scholarly journals Optimizing the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel for the diagnosis of Leptospirosis in a low resource, hyper-endemic setting with varied microgeographic variation in reactivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009565
Author(s):  
Dinesha Jayasundara ◽  
Chandika Gamage ◽  
Indika Senavirathna ◽  
Janith Warnasekara ◽  
Michael A. Matthias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Reference Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Retrospective Diagnosis ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Microgeographic Variation ◽  
Proper Performance ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the standard serological reference test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis, despite being a technically demanding and laborious procedure. The use of a locally optimised MAT panel is considered essential for proper performance and interpretation of results. This paper describes the procedure of selecting such an optimised panel for Sri Lanka, a country hyper-endemic for leptospirosis. MAT was performed using 24 strains on 1132 serum samples collected from patients presenting with acute undifferentiated fever. Of 24 strains, 15 were selected as the optimised panel, while only 11% of serum samples showed positivity. A geographical variation in predominantly reactive serovars was observed, whereas reactivity was low with the saprophytic strain Patoc. Testing with paired sera yielded a higher sensitivity but provided only a retrospective diagnosis. Serological tests based on ELISA with complimentary molecular diagnosis using PCR are a feasible and robust alternative approach to diagnose leptospirosis in countries having a higher burden of the disease.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of Leptospira spp. in Household and Stray Dogs by Microscopic Agglutination Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Ali Shabestari Asl ◽  
Mohammad Bafandehzendeh ◽  
Gholamreza Abdollahpoor
Keyword(s):  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Leptospira Serovars ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide significance in human beings and many animals. This zoonotic disease causes infection in dogs and other pet animals and these animals can influence human’s health. Given the unknown prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs in our area, this study was performed to investigate the sero-epidemiology of leptospirosis and evaluate the seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars in both household and stray dogs by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Methods: Serum samples of 90 dogs in two household and stray groups (45 dogs for each group) were collected. Specimens were examined by MAT (in accordance with the procedure recommended by WHO) against antigens of serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Hardjo, Autumnalis, and Ballum. Results: In total, 6.7% of (n=6) dogs (1 stray and 5 household dogs) had a serum titer of 1:100 or more against Leptospira serovars. Dominant serovars were Canicola (8.9%), Grippotyphosa (2.2%), and Pomona (2.2%), respectively. The antibody titer against more than one serovar was observed only in one dog. The sero-prevalence was 11.1% in household dogs and 2.2% in stray dogs. Since 4 pet dogs had been vaccinated recently, it seems that the actual percentage of infection in household dogs must be just 2.2% and actual infection in dogs including stray dogs is approximately 4.4% in Tabriz. Conclusion: Fortunately, the rate of infection in Tabriz is low and this can be due to special geographical and climatic conditions, regular and annual vaccination of household dogs against this disease, and lack of suitable conditions for the growth and survival of such micro-organisms in the environment

scholarly journals Prevalence and spatial analysis of antileptospiral agglutinins in dairy cattle - Microregion of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, 2009/2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Nicolino ◽  
L.B. Lopes ◽  
R.O. Rodrigues ◽  
J.F.B. Teixeira ◽  
J.P.A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Lactating Cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in the dairy herds from Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the years 2009 and 2010. A total of 2,915 serum samples were collected from the lactating cows of 151 properties in eleven municipalities located in the Sete Lagoas region. The Microscopic Agglutination Test was used to detect antileptospiral agglutinins. An individual animal prevalence of 20.7% (95% CI = 17.1% - 24.3%) and a herd prevalence of 80.8% (95% CI = 73.8% = 87.7%) were determined. The most prevalent serovars were hardjoprajitno at 19.4%; hardjoprajitnostrain Norma at 17.4%; and hardjo-bovis at 17.4%. These results show the significance of the hardjo serovar in bovine leptospirosis cases in Minas Gerais.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and distribution of leptospiral serovars in livestock (cattle, goats, and sheep) in flood-prone Kelantan, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sabri Abdul Rahman ◽  
Siti Khairani Bejo ◽  
Zunita Zakaria ◽  
Latiffah Hassan ◽  
Mohd Azri Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
The State ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Serum Samples

AbstractIntroductionLeptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals, the occurrence of which increases markedly during and after heavy rainfall and flooding. The aim of this study was to determine the serological prevalence of leptospiral infection in livestock after a voluminous flood in 10 districts of the Malaysian state of Kelantan.Material and MethodsIn December 2014, Kelantan was hit by an extensive flood. A total of 1,728 serum samples were collected from livestock from the state, comprised of 1,024 from cattle, 366 from goats and 338 from sheep, and they were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).ResultsAltogether, 203 (11.75%; 203/1728; 95% CI: 10.20%–13.30%) of the tested sera were found to be positive serologically. Cattle had the highest prevalence of 14.16% (145/1024), while goats and sheep had 11.20% (41/366) and 5.03% (17/338) respectively. The most frequent serovars detected were Hardjo-bovis (3.70%; 64/1728), Hebdomadis (2.08%; 36/1728) and Pomona (1.04%; 18/1728). There was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between livestock that were exposed to the flood and seropositivity.ConclusionThis study showed that flood is a risk factor that can play a role in the epidemiology of leptospiral infection in livestock.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Leptospirosis in Domestic Animals Reared on Exposed or Non-Exposed to Flood Areas of Eastern Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Wasiński ◽  
Jacek Sroka ◽  
Angelina Wójcik-Fatla ◽  
Violetta Zając ◽  
Ewa Cisak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Blood serum samples collected from randomly selected groups of 32 pigs and 41 cows reared in farms belonging to the rural community “A” located in eastern Poland and exposed to the Vistula river floods, and serum samples from groups of 41 pigs and 40 cows from farms belonging to the rural community “B” located also in eastern Poland but not in the area exposed to floods, were examined by the microscopic agglutination test for the presence of antibodies against 18 Leptospira serovars. The percentage of serum samples presenting positive results with at least one serovar were higher in pigs and cows from community “A” comparing to community “B” (34.4% vs. 4.9% and 26.8% vs. 15.0%, respectively). In the case of pigs, the difference was statistically significant (P=0.0015). The reactions with 12 Leptospira serovars (Australis, Bataviae, Bratislava, Canicola, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Poi, Cynopteri, Grippotyphosa, Celledoni,), belonging to four species (L. interrogans, L.borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, L. weili) were found in the examined animals. In community “B”, six reactions with one serovar and two reactions with two serovars were noted whereas in community “A” - 19 reactions with one serovar, one reaction with two serovars and two reactions with six serovars were observed. The titres in animals reared in community “A” were significantly higher (up to 25,600) compared to community “B” (up to 200, P=0.0094). The obtained results suggest that the exposure to flooding may increase the infection rate in pigs and cows from afflicted areas to some extent.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Infection in Cattle from Central and Northern Madagascar

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2014
Author(s):  
Theresa Schafbauer ◽  
Anou Dreyfus ◽  
Benedikt Hogan ◽  
Raphael Rakotozandrindrainy ◽  
Sven Poppert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Zoonotic Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Very High

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance, especially in tropical countries. The current Leptospira spp. seroprevalence in cattle from central and northern Madagascar is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence resulting from infections with pathogenic Leptospira spp. in zebu cattle from these areas. Serum samples from 194 animals were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 12 serovars as antigens. Samples with a titer of ≥1:100 were considered positive. The overall seroprevalence was 59.3% (95% CI; 52.0–66.2%) with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:1600. Among the seropositive animals, the most frequent antibody reactions were against serovar L. Tarassovi (serogroup L. Tarassovi) with 40.2% (33.3–47.5%), followed by L. Hardjo (L. Sejroe) with 13.9% (9.5–19.8%), L. Grippotyphosa (L. Grippotyphosa) with 9.8% (6.2–15.1%), L. Pomona (L. Pomona) with 7.7% (4.5–12.7%) and L. Autumnalis (L. Autumnalis) with 5.2% (2.6–9.5%). Less than 5% of the samples reacted positively against the remaining serovars. These results indicate a very high exposure of Malagasy cattle to Leptospira spp. which, consequently, poses a definite risk for people working with cattle acquiring this zoonotic infection.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 498-504
Author(s):  
T.V.L. Charishma Devi ◽  
◽  
B. Mounika ◽  
SK. Sharmila ◽  
Satheesh S. Gottipati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
Human Sepsis ◽  
Transmission Of Disease ◽  
Host Tissues

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it arises worldwide but it is most frequent in tropical and subtropical zone. It is one of the notifiable and treatable disease. Leptospirosis is a plague caused by species of bacteria called Leptospira the bacteria shed into the nature via urine of infected animals. Rats are the most recurrent source of human sepsis. Rivers are the assumption to be a predominant risk factor for transmission of disease to humans. It possesses an extensive variation of mechanisms that allow them to avoid the host immune system and cause infection. The infection is extremely vast ranging from subclinical to multi organ infection with elevated mortality. It is frequently mild but can be terminal, it is likely to be serious and the serious alignment form known as Weils disease and can easily steer to death. The mingling of renal failure, hemorrhage and jaundice is known as Weils disease. It is the most affection pattern associated with critical leptospirosis. It is accumulating as a serious problem worldwide and superficially existing as co-infections with various unrelated diseases, including malaria and dengue. Laboratory diagnostic tests are not always accessible and usually diagnosis is executed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology and microscopic agglutination test, rapid test are also feasible. The MAT (microscopic agglutination test) is known as Gold standard. Serological tests are most frequently used for the diagnosis of leptospirois. The carcinogenesis of human disease and mechanism of cell membrane injuries which take place mainly due to the occupancy of leptospirosis along with their antigen in host tissues many molecules hand out to the ability of leptospira to invade, colonize and to adhere. In most of the cases antibiotics are preferred to reduce the symptoms of leptospirosis.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1212-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusha Alamuri ◽  
Sushma R. A. Thirumalesh ◽  
S. Sowjanya Kumari ◽  
K. Vinod Kumar ◽  
Parimal Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Indian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Leptospira Serovars

Aim: In this study, the prevalence and the distribution status of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies among cattle and buffaloes in enzootic districts of Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian state was carried out. Materials and Methods: A total of 426 serum samples were randomly sampled from various villages from Prakasam, Kurnool, Guntur, Chittoor, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh between 2016 and 2017. Serum samples from cattle (n=106) and buffaloes (n=320) having a history of pyrexia, and reproductive problems such as agalactia, infertility, abortions, and stillbirth. The serum samples were screened for Leptospira-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test using a reference panel of 18 live cultures of pathogenic Leptospira serovars. Results: The overall seropositivity of 68.08% (290/426) was observed with 70.8% (75/106) in cattle and 67.18% (215/320) in buffaloes. The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies in the sampled areas was determined against the employed serovars as follows: Icterohaemorrhagiae - 21.38%, Hebdomadis - 18.97%, Australis - 18.62%, Pomona - 17.24%, Sejroe - 15.86%, Tarassovi - 15.86%, Autumnalis - 15.52%, Panama - 14.83%, Shermani - 12.07%, Javanica - 11.38%, Hurstbridge - 11.03%, and Pyrogenes - 10.69%. Conclusion: It was evident that bovines had a role in maintaining several predominant Leptospira serovars with the change in the trend over a period. The results from this study would also help in strategizing and mitigating the disease burden in cattle and buffaloes of the enzootic area. Keywords: buffaloes, cattle, distribution of serovars, leptospirosis, microscopic agglutination test, seroprevalence.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Leptospirosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. Levett ◽  
Carol U. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hemagglutination Assay ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Indirect Hemagglutination ◽  
Human Sera

Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources and expertise to perform the microscopic agglutination test. There is a need for rapid and simple serological tests which facilitate the early diagnosis of leptospirosis, while antibiotic therapy may be most effective. A commercially available indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA; MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.) was evaluated with multiple serum specimens from 107 patients being investigated for leptospirosis. By using a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies and the microscopic agglutination test, 54 patients were found to have leptospirosis and 53 were found not to have leptospirosis. The sensitivity of IHA for the detection of acute leptospirosis was 100%, the specificity was 94%, the positive predictive value was 95%, and the negative predictive value was 100%. IHA was negative when 13 antinuclear antibody-positive sera, 24 serum specimens from patients with syphilis, and 16 serum specimens false positive by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test were tested. IHA was shown to detect both IgM and IgG classes of antibodies in human sera. Serum specimens from 27 dogs investigated for leptospirosis were studied: 3 samples gave nonspecific hemagglutination, but for all remaining samples, the results of IHA and an IgM ELISA were concordant. Performance of IHA was simple, and IHA requires no specialized equipment. It represents a useful assay for laboratories which require a leptospiral diagnostic capability but lack the expertise to perform specialist investigations.

scholarly journals Presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in captive yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) in the Eastern Amazon

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Maria Santos Miranda ◽  
Katarine de Souza Rocha ◽  
Louysse Helene Monteiro ◽  
Ianny Watuzy Monteiro Baia ◽  
Thamillys Rayssa Marques Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Region ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Podocnemis Unifilis ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
River Turtles

ABSTRACT: We describe anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinin in yellow-spotted river turtles (Podocnemis unifilis)in the Amazon region. Ninety-eight serum samples from individuals housed at the Bosque Rodrigues Alves Zoobotanical Garden of Amazonia, Belém, PA, Brazil, were subject to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 19 different Leptospira spp. antigen serogroups. Thirty-four of the 98 samples (35%) were reactive, with titers ranging from 100 to 3200, and eight 8 reactive samples (23.5%) co-agglutinated under two or more serovars.The most common serogroup was Hebdomadis (26.9%, 7/26), followed by Semaranga (23%, 6/26), Shermani (19.2%, 5/26), Djasiman (11.5%, 3/26), and Australis (7.7%, 2/26); Bataviae, Javanica, and Sejroewere represented by a single sample each (3.9%). The presence of turtles reactive to anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies implies exposure to the pathogen.

scholarly journals Evidence of exposure to Leptospira spp. in dogs at a zoonosis control center in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mírian Da Rocha Albuquerque ◽  
Thalita Amaral dos Reis ◽  
Katarine De Souza Rocha ◽  
Jacqueline Da Silva Brito ◽  
Gleiciane Schupp De Sena Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Microscopic Agglutination Test ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Prior Contact

Evidence of exposure to Leptospira spp. in dogs housed in the kennel of the Zoonosis Control Center of Belém, Pará, Brazil, was investigated. Whole blood and serum samples from 145 dogs were investigated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT), respectively. A total of 64.14% of the dogs were found to be seropositive for Leptospira spp., with the most frequent serogroup being Djasiman (39.73%). However, PCR results revealed that all of the dogs were negative for Leptospira spp. DNA. Although the results of the study suggest the animals did not currently have leptospires in blood, they only show circulating anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies, implying prior contact with the bacteria.

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