scholarly journals Sargassum horneri C. Agardh space capacity estimation reveals that thallus surface area varies with wet weight

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. e0199103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xu ◽  
Shuji Sasa ◽  
Teruhisa Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sargassum Horneri ◽  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Space Capacity ◽  
Thallus Surface

scholarly journals Its What’s on the Inside That Counts: An Effective, Efficient, and Streamlined Method for Quantification of Octocoral Symbiodiniaceae and Chlorophyll

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Kate Steinberg ◽  
Emma L. Johnston ◽  
Teresa Bednarek ◽  
Katherine A. Dafforn ◽  
Tracy D. Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

Ocean warming driven bleaching is one of the greatest threats to zooxanthellate cnidarians in the Anthropocene. Bleaching is the loss of Symbiodiniaceae, chlorophyll, or both from zooxanthellate animals. To quantify bleaching and recovery, standardised methods for quantification of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll concentrations have been developed for reef-building scleractinian corals, but no such standard method has been developed for octocorals. For stony corals, quantification of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll concentrations often relies on normalisation to skeletal surface area or unit of biomass [i.e., protein, ash-free dry weight (AFDW)]. Stiff octocorals do not change their volume, as such studies have used volume and surface area to standardise densities, but soft-bodied octocorals can alter their size using water movement within the animal; therefore, Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll cannot accurately be measured per unit of surface area and are instead measured in units of Symbiodiniaceae and chlorophyll per μg of host protein or AFDW. Though AFDW is more representative of the full biomass composition than host protein, AFDW is more time and resource intensive. Here, we provide a streamlined methodology to quantify Symbiodiniaceae density, chlorophyll concentration, and protein content in soft-bodied octocorals. This technique uses minimal equipment, does not require freeze-drying or burning samples to obtain ash weight, and is effective for down to 0.2 g wet tissue. Bulk samples can be centrifuged, the Symbiodiniaceae pellet washed, and the supernatant saved for protein analysis. This efficient technique allows for clean, easy to count samples of Symbiodiniaceae with minimal animal protein contamination. Chlorophyll a and c2 extractions occurs at different rates, with chlorophyll a taking 24 h to extract completely at 4°C and chlorophyll c2 taking 48 h. Finally, we found that where necessary, wet weight may be used as a proxy for protein content, but the correlation of protein and wet weight varies by species and protein should be used when possible. Overall, we have created a rapid and accurate method for quantification of bleaching markers in octocorals.

Surface Area of the Euphausiid Thysanöessa raschii and Its Relation to Body Length, Weight, and Respiration

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth C. H. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Length ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Marine Crustaceans ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
Wet Weight

A method is described for estimating the surface area of marine crustaceans. The external surface area of the euphausiid Thysanöessa raschii (M. Sars) is proportional to length2.4, dry weight0.95, and wet weight0.84. Oxygen consumption is proportional to wet weight0.82, which indicates that respiration should be proportional to respiratory surface area. The implications of this finding regarding the relations of metabolic rate, size, and surface area are discussed in a broader framework by comparing them with similar studies on vertebrates and other invertebrates.

Determining dry weight and percentage dry matter of chironomid larvae

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1243-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dermott ◽  
C. G. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Metriocnemus Knabi ◽  
Wet Weight

Reproducible live wet weights may be obtained for medium to large larvae of Metriocnemus knabi and Chironomus attenuatus after blotting them on filter paper for 1 min. To obtain reliable measures of wet weight for smaller larvae the blotting time must be reduced in proportion to the surface area/volume ratio of the larvae. Dry weights are easily obtained by oven drying at 60 °C for 24 h but drying for several days does not affect the results. A temperature of 100 °C decreases die percentage dry matter in C. attenuatus. Both species display an increase in percentage dry matter with increasing size. The extent to which the gut is filled with food has no effect on the percentage dry matter. Attempts to determine dry weight directly from preserved larvae were unsuccessful.

Intestinal adaptation during lactation in the mouse. II. Altered intestinal processing of a dietary protein

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. G1126-G1132
Author(s):  
P. R. Harmatz ◽  
P. W. Carrington ◽  
V. Giovino-Barry ◽  
R. A. Hatz ◽  
K. J. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Intestinal Adaptation ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Control

We previously demonstrated in lactating mice a six- to eightfold increase in the intestinal uptake of the dietary protein, ovalbumin (OVA), administered by gavage. In this study, we tested the possibility that alterations in intestinal morphology, transit time, reduced luminal proteolysis, and enhanced association with the intestinal surface might account for the increased uptake of the protein observed in lactating mice. We found that these animals had a significant increase in length, wet weight, and surface area of the small intestine. No change in the number of Peyer's patches was noted. Intestinal transit was assessed by gavage administration of 125I-OVA and 10 mg OVA and localization of the peak of radioactivity 15, 30, and 60 min after feeding. Although motility (distance traveled per unit time) was not different in lactating and control mice at 15 and 30 min, the fraction of the small intestine traversed by the peak of radioactivity was less in lactating mice. Digestion of 125I-OVA administered by gavage with 10 mg unlabeled OVA was examined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and gel permeation of the resulting fragments. Lactating and control mice did not show differences in digestion of 125I-OVA by either measurement. The association of 125I-OVA with small intestinal segments, however, was enhanced in lactating mice, especially in the second and third segments of the small intestine. Thus several factors including an increase in length and surface area of the small intestine, prolonged contact of protein with the small intestinal absorptive surface, and enhanced association of the protein with the intestinal surface contribute to increased uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Oxygen Consumption of Prepupae of Drosophila Melanogaster Meigen, in Relation to the Surface Area of the Puparium

1945 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

1. A method is described by means of which the surface area of puparia of Drosophila melanogaster may be measured. 2. Measurement of almost 200 puparia showed that the relationship between surface area, per mg., and body weight could best be expressed in the form of the equation S=7.7049-2.1099X, where S=surface area, sq. mm. per mg. wet weight, for prepupae of mean wet weight X mg. As the standard error of estimate, ±0.117, is equal to only 2.2% of the mean surface area per mg., the surface area can be accurately estimated from the wet weight. 3. The prepupal oxygen consumption, per mg. wet weight, is shown to decrease steadily with increasing body weight; with an increase in mean wet weight from 0.847 to 1.700 mg., the oxygen consumption, per mg., decreases by about 50%. 4. Utilizing the above regression equation, the surface area of prepupae of known oxygen consumption was estimated and thus the oxygen consumption per sq. mm. of body surface. These values show no significant variation with increasing body weight, so that it can be concluded that the oxygen consumption of prepupae of D. melanogaster is proportional to the surface area.

scholarly journals The Mode of Action of Phenothiazine as an Anthelmintic. The Uptake of 35S-Labelled Phenothiazine by the Tissues of Nematode Parasites and Their Hosts

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Lazarus ◽  
WP Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Wet Weight

Ascaridia galli, Nippostrongylus muTis, and Haemonchus contortus took up phenothiazine in vitro at the rate of 0.12, 0.18, and 0.26 mg./g. dry wt./hour. The uptake, which was fastest at pH 6.0, was increased in the presence of a wetting agent. It was not proportional to the relative surface area/wet weight of the parasites. The ligaturing of A. galli did not appreciably reduce uptake of the drug in vitro.

Preparation and characterisation of vanadium pentoxide supported rhodium catalyst

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 946-947
Author(s):  
A. Legrouri
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Vanadium Pentoxide ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Rhodium Catalyst ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Reducible Oxides

The industrial importance of metal catalysts supported on reducible oxides has stimulated considerable interest during the last few years. This presentation reports on the study of the physicochemical properties of metallic rhodium supported on vanadium pentoxide (Rh/V2O5). Electron optical methods, in conjunction with other techniques, were used to characterise the catalyst before its use in the hydrogenolysis of butane; a reaction for which Rh metal is known to be among the most active catalysts.V2O5 powder was prepared by thermal decomposition of high purity ammonium metavanadate in air at 400 °C for 2 hours. Previous studies of the microstructure of this compound, by HREM, SEM and gas adsorption, showed it to be non— porous with a very low surface area of 6m2/g3. The metal loading of the catalyst used was lwt%Rh on V2Q5. It was prepared by wet impregnating the support with an aqueous solution of RhCI3.3H2O.

3H-galactose and 3H-glucose incorporation into newly synthesized hepatic glycogen in control-fed rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
J.E. Michaels ◽  
S.A. Garfield ◽  
J.T. Hung ◽  
S.S. Smith ◽  
R.R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
Tracer Dose ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
Wet Weight

3H-galactose (gal) and 3H-glucose (glu) were compared to determine which compound was preferable for pulse labeling newly formed hepatic glycogen. Control fed rats were used to achieve substantial and consistent levels of hepatic glycogen and to stimulate glycogen synthesis.Rats fed once daily for 4 hr achieved hepatic glycogen levels > 3% wet weight liver prior to injection by tail vein of a tracer dose of 3H-gal or 3H-glu. The rats were sacrificed 15-120 min later and liver was prepared by routine techniques for light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) radioautography (RAG) and biochemical analysis.

Cell morphology, volume, and surface area determinations from multilevel contouring within HVEM micrographs of serial sections and whole-cell mounts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 588-589
Author(s):  
M. Marko ◽  
A. Leith ◽  
D. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Based

The use of serial sections and computer-based 3-D reconstruction techniques affords an opportunity not only to visualize the shape and distribution of the structures being studied, but also to determine their volumes and surface areas. Up until now, this has been done using serial ultrathin sections.The serial-section approach differs from the stereo logical methods of Weibel in that it is based on the Information from a set of single, complete cells (or organelles) rather than on a random 2-dimensional sampling of a population of cells. Because of this, it can more easily provide absolute values of volume and surface area, especially for highly-complex structures. It also allows study of individual variation among the cells, and study of structures which occur only infrequently.We have developed a system for 3-D reconstruction of objects from stereo-pair electron micrographs of thick specimens.

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