scholarly journals An unusual case of childhood osteoarticular tuberculosis from the Árpádian Age cemetery of Győrszentiván-Révhegyi tag (Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249939
Author(s):  
Olga Spekker ◽  
Luca Kis ◽  
Andrea Deák ◽  
Eszter Makai ◽  
György Pálfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Process ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Osteoarticular Tuberculosis ◽  
Severe Bone Loss ◽  
Normal Spine ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Angular Kyphosis ◽  
Spine Curvature ◽  
Upper Thoracic ◽  
Secondary Healing

Ancient human remains exhibiting bony changes consistent with osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) indicate that the disease has afflicted mankind for millennia. Nonetheless, not many pediatric OATB cases have been published in the paleopathological literature–from Hungary, only three cases have been described up to now. In our paper, we demonstrate a child (S0603) from the Árpádian Age cemetery of Győrszentiván-Révhegyi tag (northwestern Hungary), who represents a unique case of OATB regarding both the pattern and severity of the observed bony changes. During the macromorphological and radiological investigations, the most serious alterations were discovered in the upper thoracic spine–the development of osteolytic lesions led to severe bone loss and consequent collapse and fusion of several adjacent vertebrae. The pathological process terminated in a sharp, rigid angular kyphosis. Disruption of the normal spine curvature resulted in consequent deformation of the whole thoracic wall–it became “rugby-ball-shaped”. The overall nature and pattern of the detected alterations, as well as their resemblance to those of described in previously published archaeological and modern cases from the pre-antibiotic era indicate that they are most consistent with OATB. Based on the severity and extent of the lesions, as well as on the evidence of secondary healing, S0603 suffered from TB for a long time prior to death. Besides body deformation, OATB resulted in consequent disability in daily activities, which would have required regular and significant care from others to survive. It implies that in the Árpádian Age community of Győrszentiván-Révhegyi tag, there was a willingness to care for people in need. Detailed archaeological case studies can give us a unique insight into the natural history and different presentations of OATB. Furthermore, they can provide paleopathologists with a stronger basis for diagnosing TB and consequently, with a more sensitive means of assessing TB frequency in past populations.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis in children: experience of the center Center for the treatment of developmental anomalies and diseases of the hepatopancreatobiliary system in children

2022 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
B. O. Kulevich ◽  
A. Yu. Razumovsky ◽  
V. V. Kholostova ◽  
Z. B. Mitupov ◽  
A. I. Khavkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Developmental Anomalies ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Endocrine Insufficiency ◽  
Long Time

Chronic pancreatitis is one of the most pressing problems of pediatric gastroenterology and surgery of hepatopancreatobiliary organs. Diagnosis and treatment of this category of patients requires a comprehensive examination using modern highly sensitive research methods and the collegial participation of a surgeon, gastroenterologist and endocrinologist. Due to the fact that the algorithm for managing these patients is not regulated, patients often receive enzyme replacement therapy for a long time, with indications for surgical treatment. In addition, the non-specificity of complaints and clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis, the asymptomatic course and the initial detection of exo- and endocrine insufficiency lead to a later choice of the optimal treatment method and increase the risk of complications. The key to effective care for children with chronic pancreatitis is the staging and continuity in research and treatment. At the Center for the Treatment of Developmental Anomalies and Diseases of the Hepatopancreatobiliary System in Children on the basis of the Filatov Hospital, highly effective interventions are carried out for chronic pancreatitis in children, the purpose of which is to ensure an adequate outflow of pancreatic juice using longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy, which, in addition to draining the pancreas, allows to achieve clinical remission and stop the progression pathological process, including diabetes mellitus. The article reflects the experience of diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis in children.

scholarly journals Modern approaches to the treatment of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Anastasiia V. Bairashevskaia ◽  
Olesya V. Kytko ◽  
Yuriy L. Vasil`ev ◽  
Artem D. Kashtanov
Keyword(s):  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Endoscopic Examination ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Otolaryngological Diseases

Introduction: Today, chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (CPR) occupies a special place among otolaryngological diseases, the incidence rate of which increases every year. To date, the main causes of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis are Staphylococcus aureus and anatomical abnormalities. Diagnostics: Knowledge of a universal algorithm for the diagnosis of this disease, consisting of the collection of anamnesis, endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses, anterior active rhinomanometry and bacteriological determination of the microbial spectrum, allows diagnosing chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis in time, and, as a consequence, to prescribe a treatment. Treatment: This review describes conservative therapies, including antibiotics and glucocorticosteroids. Today, the main task of doctors is to find the most effective method of administration of glucocorticosteroids to achieve the maximum effect. One of these methods is the introduction of the drug with the help of nebulizer, as in this case, the drug will remain in the perirhinal cavity for a long time and have the maximum effect due to the directed action only in the area of the pathological process. Features of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis in childhood: It should be noted that children under 12 years of age due to the formation of the paranasal sinuses at different stages of ontogenesis will be characterized by different forms of chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis. That is why they should be known and taken into account when making a diagnosis and prescribing a treatment. Conclusion: Today, the frequency of chronic rhinosinusitis increases exponentially, which makes the question of the modern approach to its treatment the most relevant. It is possible that additional research in this area will solve the issue of searching for both the optimal path of therapy and treatment of CPR in children.

scholarly journals A modern view of pro-/eukaryote interactions in the human body as the basis for development of next-generation probiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-355
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Mikhailova ◽  
Dmitry A. Voevodin ◽  
Sergey A. Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Functional Rehabilitation ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Artificial Environment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular organisms and the saprophytic flora form complex, highly integrated chimeric systems (associative symbioses, metaorganisms) characterized by interplay between pro- and eukaryotic components. To be able to interact symbiotically microorganisms (MO) need a whole body.When grown on artificial media for a long time, symbiotic MO have to adapt to the artificial environment and gradually, though reversibly, lose their ability of associative interaction with the human body, thus causing a decrease in the therapeutic efficacy of MO-derived probiotic products. To increase the therapeutic activity of probiotic MO, they must be functionally rehabilitated.A pathological process induces development of a secondary metabolic dysbiosis; as a result, changes in the regulatory processes of an individual interfere with the restoration of the normal microflora. Therefore, functional rehabilitation of probiotic MO must take place during cultivation, while the cultivation process must replicate the whole-body conditions.

scholarly journals PANCREATIC PATHOMORPHOLOGY IN SUPERINVASIVE OPISTHORCHIASIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
R.M. Uruzbaev ◽  
E.D. Khadieva ◽  
N.V. Zharkov ◽  
Yu.Yu. Kopylova ◽  
L.V. Vikhareva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Opisthorchis Felineus ◽  
Pancreatic Stem Cells ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Many Body Systems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2

Superinvasive opisthorchiasis involves many body systems in the pathological process. The parasite, due to its unique characteristics, changes numerous genes, and contributes to proliferative processes. Stem cells are initiated and subsequently differentiated along various cell lineages. The liver and pancreas are econiches, where parasites vegetate for a long time. However, there is no available information on the dynamics of proliferative pancreatic changes and various histogenetic pathways. The aim of the paper is to reveal the proliferative activity of pancreatic stem cells in superinvasive opisthorchiasis and their differentiation. Materials and Methods. Fragments of pancreatic tissue were selected and analyzed in departments of morbid anatomy of medical institutions located on the territory of the hyperendemic focus (Tyumen region, Omsk region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug). The following groups were formed: Group 1 – patients with a history of superinvasive opisthorchiasis with a more than 10-year invasion (n=70); Group 2 – patients without invasion with all-cause mortality (n=10). The material was subjected to routine histological examination. The authors used histochemical and immunohistochemical staining methods and performed statistical analysis. Results. The authors observed marked proliferative reactions in the epithelial layer of the duct system, the secretory section of the pancreas, as well as changes in the endocrine apparatus. The histological types of pancreatic endocrine formations were revealed, namely, normal, hyperplastic and newly formed islets of Langerhans. The difference between the newly formed islets and the preexisting forms was in a disorderly arrangement, an indefinite shape, significantly larger sizes, and in the absence or presence of a forming capsule. The newly formed islets contained cells similar to preexisting endocrinocytes. Conclusion. Under the influence of the Opisthorchis felineus secretome, there occurs initiation and differentiation of pancreatic stem cells. Newly formed clusters of endocrine cells are formed, but they have the characteristics of the preexisting endocrine apparatus and secretory cells with exocrine properties. Key words: pancreas, opisthorchiasis, secretion, superinvasion, stem cells, differentiation. Суперинвазионный описторхоз – заболевание, при котором в патологический процесс вовлекаются многие системы организма. Паразит вследствие своих уникальных свойств изменяет многочисленные гены, дает начало пролиферативным процессам. Происходит инициация стволовых клеток с последующей дифференцировкой их по линиям различных дифферонов. Печень и поджелудочная железа являются эконишами, где длительное время вегетируют паразиты, однако сведений о динамике пролиферативных изменений в железе с рассмотрением различных гистогенетических путей в литературе не представлено. Цель работы. Выявить пролиферативную активность стволовых клеток поджелудочной железы при суперинвазионном описторхозе и их дифференцировку. Материалы и методы. Фрагменты ткани поджелудочной железы были отобраны для изучения в патологоанатомических отделениях медицинских учреждений, расположенных на территории гиперэндемического очага (Тюменская, Омская области, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ). Сформированы следующие группы: 1 группа – лица, в анамнезе которых имелся суперинвазионный описторхоз с длительностью инвазии более 10 лет (n=70); 2 группа – лица без инвазии, умершие от случайных причин (n=10). Материал подвергался рутинному гистологическому исследованию, использовались гистохимические и иммуногистохимические методы окрашивания, проводился статистический анализ. Результаты. Обнаружены выраженные пролиферативные реакции в эпителиальном пласте протоковой системы, секреторном отделе поджелудочной железы и изменения структуры эндокринного аппарата. Выявлены гистологические типы эндокринных образований поджелудочной железы: островки Лангерганса обычного строения, гиперплазированные и новообразованные островки. Отличие последних от предсуществующих форм состояло в беспорядочном расположении, неопределенной форме, существенно более крупных размерах, отсутствии или наличии формирующейся капсулы. Новообразованные островки содержали аналогичные клетки, обладающие идентичными свойствами предсуществующих эндокриноцитов. Выводы. При воздействии секретома Opisthorchis felineus происходит инициация и дифференцировка стволовых клеток поджелудочной железы с формированием новообразованных скоплений эндокринных клеток со свойствами предсуществующего эндокринного аппарата и секреторных клеток с экзокринными свойствами. Ключевые слова: поджелудочная железа, описторхоз, секретом, суперинвазия, стволовые клетки, дифференцировка.

scholarly journals The Roles of GABA in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Organs

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaoran Chen ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Jialiang He ◽  
Zhenxing Xie ◽  
Shufang Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Peripheral Organs ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common pathological process, which may lead to dysfunctions and failures of multiple organs. A flawless medical way of endogenous therapeutic target can illuminate accurate clinical applications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been known as a marker in I/R injury of the central nervous system (mainly in the brain) for a long time, and it may play a vital role in the occurrence of I/R injury. It has been observed that throughout cerebral I/R, levels, syntheses, releases, metabolisms, receptors, and transmissions of GABA undergo complex pathological variations. Scientists have investigated the GABAergic enhancers for attenuating cerebral I/R injury; however, discussions on existing problems and mechanisms of available drugs were seldom carried out so far. Therefore, this review would summarize the process of pathological variations in the GABA system under cerebral I/R injury and will cover corresponding probable issues and mechanisms in using GABA-related drugs to illuminate the concern about clinical illness for accurately preventing cerebral I/R injury. In addition, the study will summarize the increasing GABA signals that can prevent I/R injuries occurring in peripheral organs, and the roles of GABA were also discussed correspondingly.

scholarly journals Coronaviral infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Dmitry O. Ivanov ◽  
Tatyana M. Chernova ◽  
Elena B. Pavlova ◽  
Vladimir N. Timchenko ◽  
Elena V. Barakina
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Health Organization

Coronavirus infection (CVI) is a group of acute ubiquitous infectious diseases known since the 60s 19 century. The clinical picture of CVI is characterized by damage to the respiratory system from mild forms of acute respiratory viral infection to the development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as involvement of other organs in the pathological process of the gastrointestinal tract. For a long time, coronaviruses were not given attention, since it was believed that they were able to cause only mild respiratory diseases. It is known that children and adolescents are less susceptible to infection than adults. In the etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children, coronaviruses account for 69%. The introduction of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the inclusion of coronaviruses in practice has shown their role in the occurrence of severe diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Since 2002, outbreaks of coronavirus infection caused by previously unknown pathogens (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have been observed in the world. New coronaviruses have genetic features and are relatively highly resistant in the environment. The diseases they cause are distinguished by the predominance of severe forms with high mortality due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in China; in February 2020, the disease was called COVID-2019. In connection with the trend towards the global spread of new infections March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic. The lecture covers the issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus infection, taking into account the emergence of new pathogens.

scholarly journals THE COMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS OF HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Iryna Kriachok ◽  
Katerina Ulianchenko
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Early Diagnostics ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pulmonary Parenchyma

In the article are presented the questions of classification, pathogenesis and clinical diagnostics of Hodgkin Lymphoma with soft-tissue paravetebral component. The difficulties of early diagnostics, expressed at the expanse by oncological process localization, not typical for this disease, are shown on clinical case. The symptoms, conditioned by the compression of organs by tumor masses depend on pathological process localization: intrahepatic and extrahepatic obstruction of bile duct is manifested by jaundice; obstruction of lymphatic ducts in groin zone or in zone of small pelvic – by legs edema; at tracheobronchial compression is observed the pant and hoarse breathing; pulmonary abscesses or caverns can take place as a result of infiltration of pulmonary parenchyma that can stimulate lobar consolidation or bronchopneumonia; paraplegia can be observed because of epidural invasion with spine cord compression; compression of sympathetic cervical recurrent guttural nerve by increased lymph nodes can cause Horner’s syndrome and laryngoparalysis; neuralgias can be the result of nerve-root incarceration. Differential diagnostics can take a long time that lowers the effectiveness of therapy and decreases chances for recovery because of special treatment delay. The setting of correct diagnosis and choice of adequate therapy raises the chances for recovery, even at spead stage of tumor process that is attained at Hodgkin lymphoma in most cases.

scholarly journals Visualization capabilities of experimental oncological models in small laboratory animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria A. Pechatnikova ◽  
Alexander P. Trashkov ◽  
Maria A. Zelenenko ◽  
Nikolay A. Verlov ◽  
Grigorii A. Chizh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Small Laboratory ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Imaging Methods ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Long Time

For a long time non-invasive imaging methods have been inaccessible in preclinical practice; their introduction lately has broadened the boundaries of relevant studies and felicitated new approaches to solving fundamental problems. Up-to-date imaging methods constitute an essential component of preclinical and translational biomedical research allowing quick and non-invasive extended representation of structural organization and functional characteristics of pathological processes in vivo. Methods of radiation diagnosis and nuclear magnetic resonance allow to assess the state of bones, soft tissues, internal organs, blood vessels and peripheral nerve fibers in various animals, not only mammals, but also fish, amphibians, reptiles and insects. Multiparametric studies can uniquely localize any anatomical structure or pathological process. However, not all existing techniques are applicable to various oncological models of small laboratory animals.

Extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Gyuldana Raufovna Guseva
Keyword(s):  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Clinical Classification ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Genitourinary System ◽  
Chest Cavity ◽  
Osteoarticular Tuberculosis ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Single Organ

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is understood as the localization of the pathological process outside the chest cavity; most frequently, this form has a hematogenous transmission route. There is not a single organ in the human body that could not be affected by tuberculosis, however, some are involved in the pathological process more often than others. In the Russian Federation, tuberculosis of the lymph nodes ranks first in terms of the prevalence of extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis, while tuberculosis of the genitourinary system and osteoarticular tuberculosis rank second and third, accordingly. In different countries, the proportion of patients with extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis varies from 4 to 16 %. Due to the difficulty of diagnosis, about a third of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis remain undetected. An interesting fact is that pulmonary tuberculosis occurs mainly in men, while extrapulmonary tuberculosis affects women more often (in 59–63 % of cases). This trend is especially clearly traced in tuberculous lesions of the genitourinary system — women account for 75 % of its cases. Osteoarticular tuberculosis has not sexual, but age-specific prevalence: most frequently, it is diagnosed in children aged 0 to 4 years. According to the clinical classification used at the present stage, extrapulmonary forms represent the section «tuberculosis of other organs and systems».

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