scholarly journals Global economic impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures stand out in high-frequency shipping data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0248818
Author(s):  
Jasper Verschuur ◽  
Elco E. Koks ◽  
Jim W. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Containment Measures

The implementation of large-scale containment measures by governments to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in large impacts to the global economy. Here, we derive a new high-frequency indicator of economic activity using empirical vessel tracking data, and use it to estimate the global maritime trade losses during the first eight months of the pandemic. We go on to use this high-frequency dataset to infer the effect of individual non-pharmaceutical interventions on maritime exports, which we use as a proxy of economic activity. Our results show widespread port-level trade losses, with the largest absolute losses found for ports in China, the Middle-East and Western Europe, associated with the collapse of specific supply-chains (e.g. oil, vehicle manufacturing). In total, we estimate that global maritime trade reduced by -7.0% to -9.6% during the first eight months of 2020, which is equal to around 206–286 million tonnes in volume losses and up to 225–412 billion USD in value losses. We find large sectoral and geographical disparities in impacts. Manufacturing sectors are hit hardest, with losses up to 11.8%, whilst some small islands developing states and low-income economies suffered the largest relative trade losses. Moreover, we find a clear negative impact of COVID-19 related school and public transport closures on country-wide exports. Overall, we show how real-time indicators of economic activity can inform policy-makers about the impacts of individual policies on the economy, and can support economic recovery efforts by allocating funds to the hardest hit economies and sectors.

scholarly journals Introduction of microgeneration and energy-saving technologies within the concept of green economy: foreign experience and Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-454
Author(s):  
Konstantin G. Gomonov ◽  
Polina O. Sipakova ◽  
Anastasia P. Chapurnaya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Information Research ◽  
Gross World Product

The aim of this work is a comparative analysis of the level of development of microgeneration and energy-saving technologies in the framework of the national economy of Russia and the world. The relevance is predetermined by the rapid growth of the investment policy of microgrids and energy-saving technologies based on renewable energy sources (2.6 trillion dollars). Basic information research provided analytical reviews, reports and analytical materials, specialized international departments and agencies, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, as well as the work of Russian and foreign scientists. Understanding the large-scale tasks related to the development, as well as the development of national and international relations, are an incentive for the pursuit of cleaner, primarily technologies. By 2030, provided that the current course on sustainable development is maintained, the green economy should grow to 10 % of the gross world product. Microenergy is an energy-efficient energy source in the restructuring of Russia's energy sector - the transition from a centralized system, the use of large sources of electricity production, the use of various energy sources that are most suitable for these environmental conditions and the characteristics of natural consumers. Reducing the negative impact of pollution on health and the environment can significantly reduce the burden on the economy, thereby freeing up resources for its growth. The transition of the global economy to a model of green growth will require significant efforts to expand international cooperation. This will require consistent government policies over many years. It is advisable for Russia to join in the development of methodologies and the creation of tools for implementing green initiatives.

scholarly journals Conflict and the composition of economic activity in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilio Galdo ◽  
Gladys Lopez Acevedo ◽  
Martin Rama
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Nighttime Light ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conflict Intensity ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Sector Data

Abstract Despite informality being the norm in conflict-affected countries, most estimates of the impact of conflict on economic activity rely on formal sector data. Using high-frequency data from Afghanistan, this paper assesses how surges in conflict intensity affect not only the formal sector, but also informal and illicit activities. Nighttime light provides a proxy for aggregate economic activity, mobile phone traffic by registered firms captures fluctuations in formal sector output, and the land surface devoted to poppy cultivation gives a measure of illicit production. The unit of observation is the district and the period of reference is 2012–2016. The results show that an increase in conflict-related casualties has a strong negative impact on formal economic activity in the following quarter and a positive effect on illicit activity after two quarters. The impact on aggregate economic activity is negative, but more muted.

Transit Fare Affordability: Findings From a Qualitative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis F. Perrotta
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fare Evasion ◽  
The Welfare State

Low-income groups use transit in greater numbers than others. There is little scholarship, however, about how they afford the fare. Using interviews with 25 low-income residents and 15 transportation and social service professionals, this study provides a complex description of fare affordability. It finds that low-income riders are often unable to pay for trips that fulfill daily necessities and discretionary purposes. They manage to travel by evading the fare, exploiting free transfers, forgoing goods, borrowing, and using free fare cards provided by agents of the welfare state. Professionals are largely unaware of the many ways that riders regularly compensate for low funds including the large-scale interventions made by the welfare state into public transportation. Fare evasion enforcement and pricing can pose challenges to low-income riders. By incorporating knowledge on the role that welfare plays in enabling low-income ridership, policy makers can expand access to transit for low-income riders.

scholarly journals Everyday experiences of digital financial inclusion in India's ‘micro-entrepreneur’ paratransit services

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110263
Author(s):  
Lucy Baker
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Credit Scoring ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Everyday Experiences

Self-employed labour in transportation is a notoriously precarious form of employment that occurs throughout many developing countries. In order to offset high-cost and insecure vehicle procurement arrangements, paratransit fare structures are formulated on the basis of a set of logics designed to maximise revenues. Although entrepreneurial, when these logics occur in conflict with public fare legislation, they are undertaken illegally, or informally, and are perceived as undesirable by policy makers and transport users. However, the underlying structures that necessitate these practices are seldom examined despite their significant effect on mobilities and the livelihood experiences of male entrepreneurs. This paper engages with critical literatures on the financialisation of poverty reduction to present financialisation as a class-based mechanism that, with the rapid increase of digital payment and ‘alternative’ credit scoring, structures micro-entrepreneurship and precarity in the neoliberal context of India. The paper argues that digitally enhanced financial inclusion techniques may steer low-income workers toward mainstream finance institutions modelled on the global economy. They enable profit to be generated by investors and private microfinance companies. However, new financial technologies do not do little to reduce the risk and expense of microfinance, nor do they increase micro-entrepreneurs' profit margins. Moreover, they threaten the informal practices entrepreneurs use to self-manage their financial precarity.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 290-294
Author(s):  
Л.Т. Каракетова
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Additional Payments ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

В данной статье рассматривается влияние пандемии на состояние мировой экономики, в частности, проведён анализ негативного последствия пандемии для мирового экономического роста. В 2021 году большинству стран придется столкнутся с рецессией, и особое место занимает- экономический ущерб по регионам. Рассматривается статистическая динамика последствий пандемии с резким негативным экономическим эффектом на различные отрасли, рассматриваются меры правительства страны для сохранения занятости населения, посредством доплат и поддержки частного предпринимательства для смягчения кризиса. Рассматриваются меры поддержки граждан государством, которыми являются: выплаты пособий для детей, выдача препаратов для заболевших, а также помощь государственным организациям - производилась выдача выплаты заболевшим сотрудникам. Проанализировано влияние пандемии на процесс обучения в школах и университетах, с учётом наиболее уязвимых групп населения. Пандемия обнародовала хрупкие стороны глобальных производственно-сбытовых цепочек, которым пришлось временно остановить работу. Рассматриваются решения и действия по смягчению влияния пандемии посредством бесплатной помощи для переболевших для восстановления в курортах и санаториях, выделением техники для малоимущих семей, материальной поддержкой, выделенных семьям с детьми, не достигшими 18 летнего возраста. This article examines the impact of the pandemic on the global economy, in particular, the analysis of the negative impact of the pandemic on global economic growth. In 2021, most countries will be faced with a recession, especially economically damaging by region. The article considers the statistical dynamics of the consequences of the pandemic with a sharp negative economic effect on various industries as well as the measures which governments have taken to maintain employment, through additional payments and support for private entrepreneurship to mitigate the crisis. The state has supported society with benefits for children and medicines for the sick, and state organizations have made payments to sick employees. This study analyzes the impact of the pandemic on the learning process in schools and universities, taking into account the most vulnerable groups of the population. The pandemic has exposed the fragile sides of global supply chains that have had to temporarily shut down. The article considers decisions and actions to mitigate the impact of the pandemic through free assistance for those who have been ill to recover in resorts and sanatoriums, the allocation of equipment for low-income families, and material support allocated to families with children under the age of eighteen.

Challenges in Addressing Contemporary Economic Crises

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Cristina Bătuşaru ◽  
Alina Rădoiu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Contemporary Reality ◽  
Economic Boom

AbstractApproaching the concept of economic crisis in contemporary reality draws attention to the complexity of this phenomenon, as analysing the elements that define the economic cycles proves to be insufficient, since the world’s economies converge more and more towards a global economy. In this regard, the interconnection and the strong mutual dependence of the markets determine a particularly high sensitivity on establishing and maintaining a global balance. If the economic crisis of 2008 had a strong negative impact on the world’s economies, leading to unprecedented economic and social action, the question arises as to whether the economic policy makers of the states have managed to properly manage this situation and whether they have managed to appropriate a set of “good practices” to anticipate, prevent and effectively combat a new economic crisis. The current economic reality puts world economies to a new test which seems to be more than a predictable cyclical evolution of production cycles. It cannot be said that we are in a period of well-defined economic boom, and it is clear that in the current context the economic crisis that is emerging will be much more complex and diverse than what we experienced in 2008. The present paper aims to offer a pragmatic approach to the possible causes and effects that tend to characterize the new economic crisis that is emerging in front of us.

scholarly journals How is implementation research applied to advance health in low-income and middle-income countries?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e001257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olakunle Alonge ◽  
Daniela Cristina Rodriguez ◽  
Neal Brandes ◽  
Elvin Geng ◽  
Ludovic Reveiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Implementation Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Is Implementation ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Ir Studies ◽  
Learning And Change

This paper examines the characteristics of implementation research (IR) efforts in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) by describing how key IR principles and concepts have been used in published health research in LMICs between 1998 and 2016, with focus on how to better apply these principles and concepts to support large-scale impact of health interventions in LMICs. There is a stark discrepancy between principles of IR and what has been published. Most IR studies have been conducted under conditions where the researchers have considerable influence over implementation and with extra resources, rather than in ‘real world’ conditions. IR researchers tend to focus on research questions that test a proof of concept, such as whether a new intervention is feasible or can improve implementation. They also tend to use traditional fixed research designs, yet the usual conditions for managing programmes demand continuous learning and change. More IR in LMICs should be conducted under usual management conditions, employ pragmatic research paradigm and address critical implementation issues such as scale-up and sustainability of evidence-informed interventions. This paper describes some positive examples that address these concerns and identifies how better reporting of IR studies in LMICs would include more complete descriptions of strategies, contexts, concepts, methods and outcomes of IR activities. This will help practitioners, policy-makers and other researchers to better learn how to implement large-scale change in their own settings.

scholarly journals The effects of COVID-19 vaccines on economic activity

2022 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragyan Deb ◽  
Davide Furceri ◽  
Daniel Jimenez ◽  
Siddharth Kothari ◽  
Jonathan D. Ostry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Equitable Access ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractThis paper empirically examines the economic effects of COVID-19 vaccine rollouts using a cross-country daily database of vaccinations and high-frequency indicators of economic activity—nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, and Google mobility indices—for a sample of 46 countries over the period December 16, 2020 to June 20, 2021. Using surprises in vaccines administered, we find that an unexpected increase in vaccination per capita is associated with a significant increase in economic activity. We also find evidence for nonlinear effects of vaccines, with the marginal economic benefits being larger when vaccination rates are higher. Country-specific conditions play an important role, with lower economic gains if strict containment measures are in place or if the country is experiencing a severe outbreak. Finally, the results provide evidence of spillovers across borders, highlighting the importance of equitable access to vaccines across nations.

scholarly journals Détente as a Factor of Modernization of the USSR in the 1970s - the Beginining of the 1980s in the Analytical Reviews of the Central Intelligence Agency

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-424
Author(s):  
Daria Yakupova ◽  
Roman Yakupov
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Usa

Coverage of the role and importance of the economic policy implemented during the détente period to solve the complex problems of the Soviet Union in the field of intensification of production is relevant in connection with the cyclical completion of the warmer climate between Russia and the West. The study of the historical experience of the development of international cooperation, the analysis of competition for a place in the global division of labor and the results of the struggle for the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution of the XX century make it possible to reconstruct the steps taken by the Soviet leadership to find new foreign economic tools against the background of modernization challenges. The article based on the materials of the electronic archive of the CIA, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Economics and Russian State Archive of Contemporary History funds provide previously unpublished comprehensive information on the size and content of compensation agreements of the USSR with Western Europe, the USA and Japan during the détente period. The authors reveal the role of the banking capital of the USSR to ensure the country's access to hard currency and implementation of the technology transfer policy. Similarity of the strategy of containment of the USSR in the 1970s and Russia today is emphasized on the example of the analysis of the USA intelligence data. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the considerable mobilization efforts of the Soviet leadership to expand foreign trade operations, the conclusion of large-scale compensation agreements, the creation of sovereign transnational transportation and the development of Soviet financial institutions abroad, the targets set by the modernization of the 1970s were not fully met. The USSR did not maintain the export model in the global economy during the détente period for a number of reasons.

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