Unreliable Confessions:Khipusin the Colonial Parish

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Charles
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
European Contact ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Indigenous Memory ◽  
Angel Rama

The historiography of the book in the age of Spanish imperial expansionism has traditionally viewed printed works as repressive instruments of colonial domination that forcefully supplanted the native Americans' non-alphabetic vehicles of memory and communication. Accounts of the Europeans' wholesale destruction of native holy objects and material forms of expression bespeak the undisputable role of books in the Spanish colonization of indigenous memory and symbolizing practices. But the existence of colonial-era writings that testify to the resiliency of native technologies poses still-unanswered questions about the mechanisms by which this colonization took place and the ultimate reach of print culture in local native communities removed from the urban centers where, as Ángel Rama has suggested, written documents held sway. To what extent did native methods of communication endure under Spanish rule? What might the documentary traces of their use reveal about how they were transformed as a result of European contact? Can we tie their survival to concrete means by which native peoples withstood or adjusted to the Europeans' written culture and colonizing institutions? I would like to attempt to answer these questions by focusing on missionary uses of Andeankhipus:the knotted cords used by the Inca for the purposes of accounting and historical record keeping, which native parishioners employed in colonial times for learning Christian doctrine and recalling sins prior to confession.

“I Hope to Hell Nothing Goes Back to The Way It Was Before”: COVID-19, Marginalization, and Native Nations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Raymond Foxworth ◽  
Laura E. Evans ◽  
Gabriel R. Sanchez ◽  
Cheryl Ellenwood ◽  
Carmela M. Roybal
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Original Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Tribal Health ◽  
Tribal Lands ◽  
Health Regulations

We draw on new and original data to examine both partisan and systemic inequities that have fueled the spread of COVID-19 in Native America. We show how continued political marginalization of Native Americans has compounded longstanding inequalities and endangered the lives of Native peoples. Native nations have experienced disproportionate effects from prior health epidemics and pandemics, and in 2020, Native communities have seen greater rates of infection, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. We find that Native nations have more COVID-19 cases if they are located in states with a higher ratio of Trump supporters and reside in states with Republican governors. Where there is longstanding marginalization, measured by lack of clean water on tribal lands and health information in Native languages, we find more COVID-19 cases. Federal law enables non-members to flout tribal health regulations while on tribal lands, and correspondingly, we find that COVID-19 cases rise when non-members travel onto tribal lands. Our findings engage the literatures on Native American politics, health policy within U.S. federalism, and structural health inequalities, and should be of interest to both scholars and practitioners interested in understanding COVID-19 outcomes across Tribes in the United States.

Drivers of changes in product development rules

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K Christiansen ◽  
Claus J Varnes
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the drivers that induce companies to change their rules for managing product development. Most companies use a form of rule-based management approach, but surprisingly little is known about what makes companies change these rules. Furthermore, this management technology also has developed over time into different versions, but what drives firms from one version to another has only been suggested, not empirically studied. Design/methodology/approach – The dynamics of the rules of five companies are analyzed over a period of more than ten years based on three rounds of interviews with 40 managers. Findings – Previous research has assumed that the dynamics of product development rules are based on internal learning processes, and that increasingly competent management will stimulate the implementation of newer and more complex rule regimes. However, the analysis here indicates that there are different drivers, both internal and external, that cause companies to adopt new rules or modify their existing ones, such as changes in organizational structures, organizational conflicts and changes in ownership or strategy. In addition, contrary to the predictions in previous research, companies sometimes move back and forth between different generations of rules. Companies that have moved to a more flexible third generation of rules might revert to their second generation rules, or supplement their flexibility with an increased level of management control and information systems. A model is proposed to explain the relationship between the drivers of rule change and the actual dynamics of rules, incorporating two sets of moderators: organizational moderators and rule-related moderators. Research limitations/implications – The findings indicate that many factors influence the modification of rules, and that there is no simple linear progression from one generation to another. Organizational learning is one among several other factors that influences the dynamics of rules for managing product development. Further research is needed to explore the dynamic relationship between different factors, the proposed moderators and changes to rules. Lack of historical record keeping in companies puts special requirements on research concerning rules. Practical implications – Companies need to consider how and why their present versions of rules have emerged, whether or not the existing rules can actually solve the challenges they face today, whether or not the rules support the intended company strategy, and what mechanisms influence their product development rules. Originality/value – A great deal of research has investigated the relationship between the uses of structured rule-based approaches to manage product development, but little is known about what makes these rules change. This is the first study to uncover the multitude of drivers that stimulate change in product development rules and to suggest sets of moderators that influence the outcome.

Algonquian Diasporas

Memory Lands ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. DeLucia
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
New England ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Community Members ◽  
King Philip's War ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native American Tribes

This chapter examines how King Philip’s War gave rise to a significant but often ignored or misperceived history of bondage, enslavement, and diaspora that took Native Americans far from their northeast homelands, and subjected them to a range of brutal conditions across an Atlantic World. It focuses on Algonquians’ transits into captivity as a consequence of the war, and historicizes this process within longer trajectories of European subjugation of Indigenous populations for labor. The chapter examines how Algonquian individuals and families were forcibly placed into New England colonial as well as Native communities at the war’s conclusion, and how others were transported out of the region for sale across the Atlantic World. The case of King Philip’s wife and son is especially complex, and the chapter considers how traditions around their purported sale into slavery in Bermuda interact with challenging racial politics and archival traces. Modern-day “reconnection” events have linked St. David’s Island community members in Bermuda to Native American tribes in New England. The chapter also reflects on wider dimensions of this Algonquian diaspora, which likely brought Natives to the Caribbean, Azores, and Tangier in North Africa, and propelled Native migrants/refugees into Wabanaki homelands.

Health Care for the Underprivileged in the Land of Affluence: California Native Americans

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Theodore A. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Native American Culture ◽  
Indian Identity ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Indian Lands

The American Indian has demonstrated all too clearly, despite his recent move to urban centers, that he is not content to be a poverty statistic. He has demonstrated the strength and fiber of strong cultural and social ties by maintaining an Indian identity in many of the nation's largest metropolitan centers. At the same time, he aspires to the same goal of all citizens—a life of decency and self-sufficiency. The non-Indian population of California needs to keep in mind that at the time the Indians agreed (under coercion in most cases) to turn their ancestral lands over to the white man, treaties were signed by the Indians which promised that, in exchange for Indian lands, the white man would provide for the health care, education, and welfare of Indians. Indians are attempting to achieve a life-style compatible with individual dignity and personal peace—the base of Native American culture. There must be rediscovery and preservation of that culture to insure the physical, mental, and environmental well-being of its members.

Thyra Edwards’s Spanish Civil War Scrapbook

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
Anne Donlon
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Black History ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Feminist History ◽  
History Of

This essay examines the life of African American social worker Thyra Edwards, who traveled to Spain during its civil war, and returned home to fund-raise and organize. She created a scrapbook, a public-facing record of African American women’s efforts on behalf of Republican Spain, made up of photographs prepared for publication and articles about her efforts circulated in newspapers. This feminist perspective of the “folks at home” is a crucial addendum to black history of the war in Spain. Edwards’s scrapbook is a multifaceted document: a kind of autobiography that is self-conscious in its historical record-keeping, an account of a very broad black Popular Front, and a black feminist history of the Spanish Civil War.

Maori and Alcohol: A Reconsidered History

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mancall ◽  
Paul Robertson ◽  
Terry Huriwai
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
European Contact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Related Harm ◽  
Different Parts

Objective: To document aspects of the history of alcohol use among Maori, with a particular focus on the period from 1840 to 1872 and to identify potential use of this knowledge in the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of alcohol-related harm among Maori in contemporary New Zealand. Method: A survey of the surviving documentation about alcohol in nineteenth-century New Zealand; materials were predominantly drawn from the writings of pakeha (non-Maori) missionaries, officials and travellers, as well as available statistical records. Results: Analysis of early written historical records suggests significant variation in the response of Maori to the introduction of alcohol in different parts of New Zealand during the period following European contact. Conclusions: One stereotype that has arisen suggests Maori have been incapable of and/or unable to manage the production and use of alcohol. On the other hand, another commonly held belief has been that Maori supported abstinence or ‘resisted alcohol’ because they recognised its ‘ruinous nature’ and because it was contrary to traditional custom and practices. Historical information indicates that the Maori response to the introduction of alcohol was in fact diverse and for much of the nineteenth century alcohol was non-problematic for many Maori. This reinterpretation of the historical record can potentially empower contemporary Maori to take greater responsibility for the use of alcohol. It also challenges the negativity of the stereotypes generated by historical misinformation.

Quipus and Yupanas as Imperial Registers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Urton
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Arithmetic Functions ◽  
Simple Device ◽  
Storage Facility ◽  
Coastal Site ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Private Collections

The Incas used the quipu, a knotted cord device, for administrative and historical record-keeping. This chapter summarizes the modern scholarship on the quipu, which uses colonial documents and analyses of the construction and numerical composition of surviving quipus. Seventeenth-century sources describe how quipu records were calculated using the yupana, a simple device for performing basic arithmetic functions. Most of the extant quipus are found in museums or private collections, removed from their original context, but the recent discovery of several quipus that were left at the coastal site of Inkawasi when it was abandoned offer a unique opportunity to consider how they were used to register the movement of staple goods moving in and out of an Inca imperial storage facility.

scholarly journals Urban Tribes: Native Americans in the City by L. Charleyboy & M.B. Leatherdale (Eds.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trudy Cardinal ◽  
Fran Caudron
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The City

Charleyboy, Lisa and Mary Beth Leatherdale (Eds.).  Urban Tribes: Native Americans in the City.  Toronto, ON: Annickpress Ltd., 2015, Print.Lisa Charleyboy and Mary Beth Leatherdale, editors of the highly acclaimed Dreaming in Indian (2014) have created another anthology, this time with a focus on Urban Indigenous youth and young adults (aged 13–35).  From poets to financiers to Hollywood actors, the anthology provides a glimpse into over 30 lives of successful Indigenous young people.Pushing boundaries and troubling stereotypes, the editors offer a deeper understanding of the multiplicities of lives as they share stories of Indigenous youth and young adults negotiating who they are and are becoming in an urban landscape.  The mixed media portrayal with an exquisite use of photographs and graphic art weaves together stories, each told in unique ways, inviting the reader into the lives of the youth and young adults in meaningful ways.  This book is an honest and realistic portrayal of both the adversities and advantages experienced by Indigenous youth, some of whom have left tight-knit communities on reserves to follow their dreams in large cities and some of whom have lived in urban centers all of their lives.  Calling our attention to notions of renaissance, shattering stereotypes, racism and identity the book does not shy away from the more difficult stories or the larger context that shape the lives of Indigenous Peoples.  With the focus on individuals and their lives we are able to see the beauty in the myriad of ways that the youth respond as they create lives that are not bound by any one notion of success, inspiration or Indigenous culture. In the midst of the stories there are statistics, historical contexts and geographical understandings of the sometimes invisible lives of Urban Indigenous Peoples across North America making this anthology a great resource for all Canadian Classrooms ranging from junior high to post-secondary. From this anthology Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous alike are able to gain a better understanding and appreciation of the diversity and complexity of lives of Urban Indigenous Peoples.Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewers: Trudy Cardinal & Fran CaudronDr. Trudy Cardinal is a Cree/Métis scholar from the University of Alberta whose research interests center on the experiences of Indigenous children and families on and off school landscapes.  Her passion for stories and storytelling includes a love of children’s literature, especially literature written by and portraying the multiplicities in the lives of Indigenous youth and families.Fran Caudron (MRE) is a teacher in northern Alberta who teaches in a school that serves a large and diverse Indigenous student population.  She graduated with her MRE from Newman Theological College in 2011, and is interested in using literature to promote and instill a love of reading and writing in her students.

Moravians

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Spencer Fogleman
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
British North America ◽  
New Community

The Moravians were a mostly German Pietist religious group that spread throughout the Atlantic world and beyond in the 18th century. Though considered “Protestant,” their origins predate the Reformation. In the late 14th century, a grassroots religious renewal movement began in Bohemia and Moravia that gained momentum after the martyrdom of its two most important leaders, Jan Hus (b. c. 1369–d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague (b. 1379–d. 1416). Thereafter, a mass movement developed that armed itself and successfully fought off numerous crusades by forces of the Holy Roman Empire bent on its destruction. After a settlement that secured its existence, a branch of this “Hussite” movement became pacifist and called itself the Unitas Fratrum, a name the Moravians carry to this day. Victorious imperial Catholic forces destroyed them and other “Protestants” in Bohemia and Moravia during the Thirty Years’ War, forcing them to go underground. In 1722 a remnant of the old Unitas Fratrum from Moravia settled on the estates of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700–1760) in Upper Lusatia (Saxony). They began building a new community called Herrnhut, with Zinzendorf as their leader, and in 1728 the Unitas Fratrum formally celebrated its rebirth. Under Zinzendorf’s direction, the movement expanded rapidly in the mid-18th century and developed a rigorous mission program that continues to this day. The Moravians promoted ecumenism in a confessional age, which led to their involvement with Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches in often controversial ways. They are important to Atlantic history because they engaged with Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in significant ways throughout the Atlantic world, and they kept detailed records of their activities. Many of their early missionary efforts failed, but they became noted for their successes, especially among slaves on St. Thomas, St. Croix, and elsewhere in the Caribbean; the Mahicans, Delawares, and Shawnees in British North America; Maroons and later slaves in Suriname; and Inuits in Greenland. They also had significant short-term successes among the Arawaks in Berbice and Cherokees in northern Georgia. Suriname became a long-term success story in the 19th century, and in the late 19th and 20th centuries, Moravians had tremendous success in Africa. Today, the largest numbers of Moravians are in Africa and North America, not Europe. It is their mission successes in so many places, combined with their disassociation from European imperial projects, their record keeping, and their cosmopolitan Weltanschauung, that make them such an important people to the study of Atlantic history, especially for historians who wish to cross imperial boundaries and study encounters among all peoples in the region.

Social Provision before the Twentieth Century

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Social Provision ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Federal Land

This chapter traces the evolution of social provision in the United States from the colonial era forward, chronicling the local, state, and national-level policy developments that constituted the foundation on which the American welfare state would be built. Specific social welfare benefits discussed include local poor relief; institutional approaches to social provision, such as the poorhouse and the workhouse; state and federal veterans’ pensions and land grants; and federal land entitlements for nonveterans. The essay also considers the legacy of the English Poor Law; the social construction of citizen deservingness; the establishment of programmatic entitlement as a policy practice; the influence of federalism and of illiberal hierarchies of gender, race, ethnicity, and class on early social policy development; and the special challenges faced by women, the elderly, the disabled, slaves, free blacks, and Native Americans in seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century America.

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