scholarly journals NAM gene allelic composition and its relation to grain-filling duration and nitrogen utilisation efficiency of Australian wheat

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. e0205448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaid Alhabbar ◽  
Rongchang Yang ◽  
Angela Juhasz ◽  
Hu Xin ◽  
Maoyun She ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Allelic Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Utilisation ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling Duration ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

scholarly journals Proxy Measures and Novel Strategies for Estimating Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency in Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Anna Lavery ◽  
Conrad Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Utilisation ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

The efficiency with which dairy cows convert dietary nitrogen (N) to milk N is generally low (typically 25%). As a result, much of the N consumed is excreted in manure, from which N can be lost to the environment. Therefore there is increasing pressure to reduce N excretion and improve N use efficiency (NUE) on dairy farms. However, assessing N excretion and NUE on farms is difficult, thus the need to develop proximate measures that can provide accurate estimates of nitrogen utilisation. This review examines a number of these proximate measures. While a strong relationship exists between blood urea N and urinary N excretion, blood sampling is an invasive technique unsuitable for regular herd monitoring. Milk urea N (MUN) can be measured non-invasively, and while strong relationships exist between dietary crude protein and MUN, and MUN and urinary N excretion, the technique has limitations. Direct prediction of NUE using mid-infrared analysis of milk has real potential, while techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of faeces and manure have received little attention. Similarly, techniques such as nitrogen isotope analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine, and breath ammonia analysis may all offer potential in the future, but much research is still required.

scholarly journals Grain filling parameters in high-yielding ns wheat cultivars

2008 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Milka Brdar ◽  
Marija Kraljevic-Balalic ◽  
Borislav Kobiljski
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Estimated Parameters ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

Grain yield of wheat is dependent on grain weight, which is the result of grain filling duration and rate. The study was undertaken to examine the relation between grain weight and rate and duration of grain filling in five high-yielding NS wheat cultivars. Stepwise multivariate analysis of nonlinear regression estimated grain filling parameters was used to examine cultivar differences in grain filling. On the basis of three-year average, the highest grain dry weight had cultivar Renesansa, and the lightest grains were measured for cultivar Evropa 90. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that all three nonlinear regression estimated parameters (grain weight, rate and duration of grain filling) were equally important in characterizing the grain filling curves of the cultivars studied, although sequence of their significance varied in different years, which is probably caused by different environmental conditions in three years of experiment.

scholarly journals Exploiting Grain-Filling Rate and Effective Grain-Filling Duration to Improve Grain Yield of Early-Maturing Maize

Crop Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 2295-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmore Gasura ◽  
Peter Setimela ◽  
Richard Edema ◽  
Paul T. Gibson ◽  
Patrick Okori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Rate ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

Evaluation of cellular thermotolerance and associated heat tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under late sown condition

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chubasenla Aochen ◽  
Pravin Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Grain Filling Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Duration ◽  
Membrane Thermostability ◽  
Heat Susceptibility Index ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Fifty wheat genotypes were evaluated at the seedling stage of growth, for genetic variation in cellular thermotolerance by cell membrane thermostability (CMS) and Triphenyl tetrazolium choride (TTC) assays. A subset of eight genotypes was also evaluated at the anthesis stage using the same assays. Large and significant differences existed among wheat genotypes for TTC and CMS at the seedling and anthesis stages. Average thermotolerance declined from seedling to anthesis stage. Thermotolerance was well-correlated between growth stages among the eight genotypes for both CMS (r=0.95; p= 0.01) and TTC (r=0.92; p= 0.01). The correlation between TTC and CMS among the eight genotypes at seedling and anthesis stages was significant (r=0.95; p=0.01 and r =0.93; p= 0.01, respectively). The effect of heat stress on wheat genotypes selected on the basis of TTC and CMS thermotolerance ratings were evaluated. 1000-grain weight, grain filling duration (GFD) and grain filling rate (GFR) reduced under heat stress. The heat susceptibility index (S) revealed K-65 and Yangmai6 to be susceptible and NW-1014 and DBW-14 to be moderately tolerant to heat stress. GFR and 1000-grain weight were found to have highly significant positive correlation with CMS and TTC ratings at both seedling and anthesis stages.

Wheat Spike Temperature in Relation to Base Temperature for Grain Filling Duration

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pararajasingham ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Grain Filling Duration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Wheat Spike

Estimates of the base temperature for grain filling duration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) differ between outdoor and indoor studies. This study was set up to determine whether this difference could be attributed to variation in spike-air temperature differentials. Spike and/or spikelet temperatures were determined in wheat grown outdoors as well as indoors. Spike temperature, measured with an infrared thermometer, of wheat grown outdoors with adequate water supply was 1.5 °C greater than air temperature while spikelet temperature measured with a thermocouple closely approximated air temperature. In indoor grown wheat, on the other hand, regardless of the magnitude of air temperature, spikelet temperature was found to be 3–4 °C above that of air when lights were on. Estimating the base temperature for grain filling duration with data from a previous indoor study, with compensation for the 3–4 °C increase in spikelet temperature, resulted in 8.8 °C base temperature for grain filling duration, comparable to that obtained in outdoor studies. Differences between outdoor and indoor studies may thus reflect spike-air temperature differentials. Estimation of the base temperature for grain filling with air temperature appears appropriate for outdoor studies. Key words: Triticum aestivum (L.), base temperature, grain filling duration, wheat

scholarly journals Dynamics of chlorophyll and N concentration on e0 and e3 leaves of maize hybrids in winter in subtropical region

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

National maize productivity is very low in Nepal. Increase of the productivity is only possible through growing high grain yielding single cross hybrid maize cultivar. So, development and evaluation of maize hybrids are principal steps to select high grain yielding and superior hybrid for cultivar. For it, fifteen newly bred single cross hybrids of yellow maize were examined from the standpoint of chlorophyll (chl) dynamics and their effects on grain yield. For it, a trial of RCBD experiment was conducted in open field in winter in subtropical region in Nepal. Seeds were sown on October 3, 2012 plot in two row plot area of 1.4 x 3.0 m2. After anthesis, chl and N concentration (conc) implying RAT (red light absorbance-transmittance) SPAD measure were taken from the topmost ear (e0) and third (e3) leaf above the e0 in ten days interval during grain filling. SPAD measures were transformed to total chl and N conc. E0 leaf has been found more grain yield determining than e3 leaf and terminal grain filling duration has been found more determining than early grain filling from the standpoint of correlation of grain yield with chl, N conc and SPAD measure. From pooled variance analysis; SPAD and chl conc were not significant different in different leaves and among the hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). But, the SPAD and chl conc were significant different among the two leaves and ages (Leaves x Ages) irrespective of the hybrids. Different to the SPAD and chl conc, N conc was significant different in the leaves among the hybrids with respect to ages of the plants among the hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). Thirteen top high grain yielding hybrids (HGYHs) 8, 12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 10, 1, 7, 14, 2, 9 and 15 were non-significant different from the standpoint of grain yield. The SPADs were in the non-significant range of 51-55 in e0 leaf in the duration from 95 to 125 d among the fifteen hybrids. Among the top four HGYHs 8, 12, 11 and 13; hybrid 11 lost chl and N from e0 leaf significantly on 135th d relative to the most of the hybrids. It means that the hybrid 11 could efficiently degrade N containing soluble protein and chl even from e0 leaf relatively. Top five HGYHS 8, 12, 11, 5 and 6 except 13 among the top listed ten hybrids constantly maintained chl and N conc implying SPAD in the e0 leaf up to the 135th d. In addition, it implies that these five hybrids sent newly up-taken N to kernels without degradation of the proteins and chl from the e0 leaf till the age of 135 d. HGYH 8 had degraded soluble proteins and enzymes and chl in e3 leaf and mobilized the degraded N to the kernels more efficiently from the e3 leaf. It is not necessary that maize hybrids must constantly maintain soluble proteins and chl conc during most of early to mid-grain filling duration for high grain yield. Instead, efficient reasonable decline of the soluble protein and chl conc during early to mid-grain filling also accelerate grain filling phenomena.

scholarly journals Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) for biogas production: land use saving and nitrogen utilisation efficiency compared with arable crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Dragoni ◽  
Giorgio Ragaglini ◽  
Elisa Corneli ◽  
Nicoletta Nassi o Di Nasso ◽  
Cristiano Tozzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Arundo Donax ◽  
Giant Reed ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Utilisation ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

Aiming to improve the sustainability of biogas supply chains, the research for alternative feedstocks is a key issue and giant reed (<em>Arundo donax</em> L.) is a promising no-food crop to be used in anaerobic digestion. In fact, giant reed is a perennial species characterised by low nutrient requirements and is able to provide promising biogas yields. Its suitability for anaerobic digestion is influenced by harvest time, since plant characteristics vary noticeably along the season. Moreover, ensiling is a storage technique that can assure a good preservation of the biomass over time, but also influence the methane yields. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the suitability for biogas production of giant reed silage, according to different cutting regimes, and to evaluate the efficiency in saving land and nitrogen for fuelling biogas plants, in comparison with maize and two sorghum varieties. Methane yields per hectare (Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> ha<sup>–1</sup>) were determined by multiplying the biochemical methane potential of each substrate by the aboveground biomass of the corresponding crop. The land use coefficient (LU), namely the land needed to fuel one kW power (ha kWe<sup>–1</sup>), was calculated from the estimated methane yields per hectare. Finally, nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NUtE), which is the ratio between the estimated methane yield and the nitrogen uptake per hectare (Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> kgN<sup>–1</sup>), was determined for each crop species and according to the harvest time and frequency of giant reed. Overall, a good suitability for ensiling was observed in giant reed. When harvested in September, the crop yielded about 9900 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> ha<sup>–1</sup>, while in double harvest systems biomethane was about 12,000 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> ha<sup>–1</sup>, +35% and +70% than maize and sorghum respectively. Moreover, giant reed under double harvest management was the most land-conservative option, as LU was about 0.22 ha kWe<sup>–1</sup>, while in annual crops it was about 0.35 ha kWe<sup>–1</sup>. The higher NUtE was observed in single harvests (up to 64 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> kgN<sup>–1</sup>), while double harvests showed remarkably lower values, averaging 48 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> kgN<sup>–1</sup>. Annual crops were less efficient, since NUtE ranged from 28 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> kgN<sup>–1</sup> (maize) to 40 Nm<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> kgN<sup>–1</sup> (fibre sorghum). In conclusion, giant reed can be an alternative for biogas making, potentially providing land and nitrogen savings compared with conventional annual crops.

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