scholarly journals The many facets of disseminated parenchymal brain cysticercosis: A differential diagnosis with important therapeutic implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0009883
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Del Brutto ◽  
Hector H. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
The Many

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), the infection of the nervous system by the cystic larvae of Taenia solium, is a highly pleomorphic disease because of differences in the number and anatomical location of lesions, the viability of parasites, and the severity of the host immune response. Most patients with parenchymal brain NCC present with few lesions and a relatively benign clinical course, but massive forms of parenchymal NCC can carry a poor prognosis if not well recognized and inappropriately managed. We present the main presentations of massive parenchymal NCC and their differential characteristics.

scholarly journals CC Chemokines Mediate Leukocyte Trafficking into the Central Nervous System during Murine Neurocysticercosis: Role of γδ T Cells in Amplification of the Host Immune Response

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 2634-2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid E. Cardona ◽  
Paula A. Gonzalez ◽  
Judy M. Teale
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Leukocyte Trafficking ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT According to a previous report, the degree of the host immune response highly correlates with severity of the disease in the murine model for neurocysticercosis. In wild-type mice, Mesocestoides corti infection induced a rapid and extensive accumulation of γδ T cells and macrophages in the brain. NK cells, dendritic cells, αβ T cells, and B cells were also recruited to the brain but at lower levels. In contrast, γδ T-cell-deficient mice exhibited decreased cellular infiltration and reduced central nervous system (CNS) pathology. To understand the mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment into the CNS, chemokine expression was analyzed in infected brains in the present study. MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), and MIP-1β (CCL4) were up-regulated within 2 days after M. corti infection. Protein expression of RANTES (CCL5), eotaxin (CCL11), and MIP-2 was detected later, at 1 week postinfection. Correlating with the decreased cellular infiltration, delta chain T-cell receptor-deficient (TCRδ−/−) mice exhibited substantially reduced levels of most of the chemokines analyzed (with the exception of eotaxin). The results suggest that γδ T cells play an important role in the CNS immune response by producing chemokines such as MCP-1 and MIP-1α, enhancing leukocyte trafficking into the brain during murine neurocysticercosis.

scholarly journals Bruns' syndrome and racemose neurocysticercosis: a case report

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Diehl Rodriquez ◽  
Denise Neme da Silva Crestani ◽  
José Otávio Dworzecki Soares ◽  
Paulo Roberto Franceshini ◽  
Ronnie Petersen Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Head Posture ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Type Size ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Basal Cisterns

Cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. The parasite may infect the central nervous system, causing neurocysticercosis (NCC). The clinical manifestations depend on load, type, size, location, stage of development of the cysticerci, and the host's immune response against the parasite. The racemose variety occurs in the ventricles or basal cisterns and is a malignant form. Mobile ventricular mass can produce episodic hydrocephalus on changing head posture with attacks of headache, vomiting, and vertigo, triggered by abrupt movement of the head, a phenomenon called Bruns' syndrome (BS). We report a patient with racemose NCC and BS.

scholarly journals The Long Road to the Immunodiagnosis of Neurocysticercosis: Controversies and Confusions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez ◽  
Carlos Larralde ◽  
Pedro Ostoa-Saloma ◽  
Víctor Hugo Del Río Araiza ◽  
Jorge Morales-Montor
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
The Many ◽  
Positive Results

To date, even widely studied, there is not a standard diagnostic method to detect neurocysticercotic patients. The later due to the complex nature of cysticercosis disease and the simplicity of common immunological assumptions involved in explaining the low scores and reproducibility of immunotests in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. To begin with, the few studies dealing with the immune response during neurocysticercosis are not conclusive, which of course it is crucial to develop an immunodiagnostic test. Their full recognition should clear confusion and reduce controversy as well as provide avenues of research and technological design. In here, logical arguments add that even under common immunological assumptions, serology of neurocysticercosis will always include false negative and positive results. Thus, serology is no strong support for medical diagnosis of neurocysticercosis (NC). In contrast, immunotests performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neurological patients should have fewer false positive and fewer false negatives than in serum. To conclude, it is argued that high scores in serology for NC will not yield to usual approaches and that success needs of a concerted worldwide effort. A more punctilious strategy based on the design of panels of confirmed positive and negative sera needs to be construed, shared and tested by all interested groups to obtain comparable results. The identification of a set of specific and representative antigens of Taenia solium (T. solium) and a thorough compilation of the many forms of antibody response of humans to the many forms of T. solium disease are also to be considered as one of the most importants factors to the disease.

scholarly journals An AI-guided invariant signature places MIS-C with Kawasaki disease in a continuum of host immune responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Sahoo ◽  
Gajanan Dattatray ◽  
Chisato Shimizu ◽  
Jihoon Kim ◽  
Soni Khandelwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transcript Signature ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Formalin Fixed

A significant surge in cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C, also called Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome - PIMS) has been observed amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. MIS-C shares many clinical features with Kawasaki disease (KD), although clinical course and outcomes are divergent. We analyzed whole blood RNA sequences, serum cytokines, and formalin fixed heart tissues from these patients using a computational toolbox of two gene signatures, i.e., the 166-gene viral pandemic (ViP) signature, and its 20-gene severe (s)ViP subset that were developed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a 13-transcript signature previously demonstrated to be diagnostic for KD. Our analyses revealed that KD and MIS-C are on the same continuum of the host immune response as COVID-19 but diverge with two different cardiac phenotypes. The ViP signatures helped unravel the nature of the host immune response (IL15-centric) in MIS-C and KD, reveal unique targetable cytokine pathways in MIS-C, place MIS-C farther along in the spectrum in severity compared to KD and pinpoint key clinical (reduced cardiac function) and laboratory (thrombocytopenia and eosinopenia) parameters that can be useful to monitor severity.

scholarly journals Paraurethral cysts in women. Features of diagnostics

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
A. A. Kostin ◽  
L. V. Shaplygin ◽  
N. G. Kulchenko ◽  
A. Mansur ◽  
I. S. Shulpina
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Lower Urinary Tract ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Urethral Diverticulum ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Paraurethral Cyst ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature ◽  
Lower Urinary

In women aged from 20 up to 60 years paraurethral cysts occur in 1–6%. In most cases, the clinical course of paraurethral cysts is asymptomatic, so their diagnosis can cause difficulties. Women who have paraurethral cysts may complain of pain, dyspareunia, and urinary disorders. The size of a cyst more than 2 cm can affect the quality of patient’s life, and very often causes symptoms of the lower urinary tract, including obstructive ones. Paraurethral cysts need to be differentiated other perineal formations. This article presents a review of the literature on the etiology, clinical course and diagnosis of paraurethral cysts. The main points of differential diagnosis of paraurethral cyst with urethral diverticulum, adenocarcinoma are also consecrated. Taking into consideration the anatomical location and the specifics of the treatment of paraurethral cysts, this problem has an interdisciplinary nature and requires the attention of specialists such as: urologist, gynecologist, surgeon.

Epigenetic Mechanisms Influencing COVID-19

Genome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rwik Sen ◽  
Michael R Garbati ◽  
Kevin Bryant ◽  
Yanan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Viral Receptor ◽  
Epigenetic Modifiers ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
The Many

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most significant public health threats in recent history and has impacted the lives of almost everyone worldwide. Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to many aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle, including expression levels of viral receptor ACE2, expression of cytokine genes as part of the host immune response, and the implication of various histone modifications in several aspects of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 proteins physically associate with many different host proteins over the course of infection, and notably there are several interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic enzymes such as HDACs and bromodomain-containing proteins as shown by correlation-based studies. The many contributions of epigenetic mechanisms to the viral life cycle and the host immune response to infection have resulted in epigenetic factors being identified as emerging biomarkers for COVID-19, and project epigenetic modifiers as promising therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19. This review article highlights the major epigenetic pathways at play during COVID-19 disease and discusses ongoing clinical trials that will hopefully contribute to slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Congenital Myoepithelial Carcinoma of Soft Tissue Associated With Cystic Myoepithelioma

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Chiara Baldovini ◽  
Stefania Sorrentino ◽  
Cesar Augusto Alves ◽  
Gianluca Piatelli ◽  
Alberto Garaventa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
Myoepithelial Carcinoma ◽  
Cystic Structure ◽  
Localized Disease ◽  
Aggressive Tumors

Myoepithelial neoplasms of soft tissue represent a heterogeneous group of lesions, encompassing both benign entities as myoepithelioma (ME) and highly aggressive tumors as myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC). We describe a case of pediatric soft tissue MEC with peculiar features that may lead to misdiagnosis: congenital onset and presence of a benign component with predominant cystic structure. Few cases of congenital MEC have been reported, but the coexistence of MEC with ME is even more rare, accounting for less than 1% of myoepithelial tumors. Moreover, an extensive cystic appearance had never been described in either ME or MEC of soft tissue. Despite several predictors of poor prognosis, the patient has been showing a favorable clinical course since the administration of ICpE (ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide) chemotherapy. This report provides valuable information in the differential diagnosis of cystic congenital tumors and supports a possible efficacy of adjuvant combined treatment for patients with localized disease after surgery.

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