scholarly journals The Transitivity Index: Using Transitivity as a continuous measure to account for clitic case alternation in Spanish causative constructions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246834
Author(s):  
Gustavo Guajardo
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Case Alternation ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Direct Causation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

In Spanish causative constructions with dejar ‘let’ and hacer ‘make’ the subject of the embedded infinitive verb can appear in the accusative or the dative case. This case alternation has been accounted for by resorting to the notion of direct vs. indirect causation. Under this account, the accusative clitic with a transitive verb denotes direct causation while the dative clitic with an intransitive verb expresses indirect causation. The problem with this account is that we lack an independent definition of (in)direct causation in this context and so this approach suffers from circularity: the case of the clitic is used to determine causation type and causation type implies use of one or the other grammatical case. Therefore, a more objective way to account for clitic case alternation is needed. In this paper, I offer one possible solution in this direction by investigating clitic case alternation against Hopper and Thompson’s Transitivity parameters and a small number of other linguistic variables. The novelty of this approach is that I operationalise Transitivity as a weighted continuous measure (which I call the Transitivity Index) and use it to predict the case of the clitic. The results indicate that the transitivity of the infinitive verb, the animacy of the object and the agentivity of the subject are strong predictors of clitic case. Moreover, the Transitivity Index clearly shows that higher levels of Transitivity are associated with the dative clitic contrary to other contexts in which accusative is said to be more transitive. The findings in this paper allow us to arrive at a finer-grained characterization of the contexts in which each clitic case is more likely to occur and provide further evidence of the pervasiveness of Transitivity in natural language.

scholarly journals What is the Meaning of Critical Thinking in the Context of Globalization?

MANUSYA ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

A review of recent literature advocating critical thinking as a necessary response to ‘globalizationʼ, gives no clear picture of what critical thinking is. Drawing on Kant and Hermeneutics, this paper proposes a critical definition of critical thinking as an understanding of its subject-matter which questions itself, and a characterization of critical thinking as the tension of standing within the subject-matter while holding it at a distance. Considered against a backdrop of concerns about ‘globalizationʼ, critical thinking is seen, not only as an intellectual method, but also as an existential engagement of the world.

An Ergative Historiography

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Seely
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Causative Construction ◽  
Polynesian Languages ◽  
Insight Into

Summary The most widely accepted definition of ‘ergative’ is in terms of a grammatical case, namely, the subject of a transitive verb, wherein that case is opposed to a second case, the ‘absolutive’ (‘nominative’), which includes both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive. Languages which have been referred to as ‘ergative’ or as containing ‘ergative constructions’ include Basque, Eskimo, most languages from the Caucasus and from Australia, some Polynesian languages, Burushaski, the Paleosiberian languages, Sumerian, Hittite, some Papuan languages, Tibetan, most members of the Indic branch of Indo-European, and many American Indian languages. Insight into speculation on the nature of the ergative leads to a study of the terminology applied before the coinage of the term ‘ergative’ in 1912 (by Adolf Dirr). The term itself has been given varied definitions. Fillmore pictured the ergative as a causative construction; John Anderson suggested ‘ergative’ as a semantic marker; John Lyons describes an ‘ideal ergative’ which is agentive in nature. The bizarre conjecture surrounding the study of ergative languages has included a long debate as to the active or passive nature of the ergative construction and, secondly, the fantasy that an ergative language was a ‘primitive’ one whose speakers had a ‘Weltanschauung’ opposed to that possessed by speakers of a nominative-accusative language. Rather than either active or passive it has also been postulated that the verb is bidirectional and that verb and nouns in some ergative constructions are in a kind of apposition with each other; in addition, these often occur in sets of relationships which are determined by the semantic nature of the nouns and verb. The term ‘semantic ergative’ is suggested here to describe the presence of the ergative marker due to semantic features as +movement, +voluntary, or + emphasis. Although found most commonly as subject of a transitive verb, this semantic ergative may nevertheless also be found as subject of an intransitive.

scholarly journals Profile of the contemporary ukrainian manager - source analysis and characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-211
Author(s):  
Beata Glinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Competence Profile ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of

The inspiration for writing this paper has been an attempt to answer questions about similarities and differences - in relation to the western tendencies - of the personal and competence profile of contemporary Ukrainian managers. Due to volume limitations, and because in the subject literature there is a rather precise definition of the contemporary „western manager”, the characteristics of a “western manager” are not cited in this paper. The paper is devoted solely to the analysis and characterization of the characteristics of the contemporary Ukrainian manager. This was possible through personal and direct empirical research. The study consists of two main parts: the background for entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the profile of the Ukrainian manager.

The Theft of Cargo of Railway Rolling Stock: Issues of Criminal Characterization and Investigation

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Denis Grishin ◽  
Mariya Vilacheva ◽  
Irina Soshnikova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Railway Rolling Stock

In the academic and educational criminal and legal literature, special attention is paid to crimes committed on rail transport. The statistics provided by the official website of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation confirms that the majority of these crimes are thefts. In the study, the issues of characterization of these crimes are analyzed, as well as their elements. Particular attention is paid to the subject of the crime: in most crimes it is special, and this also affects the characterization of such theft. Given the variability of approaches to qualifying of thefts, the authors propose their own definition of such theft. The methods of investigation of the above-mentioned thefts are examined. The authors cite various investigative situations arising on different stages of investigation and note that the characterization of theft of cargo of railway rolling stock, as well as determination of the range of people potentially involved in the crime, depends on where, when and how it was committed, what are the amount and the value of the property stolen, and whether the crimes are multiple.

scholarly journals Irreducible continua and generalization of hereditarily unicoherent continua by means of membranes

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-426
Author(s):  
R. F. Dickman ◽  
L. R. Rubin ◽  
P. M. Swingle
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Simple Closed Curve ◽  
Closed Curve ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Point Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Special Case

In [2] we defined an irreducible B(J)-cartesian membrane, and used this to obtain a characterization of an n-sphere by generalizing the definition of simple closed curve given by Theorem 1.2 below. There B(J) is a class A(n) of (n−1)-spheres, but here it is a class of mutually homeomorphic continua. In Theorem 1.1 we give a definition of hereditarily unicoherent continua and generalize this in Section 3 by means of B(J)-cartesian membranes. To do this we paraphrase by a translation some of Wilder's work in [7]. In his Unified Topology [8: p. 674] he gives a principle: “The connectedness of a domain is a special case of the bounding properties of its i-cycles”. We substitute the element J of B(J) for the i-cycle and for “bound” we substitute that “J membrane-bases an irreducible B(J)-cartesian membrane. The very nature of an i-cycle seems to limit the complexity of the point set studied, although the restriction to “nice” manifolds is due partly to the difficulty of the subject matter treated. There are similar difficulties here, but also advantages, in the very general set-theoretic approach by means of B(J)-membranes.

scholarly journals SEMANTICS OF PRESSURE IN PONDEROUS ADJECTIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Tetyana Mykolenko
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Heavy Object ◽  
Object A ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

An attempt to apply the method of prototype-situational analysis to the development of adjective semantics is made in the article. It is noted that the referent points of prototype situation are the basis for the development of metaphorical values. Linguistic pressure markers in prototype and non-prototype situations have been identified. We believe that action is the centre of situation. Ponderous situations determine the characteristics of an object by weight in situations related to a particular action. A prototype situation – a cognitive model of situation that is associated with the basic value of a language unit. For the analysis of characteristic vocabulary, the prototype is considered to be the situation related to perceptual processes, i.e. a situation that is built around a specific subject of perception – a person, a specific action – a physical act of manipulation of object, a specific object, characteristic of which becomes fundamental for the purpose of cognitive process. The analysis of verbatives, around which the ponderous feature of the object of action may develop, gives reason to distinguish 2 types of prototype situations for the weight characteristic of object: 1) PULL; 2) HOLD/CARRY. The “pressure” component will manifest itself in the situation of the second type. The most explicit linguistic representative of the cognitive sign of “difficult / heavy” of the situation HOLD / CARRY (SHOULDER-HIGH) is the sentence “A man holds / carries a difficult object on his shoulders”. The logical reproduction of the situation HOLD / CARRY (SHOULDER-HIGH) reveals a cognitive reference point specific to that situation, which actualises the characterization of the heavy object as “pressing”. The linguistic markers of pressure in the analyzed situations are: verbalization of the component by means of lexeme token for the designation of pressure; emphasizing the physical and physiological processes that occur during the process of manipulating a heavy object; aspects of physical qualities of the subject; manifestation of the physical state of fatigue and the like. The metaphorical situation of pressure is embodied in language in two models: “something heavy is localized to a person and presses him down” and “something heavy presses a certain organ of a person, hindering his life.” There are clear markers in the language for objectifying the sense of pressure, which include, first of all, variants of recruitment for the designation of the action “to be localized on a person”, the prefix “on”, which affirms the localization of the object of appraisal from above the subject of description, definition of pressure objects, an indication of a change in the position of parts of a human body or body as a result of the action of a metaphorized “heavy” object. The feature “difficult / heavy” is accentuated by the comparison of the objects’ description with the subject prototypes.

scholarly journals Case Role in the Urhobo Language

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
IMU Oghoghophia Famous
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Theory ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
The Subject

This paper examines case role in the Urhobo language. Case theory is used as theoretical frame work, the specific objectives is to investigate type of cases and to relate cases roles to argument structures in Urhobo. The study reveals that in the Urhobo language every lexically headed NP must receive case from a case assigner. The Case theory requires that the case assigner govern the NP to which its assigns case. Tense, verb and preposition are case assigners. The infinitive ‘to’ and the passive participles are not case assigners. Case assignment can take place only when the case assigner and the NP to which it assigns case bear a structural relation to one another. It also reveals that irrespective of the theory and its arguments, Urhobo verbs are the basses and centre of its expansion of its constructions. This research also finds out, that the argument structures identified in universal grammar (UG) align with the argument structure of the Urhobo language; the verb assigns arguments to the noun phrases in a sentence. This is traced to the structure of the Urhobo language which is subject-verb-object (SVO). Finally, the study reveals that the function of the nominative case is to mark the subject of the sentence; the vocative is the case of address; the accusative is used to mark the object of a transitive verb; the genitive is the case of possession, ablative case is to mark the instrument with which something is done and the dative case marks the indirect object in the Urhobo language.

scholarly journals Causatives

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurgis Pakerys
Keyword(s):  
Free Form ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Paradigm Case ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
Direct Causation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Causative Relation ◽  
Lexical Causative

A causative is a linguistic expression referring to a situation consisting of a certain event and a force responsible for the realization of it, as seen in the following examples, where the addressee is understood as the cause of laughing of the addresser: English You make me laugh = Lithuanian Tu mane juok-in-i (2sg.nom1sg.acc laugh-caus-prs.2sg). These examples illustrate two major types of causative expressions, where make and -in- serve as markers of causative relations. English employs a free form, and the construction is termed periphrastic (or analytic, syntactic) causative, while Lithuanian uses an affix, and this type is referred to as morphological causative. There are other formal means beside affixation to form morphological causatives, such as reduplication, vowel, consonant, and tone alternations. The periphrastic causatives can be monoclausal or biclausal in their structure, and the monoclausal ones are sometimes specifically referred to as syntactic causatives. In addition to that, lexical causatives can be recognized if a predicate bearing no synchronically transparent relation to another predicate is interpreted as causative on semantic grounds. For example, in the English sentence You killed him, one may paraphrase kill as “cause to die” and argue that kill stands in causative relation with respect to die. Some authors also use the term “lexical causative” when talking about nonproductive and/or semitransparent formations, which typically disallow ambiguity of adverb scope. With regard to semantics, causatives can be factitive (as English make) or permissive (as English let), the causing force may operate directly or indirectly (by certain intermediate actions), and a number of other parameters can be shown to be relevant. It has been argued that these semantic parameters also bear a relation to the formal means of expression of causatives, such as direct causation expressed by morphological causatives and indirect one by periphrastic constructions. Within a larger context, causatives are interpreted as valency-changing operations, which add a causer as an agent (“you” in the previous examples) and demote the subject of the base predicate, which becomes the causee and can be marked as a certain object (“me” in the previous examples). The principles governing the marking of the causee, such as “the paradigm case” and “the semantic role approach,” have been one of the main topics in the study of causatives. The syntax of causative constructions is usually also discussed in the studies dealing with transitivity and voice (see further references in the separate Oxford Bibliographies article in Linguistics “Transitivity and Voice”).

scholarly journals Guilt as a condition of civil liability for violation of copyright and related rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
N. Ye. Yarkina
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Copyright Holder ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The relevance of the scientific article is due to the changes made to copyright legislation, which established a multiple size of civil liability for violation of copyright and related rights. Such responsibility is atypical for civil law, since it provides for the dependence of its size on the form of guilt of the offender. In the doctrine of civil law and jurisprudence, the presumption of guilt in committing a civil offense is traditionally applied. At the same time, the measures of responsibility are aimed at full compensation for the harm caused, regardless of the form of guilt. Therefore, in civil law there is no normative definition of the forms of guilt. At the same time, in cases on the protection of copyright and related rights, the issue of proving the form of the offender’s guilt acquires special significance. This is necessary to establish the basis for civil liability and its size. For this purpose, based on the study of scientific approaches to understanding the category of guilt, the author of the article formulated criteria for establishing a careless form of guilt in violation of copyright and related rights; the signs indicating the absence of guilt in the actions of the offender have been identified; the characterization of intent when committing a violation of these rights is given. The behavior of the violator, which is deliberately aimed at violating the rights of the copyright holder or deliberately ignoring his rights in order to achieve goals useful for himself, should be defined as guilt in the form of intent. The attitude of the subject to the harm caused to the copyright holder is legally unimportant. Intent should be established with respect to the behavior of the subject at the time of the violation, and not after its completion. The application of the criteria for the form of guilt proposed in the article is aimed at solving practical problems in law enforcement

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

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