anemophily index is proposed. The flowers of R. mangle are hermaphrodite, protandric, and have high P/O rate. Flies were observed on flowers only during the male phase, probably feeding on mites that consume pollen. Rhizophora mangle is not agamospermic and its fruit production rate by spontaneous self-pollination is low (2.56%) compared to wind pollination (19.44%). The anemophily index was high 0.98, and thus it was considered as a good indicator. Only 13.79% of the flowers formed mature propagules. The early stages of fruit development are the most critical and susceptible to predation. Rhizophora mangle is, therefore, exclusively anemophilous in the study area and the propagule dispersal seems to be limited by herbivory.

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