Characterization of Polyurethane Foams by Mid-Infrared Fiber/FT-IR Spectrometry

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. de Haseth ◽  
Jennifer E. Andrews ◽  
John V. McClusky ◽  
Ralph D. Priester ◽  
Matthew A. Harthcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Cure Process ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Internal Reflectance ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

The use of a mid-infrared transmitting fiber to monitor the cure process of a polyurethane foam is described. A chalcogenide fiber was situated between the spectrometer and a remote detector, but passed through the center of a polyurethane foam. This fiber was used as an internal reflectance element to observe changes in the polyurethane curing process. The appearance and disappearance of absorbances in the NH-stretching, carbonyl stretching (free urea and urethane, hydrogen-bonded urethane, and monodentate and bidentate hydrogen-bonded urea), isocyanate, and isocyanurate regions were monitored. These changes provided information about the reaction kinetics and morphological development of the foam.

Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Oil-based Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Phosphaphenanthrene Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 760-771
Author(s):  
Qirui Gong ◽  
Niangui Wang ◽  
Kaibo Zhang ◽  
Shizhao Huang ◽  
Yuhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Degradation Activation Energy ◽  
Ft Ir

A phosphaphenanthrene groups containing soybean oil based polyol (DSBP) was synthesized by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Soybean oil based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized by ESO and H2O. The chemical structure of DSBP and HSBP were characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. The corresponding rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared by mixing DSBP with HSBP. The results revealed apparent density and compression strength of RPUFs decreased with increasing the DSBP content. The cell structure of RPUFs was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which displayed the cells as spherical or polyhedral. The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 vertical burning test. The degradation activation energy (Ea) of first degradation stage reduced from 80.05 kJ/mol to 37.84 kJ/mol with 80 wt% DSBP. The RUPF with 80 wt% DSBP achieved UL94 V-0 rating and LOI 28.3. The results showed that the flame retardant effect was mainly in both gas phase and condensed phase.

Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Varying Amount of Blowing Agent

2019 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 346-350
Author(s):  
Jessalyn C. Grumo ◽  
Lady Jaharah Y. Jabber ◽  
Arnold A. Lubguban ◽  
Rey Y. Capangpangan ◽  
Arnold C. Alguno
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Average Cell Size ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Blowing Agent

We report on the rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) with varying amount of blowing agent. The effects of blowing agent in the formation of polyurethane will be characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. SEM images revealed that varying the amount of blowing agent will significantly change the surface morphology of the resulting RPUF. The average cell size of the RPUF increases with increasing amount of blowing agent. Moreover, FTIR results revealed the presence of functional group related to formation of urethane bonds such as N-H, C=O, C=N and C-O-C stretching suggesting that polyurethane foam was successfully synthesized. This simple and straightforward process of RPUF using water as blowing agent will be economical.

In Situ FT-IR Analysis of a Composite Curing Reaction Using a Mid-Infrared Transmitting Optical Fiber

1988 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 972-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. C. Compton ◽  
Stephen L. Hill ◽  
Norman A. Wright ◽  
Mark A. Druy ◽  
Joseph Piche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Graphite Fiber ◽  
Matrix Resin ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Polyimide Matrix

The use of a mid-infrared transmitting fiber to carry the infrared beam of an FT-IR spectrometer outside of the optical bench is reported. In addition it is demonstrated that it is possible to analyze samples using the fiber as an internal reflection element. The fiber is covered with a protective coating which can be removed for a short region, to allow contact with the sample over a controlled length. Two examples of the use of an optical fiber for remote sampling are discussed. The first shows that a spectrum of a liquid sample (2-butanone) can be easily measured, and the second shows how a fiber can be used to monitor the progress of curing reactions in thermoset composite materials. The spectrum of a resin was recorded before the cure by embedding the optical fiber in the graphite fiber/polyimide matrix resin prepreg, and then the progress of the cure was monitored during the curing process. This type of remote sampling shows tremendous potential for opening totally new areas of usage for FT-IR spectrometry, including the studies of hazardous materials, enclosed reactions, and processes that do not allow samples to be taken inside the spectrometer.

scholarly journals Numerical Studies of the Viscosity of Reacting Polyurethane Foam with Experimental Validation

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Kay Schäfer ◽  
Daisy Nestler ◽  
Jürgen Tröltzsch ◽  
Ikenna Ireka ◽  
Dariusz Niedziela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Linear Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Numerical Studies

Products made of polyurethane foam are manufactured by the chemical reaction of various low-viscosity raw materials and additives. The diversity of different formulations to meet the requirements of the market makes the characterization of their processing and flow properties important for a simple and error-free production. The modeling and simulation of such processes are equally of great importance. This provides additional findings without the expense of real tests and makes it easier to design components. The work described in this paper was carried out against this background. An experimental setup using a rheometer was developed to determine the flow and curing properties of reacting polyurethane foam reproducibly with comparable expansion conditions to industrial processes. The experiment was mathematically modelled to investigate the rheology of reacting polyurethane foams. The mathematical framework consists of coupled, non-linear, partial differential equations for the dynamics and the heat transfer processes in the system. These are solved numerically in 3D using finite volume techniques under adequate physical conditions. The accuracy of two viscosity laws according to the state of the art and their novel combination were investigated in this context. The proposed viscosity model of this study provides accurate results compared to the experiment.

Quantitative Analysis of Water in Milk by FT-IR Spectrometry

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1180-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hop ◽  
H.-J. Luinge ◽  
H. Van Hemert
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Transmission Spectra ◽  
Reference Region ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Water Band ◽  
Ft Ir

FT-IR spectrometry was used to determine the water content of milk. Transmission spectra were taken with a 40-μm capillary cell. Calibration was performed in the mid-infrared on a specific water band at 2110 cm−1 and a reference region at 2590 cm−1. Multiple linear regression resulted in a prediction error of 0.14% water for milk samples having a water content between 84.9 and 88.0 w/w %.

scholarly journals FT-IR SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF POTSHERDS EXCAVATED FROM THE FIRST SETTLEMENT LAYER OF KURIKI MOUND, TURKEY

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
MURAT BAYAZIT ◽  
ISKENDER ISIK ◽  
SEDAT CERECI ◽  
ALI ISSI ◽  
ELIF GENC
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Complementary Techniques ◽  
Ir Spectroscopic ◽  
Mineralogical Phase

The region covering Southeastern Anatolia takes place in upper Mesopotamia, so it has numerous cultural heritages due to its witness to various social movements of different civilizations in ancient times. Kuruki Mound is located on the junction point of Tigris River and Batman Creek, near Oymatas village which is almost 15 km to Batman, Turkey. The mound is dated back to Late Chalcolithic. Archaeological excavations are carried out on two hills named as “Kuriki Mound-1” and “Kuriki Mound-2” in which 4-layer and 2-layer settlements have been revealed, respectively. This region will be left under the water by the reservoir lake of Ilısu Dam when its construction is completed. Thus, characterization of ancient materials such as potsherds, metals and skeleton ruins should be rapidly done. In this study, 12 potsherds excavated from Layer-1 (the first settlement layer after the surface) in Kuriki Mound-2 were investigated by FT-IR spectrometry. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used as complementary techniques in order to expose chemical and mineralogical/phase contents, respectively. Obtained results showed that the potteries have been produced with calcareous clays and they include moderate amounts of MgO , K 2 O , Na 2 O and Fe 2 O 3 in this context. Additionally, high temperature phases have also been detected with XRD analyses in some samples.

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