scholarly journals Circulating Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes as marker for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) levels and the association with cardiovascular risk factors in the general population

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0253698
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Donkel ◽  
Frank J. Wolters ◽  
M. Arfan Ikram ◽  
Moniek P. M. de Maat
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
General Population ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dna Complex

Introduction Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA scaffolds enriched with antimicrobial proteins. NETs have been implicated in the development of various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigate the association of demographic and cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors with NETs in the general population. Material and methods Citrated plasma was collected from 6449 participants, aged ≥55 years, as part of the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study. NETs were quantified by measuring MPO-DNA complex using an ELISA. We used linear regression to determine the associations between MPO-DNA complex and age, sex, cardio-metabolic risk factors, and plasma markers of inflammation and coagulation. Results MPO-DNA complex levels were weakly associated with age (log difference per 10 year increase: -0.04 mAU/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.06;-0.02), a history of coronary heart disease (yes versus no: -0.10 mAU/mL, 95% CI -0.17;-0.03), the use of lipid-lowering drugs (yes versus no: -0.06 mAU/mL, 95% CI -0.12;-0.01), and HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l increase: -0.07 mAU/mL/, 95% CI -0.12;-0.03). Conclusions Older age, a history of coronary heart disease, the use of lipid-lowering drugs and higher HDL-cholesterol are weakly correlated with lower plasma levels of NETs. These findings show that the effect of CVD risk factors on NETs levels in a general population is only small and may not be of clinical relevance. This supports that NETs may play a more important role in an acute phase of disease than in a steady state situation.

Abstract P113: Female Gender is Associated with a Low Ankle Brachial Index in the General Population

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridhima Kapoor ◽  
Colby Ayers ◽  
Jacquelyn Kulinski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
And Gender

Background: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a predictor of cardiovascular events, mortality and functional status. Gender differences in ABI have been reported in some population studies. Differences in height might account for these observed gender differences, but findings are conflicting. Objective: This study investigated the association between gender, height and ABI in the general population, independent of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: Participants ≥ 40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 with ABI data, were included. A low ABI was defined as a value < 1.0 (including borderline values). Sample-weighted multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed with low ABI as the dependent variable and height and gender as primary predictor variables of interest. A backward elimination model selection technique was performed to identify significant covariates. Results: There were 3,052 participants with ABI data (mean age 57, 51% female (1570 of 3052). The sample-weighted mean (±SE) ABI was 1.09 (±0.006) and 1.13 (±0.005) for females and males, respectively. Women were more likely to have a low ABI compared to men, 42% (659 of 1570) versus 28% (415 of 1482), respectively (p<0.0001). Female gender was associated with a low ABI (OR 1.34, [95% CI, 1.04-1.72]; p=0.025), independent of traditional CVD risk factors (see Figure). Age, diabetes, tobacco use, known CVD, BMI and black race were also associated with a low ABI (all p<0.003). Self-reported hypertension and non-HDL cholesterol levels, however, were not associated with a low ABI. An interaction between height and body mass index (BMI) was identified. Conclusions: Female gender is associated with a low ABI in the general population. This association appears to be independent of height and other traditional CVD risk factors and warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents With Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne J. Korczak ◽  
Kristin Cleverley ◽  
Catherine S. Birken ◽  
Tony Pignatiello ◽  
Farid H. Mahmud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Family History ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
History Of

Aim: To examine CVD risk factors among children and adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).Methods: A cross-sectional study of 77 children and adolescents (mean age 14.1 years, 74% female) referred to a pediatric depression program. MDD was assessed using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Cardiovascular assessments included family cardiovascular disease (CVD) history, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipid and glucose concentrations. CVD risk factors among healthy weight and overweight/obese participants were compared.Results: Forty-six percent of participants had a family history of early CVD. On examination, 25% of participants had a BMI in overweight/obese range, and 25% of children had pre-hypertension (14%) or hypertension (11%). Total cholesterol levels were elevated among 28% of participants. Overweight/obese participants had increased non-HDL cholesterol concentrations compared with healthy-weight participants (36 vs. 10%, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences between healthy and overweight/obese groups for other CVD risk factors, including HDL cholesterol concentration, plasma glucose concentration, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and family history of early CVD. More than half (52%) of participants had at least two CVD risk factors.Conclusion: CVD risk factors are prevalent among children and adolescents with MDD. Routine CVD risk factor screening may be warranted among MDD youth, regardless of BMI, and may provide a valuable opportunity for prevention of future CVD.

scholarly journals A longitudinal evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors, treatment patterns, and outcomes in patients with documented cardiovascular disease treated with lipid lowering therapy in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Beaini ◽  
M Danese ◽  
E Sidelnikov ◽  
G Villa ◽  
D Catterick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Esc Guidelines

Abstract Background Over time, guidelines for dyslipidemia management in patients at high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) changed with the goal of improving patient outcomes. Guidelines have been released by the European Joint Task Force in 2007, 2012 and 2016, European Society of Cardiology in 2011, 2016 and 2019, Joint British Societies in 2014, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in 2014. Purpose Evaluate cardiovascular risk factors, treatment patterns, and cardiovascular outcomes over time related to dyslipidemia management. Methods Ten prevalent cohorts of patients with documented CVD receiving lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) were created using Clinical Research Practice Datalink (CPRD) records as of January 1, each year from 2008 through 2017. For each cohort, we identified CVD risk factors and LLT, and estimated the 1-year composite rate of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke (IS), or revascularization. Patient follow-up was censored at the earliest of one year, end of data, or the outcome of interest. Patients in each cohort were required to be ≥18 years old, have ≥1 years of available medical history, and have received ≥2 LLT prescriptions in the prior year. Documented CVD was defined as MI, IS, angina, revascularization, transient ischemic attack, carotid stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or peripheral arterial disease. Patients could be in multiple cohorts. Results Annual patient counts ranged from 170,501 to 179,137 through 2013 and declined to 94,418 by 2017 (due to fewer patients in the overall CPRD data). Comparing 2008, 2011 (when ESC guidelines were revised) and 2017 showed the following for CVD risk factors: mean age was 71.6, 72.3, and 72.5 years; males were 59.9%, 61.1%, and 63.1%; current smoking was 15.1%, 15.2%, and 13.9%; type 2 diabetes was 18.4%, 20.2%, and 22.4%; stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease was 22.4%, 25.1%, and 22.8%; history of MI was 22.5%, 23.9%, and 27.4%; history of IS was 5.5%, 6.6%, and 7.9%; LDL &lt;1.8 mmol/L was 27.8%, 29.2% and 37.2%; and LDL &lt;1.4 mmol/L was 9.9%, 10.1%, and 15.6%. In terms of treatment, high intensity statin use increased from 12.9% to 15.7% to 30.8%; atorvastatin 40–80 mg use increased from 12.9% to 15.5% to 30.5%; while simvastatin 20–40 mg use decreased from 55.4% to 58.8% to 36.7%. The 1-year cardiovascular event rate declined from 2.54 to 2.35 to 1.96 events per 100 person-years (Figure). Conclusions After 2011 in the UK, there was an increased use of high intensity statins, a greater proportion of patients with LDL levels &lt;1.8 and &lt;1.4 mmol/L, and lower 1-year cardiovascular event rates. While improved CVD management likely contributed to the event rate decline, less than 40% of very high-risk patients achieved an LDL &lt;1.8 mmol/L, and the proportion with LDL &lt;1.4 mmol/L, as recommended by the 2019 ESC guidelines, was less than 20%. Clinicians should continue their efforts to reduce LDL in these patients. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Amgen

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk factors and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalised patients: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e045482
Author(s):  
Didier Collard ◽  
Nick S Nurmohamed ◽  
Yannick Kaiser ◽  
Laurens F Reeskamp ◽  
Tom Dormans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
Secondary Outcomes ◽  
Age And Sex

ObjectivesRecent reports suggest a high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in COVID-19 patients, but the role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the clinical course of COVID-19 is unknown. We evaluated the time-to-event relationship between hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and COVID-19 outcomes.DesignWe analysed data from the prospective Dutch CovidPredict cohort, an ongoing prospective study of patients admitted for COVID-19 infection.SettingPatients from eight participating hospitals, including two university hospitals from the CovidPredict cohort were included.ParticipantsAdmitted, adult patients with a positive COVID-19 PCR or high suspicion based on CT-imaging of the thorax. Patients were followed for major outcomes during the hospitalisation. CVD risk factors were established via home medication lists and divided in antihypertensives, lipid-lowering therapy and antidiabetics.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresThe primary outcome was mortality during the first 21 days following admission, secondary outcomes consisted of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the association with CVD risk factors.ResultsWe included 1604 patients with a mean age of 66±15 of whom 60.5% were men. Antihypertensives, lipid-lowering therapy and antidiabetics were used by 45%, 34.7% and 22.1% of patients. After 21-days of follow-up; 19.2% of the patients had died or were discharged for palliative care. Cox regression analysis after adjustment for age and sex showed that the presence of ≥2 risk factors was associated with increased mortality risk (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.02), but not with ICU admission. Moreover, the use of ≥2 antidiabetics and ≥2 antihypertensives was associated with mortality independent of age and sex with HRs of, respectively, 2.09 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.80) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.91).ConclusionsThe accumulation of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes leads to a stepwise increased risk for short-term mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients independent of age and sex. Further studies investigating how these risk factors disproportionately affect COVID-19 patients are warranted.

Abstract P292: Cardiovascular Risk Factors in U.S. Men With and Without History of Prostate Cancer: NHANES 1999-2014

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Hassoon ◽  
Lawrence Appel ◽  
Hsin-Chieh Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Cancer History ◽  
Prostate Cancer Survivors ◽  
History Of

In 2017 161,000 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in the U.S. With improved survival from prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease has emerged as competing cause of morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have assessed CVD risk factors among prostate cancer survivors. We analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999-2014 to assess CVD risk factors, as defined by AHA/ACC, in adult men with and without a history of prostate cancer. A total of 602 men, age 50 years and older, with prostate cancer history and 8,226 men without cancer history were included in the analysis. Among men with prostate cancer history, the mean (SE) age at survey was 72.3(0.4); 41% of the survivors had their diagnoses less than 5 years ago, while 31% survived more than 10 years after diagnosis. Compared to men without cancer, prostate cancer survivors were older (mean age 72 (0.4) vs 62y (0.1)), but with similar education level ( p =0.41). For CVD risk factors, prostate cancer survivors were less likely to be current smokers (6.5% vs 20.3%), but more likely to have hypertension and on anti-hypertensive medication (95.6% vs 88.9%) with age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio of 1.53 ([95% CI, 1.2 - 1.9]; p =0.001) and 1.78 ([95% CI, 1.1 - 2.9]; p =0.024), respectively. There were no differences in lipids profiles between men with and without prostate cancer. In stratified analysis, non-Hispanic blacks’ survivors have almost two times the prevalence of hypertension compared to non-Hispanic blacks free of cancer, with age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio of 1.9 ([95% CI, 1.2 - 2.96]; p=0.005). In conclusion, CVD risk factors were prevalent in prostate cancer survivors. Improving cardiovascular health through lifestyle change and preventive strategies is a public health priority, particularly among non-Hispanic Blacks.

scholarly journals Factor analysis for the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors and sedentary behavior, a cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242365
Author(s):  
Tsung-Ying Tsai ◽  
Pai-Feng Hsu ◽  
Chung-Chi Lin ◽  
Yuan-Jen Wang ◽  
Yaw-Zon Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Clustering Pattern

Background Few studies have reported on the clustering pattern of CVD risk factors, including sedentary behavior, systemic inflammation, and cadiometabolic components in the general population. Objective We aimed to explore the clustering pattern of CVD risk factors using exploratory factor analysis to investigate the underlying relationships between various CVD risk factors. Methods A total of 5606 subjects (3157 male, 51.5±11.7 y/o) were enrolled, and 14 cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed in an exploratory group (n = 3926) and a validation group (n = 1676), including sedentary behaviors. Results Five factor clusters were identified to explain 69.4% of the total variance, including adiposity (BMI, TG, HDL, UA, and HsCRP; 21.3%), lipids (total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol; 14.0%), blood pressure (SBP and DBP; 13.3%), glucose (HbA1C, fasting glucose; 12.9%), and sedentary behavior (MET and sitting time; 8.0%). The inflammation biomarker HsCRP was clustered with only adiposity factors and not with other cardiometabolic risk factors, and the clustering pattern was verified in the validation group. Conclusion This study confirmed the clustering structure of cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population, including sedentary behavior. HsCRP was clustered with adiposity factors, while physical inactivity and sedentary behavior were clustered with each other.

Abstract 049: Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC)

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhao ◽  
Eliseo Guallar ◽  
Ryan Longchamps ◽  
Christina Castellani ◽  
Yunsoo Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
General Population ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Dna Copy Number ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Copy Number

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia. Molecular studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with increased risk of AF through reduced production of adenosine triphosphate and increased production of reactive oxidative species. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN), a marker of mitochondrial function, has been found to be associated with sudden cardiac death and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in ARIC. However, the association between mtDNA CN and incident AF in the general population is unknown. Objective: To examine the prospective association between mtDNA CN and the risk of incident AF. Methods: Cohort study of 10,764 ARIC participants without AF at baseline (1987-89) and followed through December 31, 2014. AF were identified through electrocardiograms, review of hospital discharge codes, and death certificates. DNA samples were isolated from buffy coat. mtDNA CN was calculated from probe intensities on the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Array and standardized using the residual method. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics and CVD risk factors were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for AF comparing the four lowest quintiles of mtDNA CN to the highest quintile. Results: The mean (SD) age was 57.4 (6.0) years. During 21 years of median follow-up, 1,946 participants developed AF. In fully-adjusted models, the HRs (95% CI) for AF comparing quintiles 1 - 4 to quintile 5 of mtDNA CN were 1.17 (1.00, 1.37), 1.17 (0.99, 1.37), 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) and 1.05 (0.89, 1.24), respectively (p-trend 0.044; Figure). The HR for AF comparing 10 th vs 90 th percentile of mtDNA-CN was 1.16 (1.04, 1.30). Conclusions: mtDNA CN was inversely associated with the risk of AF independent of traditional CVD risk factors. Decline in mitochondrial function may be a novel mechanism underlying biological changes that increase the risk of AF in the general population. mtDNA CN may provide potential for novel AF prevention strategies.

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Different Occupational Groups in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-658
Author(s):  
Lucy A Barnes ◽  
Amanda Eng ◽  
Marine Corbin ◽  
Hayley J Denison ◽  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
General Population ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
General Population Survey

Abstract Objectives Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has been shown to differ between occupations, few studies have specifically evaluated the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups. This study assessed CVD risk factors in a range of occupational groups in New Zealand, stratified by sex and ethnicity. Methods Two probability-based sample surveys of the general New Zealand adult population (2004–2006; n = 3003) and of the indigenous people of New Zealand (Māori; 2009–2010; n = 2107), for which occupational histories and lifestyle factors were collected, were linked with routinely collected health data. Smoking, body mass index, deprivation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol were dichotomized and compared between occupational groups using age-adjusted logistic regression. Results The prevalence of all known CVD risk factors was greater in the Māori survey than the general population survey, and in males compared with females. In general for men and women in both surveys ‘Plant and machine operators and assemblers’ and ‘Elementary workers’ were more likely to experience traditional CVD risk factors, while ‘Professionals’ were less likely to experience these risk factors. ‘Clerks’ were more likely to have high blood pressure and male ‘Agricultural and fishery workers’ in the general survey were less likely to have high cholesterol, but this was not observed in the Māori survey. Male Māori ‘Trades workers’ were less likely to have high cholesterol and were less obese, while for the general population survey, this was not observed. Conclusions This study showed differences in the distribution of known CVD risk factors across occupational groups, as well as between ethnic groups and males and females.

scholarly journals Prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among a group of sub-Saharan African young adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Yaoundé, Cameroon

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e029858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobert Richie Nansseu ◽  
Bibiane Siaheu Kameni ◽  
Felix Kembe Assah ◽  
Jean Joel Bigna ◽  
Saint-Just Petnga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol Consumption

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence estimates of some major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a young adult-aged population living in Yaoundé, Cameroon.DesignA cross-sectional study held from May to July 2017.SettingParticipantsStudents aged 18–35 years, with no known history of CVD, found at the campus during recruitment and who voluntarily agreed to be included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were collected on personal and family history as well as lifestyle and nutritional habits; anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were also measured. Prevalence rates were calculated with their respective 95% CI.ResultsOverall, 931 participants (53.8% males) were included, with a median age of 23 years (IQR 21–25). The prevalence estimates for some major CVD risk factors were: 3.1% (95% CI 2.0 to 4.2) for family history of heart attack, 6.3% (95% CI 4.7 to 7.9) for family history of stroke, 26.7% (95% CI 23.9 to 29.5) for hazardous alcohol consumption, 0.9% (95% 0.3 to 1.5) for current tobacco smoking, 27.6% (95% CI 24.7 to 30.5) for secondhand smoking, 88.9% (95% CI 86.9 to 90.9) for physical inactivity, 99.0% (95% CI 98.4 to 99.6) for inadequate fruits and/or vegetables consumption, 39.8% (95% CI 36.7 to 42.9) for self-reported anxiety, 49.2% (95% CI 46.0 to 52.4) for self-reported depression, 22.1% (95% CI 19.4 to 24.8) for overweight, 3.9% (95% CI 2.7 to 5.1) for obesity, 14.4% (95% CI 12.1 to 16.7) for abdominal obesity, 14.5% (95% CI 12.2 to 16.8) for excess body fat mass, 30.0% (95% CI 27.1 to 32.9) for suspected prehypertension and 2.8% (95% CI 1.7 to 3.9) for suspected hypertension.ConclusionThe prevalence of some major CVD risk factors is high among young adults living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Therefore, specific actions should be undertaken in this population to mitigate the upcoming burden of CVD. Accordingly, younger-aged adult populations should be encouraged and accompanied to practice physical activity, eat healthily, and stop or avoid smoking and/or hazardous alcohol consumption.

Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Twisk ◽  
Isabel Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Apo B

The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.

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