What you say and what I hear—Investigating differences in the perception of the severity of psychological and physical violence in intimate partner relationships

The correct communication of the severity of violence is essential in the context of legal trials, custody cases, support of victims, etc., for providing fair treatment. A narrator that communicates their experiences of interpersonal violence may rate the seriousness of the incident differently than a rater reading the narrator’s text, suggesting that there exist perceptual differences (PD) in severity ratings between the narrator and the rater. We propose that these perceptual differences may depend on whether the narrative is based on physical or psychological violence, and on gender differences. Physical violence may be evaluated as more serious by the receiver of the narrative than by the narrator (Calibration PD), whereas the seriousness of psychological violence may be difficult to convey, leading to a discrepancy in the seriousness ratings between the narrator and the rater (Accuracy PD). In addition, gender stereotypes may influence the seriousness rating (Gender PD), resulting in violence against women being perceived as more serious than the same violence against men. These perceptual differences were investigated in 3 phases using a new experimental procedure. In Phase 1, 113 narrators provided descriptions and seriousness ratings of self-experienced physical and psychological violence in relationships. In Phase 2, 340 independent raters rated the seriousness of 10 randomly selected narrations from Phase 1. In Phase 3, the genders in the narrations were changed to the opposite gender, and seriousness ratings were collected from 340 different raters. Our results confirmed the hypothesized perceptual differences. Violence to male victims was considerably more likely to be seen as severe when the raters were misled to believe the victim was a woman. We propose that these data provide practical guidelines for how to deal with misinformation in the communication of violence. The data also show that mean values and the confidence of such severity ratings need to be adjusted for several factors, such as whether it is self-experienced or communicated, the type of violence, and the gender of the victims and raters.

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The impact of interpersonal violence in youth sport on adult psychopathology

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1388 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S748-S748

Author(s):

T. Vertommen ◽

J. Kampen ◽

N. Schipper-van Veldhoven ◽

K. Uzieblo ◽

F. Van Den Eede

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Child Protection ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Youth Sport ◽

Brief Symptom Inventory ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Symptom Inventory ◽

The Impact

IntroductionA recent cohort study in the Netherlands and Belgium showed that 38% of children experienced psychological violence, 11% physical violence, and 14% sexual violence in sport (Vertommen et al., 2016). This study aims to explore the long-term consequences on anxiety, depression and somatic complaints in adults who experienced psychological, physical or sexual violence in the specific context of organized youth sport.MethodsA web survey in a representative sample of adults, prescreened on having participated in organized sport before the age of 18 (n = 4043) was conducted. In this sample, depression, anxiety and somatic problems were assessed using the brief symptom inventory. A generalized linear model was used to quantify the impact of experiencing severe interpersonal violence in sport on psychopathology.ResultsAll three types of severe interpersonal violence (psychological, physical and sexual) were significantly associated with the total score and the subscales of the brief symptom inventory. The effect remains significant after controlling for socio-demographics, as well as disability, sexual orientation, adverse childhood experiences outside sport, recent trauma and family history of psychological problems.ConclusionsExperiencing interpersonal violence against in youth sport is associated with mental health problems in adulthood. This is an important finding to consider in child protection policy in sport.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Mapping interpersonal violence against women in the District of Nias, 2009-2016

Masyarakat Kebudayaan dan Politik ◽

10.20473/mkp.v31i12018.24-35 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Mita Yesyca ◽

Formas Juitan Lase ◽

Nenny Anggraini

Keyword(s):

Violence Against Women ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Feminist Perspective ◽

Primary Data ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Literature Study ◽

Interview Methods ◽

Local Leaders

The research is about mapping interpersonal violence against women in the Nias District, North Sumatera. The patriarchal culture which has a hold in the area has significant effects on women. Using a social mapping approach and a feminist perspective, data in this research were collected through literature study, i.e. reports of service provider institutions on violence cases in Nias District, as well as observation and interview methods with local leaders in its ten sub-districts. The feminist perspective is useful to give voice to the unheard” female actors in a patriarchal society. Findings based on secondary data show that cases of violence in the Nias District from 2009-2016 fluctuated, with a total of 116 cases. The most frequent cases of violence experienced by women are physical violence, as many as 76 cases, sexual violence 31 cases, psychological violence eight cases and economic violence one case. The data collected from the interview and observation are 180 cases. The overall data show that physical violence occupies the highest number (secondary data 65.51% and primary data 53.88%) in the form of a beating received by the wife (domestic violence). The character of women’s vulnerability to violence varies ineach sub-district and is highly dependent on regional geographic-economic conditions. Therefore, the approach to the resolution of violence in each sub-district may vary. As a conclusion, the practice of violence against women in the Nias District is like an iceberg phenomenon that still needs to be followed up. The research also shows the potential of related institutions partnership, especially encouraged by churches, to end practices of interpersonal violence against women in the Nias District.

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Understanding the Prevalence Rates of Interpersonal Violence Experienced by Young French-Speaking Swiss Athletes

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Élise Marsollier ◽

Denis Hauw ◽

Fabienne Crettaz von Roten

Keyword(s):

Sexual Violence ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

The Other ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Young Athletes ◽

Sport Practice ◽

French Speaking

Facing the important methodological limitations of the instruments used for assessing the prevalence of interpersonal violence faced by young athletes, the aim of the present study was to propose and describe the use of a research instrument adapted to young and French-speaking athletes. In addition, by collecting preliminary data with a Swiss sample, we aimed to measure the different forms of interpersonal violence young athletes have experienced at least once during their sport practice. Our questionnaire was based on three existing questionnaires and adapted for a young audience. Regarding prevalence, results showed that among the 210 respondents, 75% declared psychological violence, 53% physical violence, 28% sexual violence and 21% reported no violence. The other results showed that this instrument appears to be well-structured to measure interpersonal violence and understandable for young athletes. Based on the strengths and limits of our instrument, the methodological need of standardization of research instruments is discussed in line with a need of more studies to fully understand the phenomenon.

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Epidemiological profile of interpersonal violence in Brazil between 2015 and 2019

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i16.23204 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. e29101623204

Author(s):

Isabela Teles de Souza ◽

Taciana Silveira Passos ◽

Lucas Marianni Almeida ◽

Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos

Keyword(s):

Child Labor ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Ecological Study ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Financial Economic ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Legal Intervention ◽

Unified Health System ◽

Victims Of Violence ◽

Epidemiological Profile

The objective was to determine the prevalence of interpersonal violence between 2015 and 2019, based on notifications from the Unified Health System (SUS). This is an ecological study with metadata from SINAN/DATASUS on notifications of violence over a period of 05 years. A total of 1,534,146 cases of violence were reported in several categories: physical violence; psychological violence; neglect/abandonment; sexual violence; torture; financial/economic violence; Child labor; legal intervention; trafficking in persons; and other types of violence. The main victims of violence were women (77.55%), white (40.40%), with incomplete higher education (13.93%), single (38.08%) and heterosexual (50.15%). Violence was characterized by sexism as the main motivation (8.88%), with physical violence being the most prevalent (60.78%). As for the means of aggression, force/body beating (42.98%) was the most used against the victim. The majority profile of the aggressor was male (54.54%), adult (45.52%), victim's spouse (13.61), not alcoholic (43.41%). These results demonstrate the importance of preventing violence, especially in the home environment, perpetrated by intimate partners, family members and acquaintances of the victim. The study provides, to date, one of the largest samples of interpersonal violence reported by health professionals in Brazil.

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Magnitude and Risk Factors for Interpersonal Violence Experienced by Canadian Teenagers in the Sport Context

Journal of Sport and Social Issues ◽

10.1177/0193723520973571 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 019372352097357

Author(s):

Sylvie Parent ◽

Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Online Survey ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Team Sports ◽

Sexual Preference ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Recent studies demonstrate that interpersonal violence toward athletes (VTA) is a significant problem in some countries. However, in Canada, little scientific evidence on the prevalence of this issue exists. The objective of this study was to describe the magnitude of interpersonal violence toward young Canadian athletes in the context of sport and to explore associated risk factors. A total of 1,055 athletes, aged between 14 and 17 years, anonymously completed an online survey about their experiences of various types of interpersonal violence in sport. The sample consisted of 763 girls and 292 boys, with a mean age of 15.3 ± 1.1 years. Results showed that 79.2% of athletes reported at least one experience of psychological violence followed by 39.9% reporting physical violence, 35.7% reporting neglect, and 28.2% sexual violence. Being older, being a girl, having specialized in a sport early on, and a high number of hours of weekly practice were related to higher odds of reporting psychological violence or neglect. Being older, being a boy, reporting a nonheterosexual sexual preference, greater number of hours of weekly practice, being in an interregional or provincial sport level, and practicing only team sports were related to higher odds of reporting physical violence. Reporting a nonheterosexual sexual preference and being in an interregional or international sport level were associated with higher odds of reporting sexual violence. In conclusion, this study shows that VTA, particularly psychological violence and neglect, is a serious problem in youth sport in Canada. These results may help to influence public decision makers to intervene and develop and implement strategies to prevent VTA.

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Prevalence and Characteristics of Interpersonal Violence in People Dying From Suicide in Victoria, Australia

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539517743615 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 36-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael B MacIsaac ◽

Lyndal Bugeja ◽

Tracey Weiland ◽

Jeremy Dwyer ◽

Kav Selvakumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Men And Women ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Few Data ◽

The Impact

Victims of interpersonal violence are known to be at increased risk of suicidal ideation and attempts; however, few data exist on the impact that violence has on the risk of death from suicide. This study examined 2153 suicides (1636 males and 517 females) occurring between 2009 and 2012. Information was sourced from the Coroners Court of Victoria’s Suicide Register, a detailed database containing information on all Victorian suicides. Forty-two percent of women who died from suicide had a history of exposure to interpersonal violence, with 23% having been a victim of physical violence, 18% suffering psychological violence, and 16% experiencing sexual abuse. A large number of men who died from suicide had also been exposed to interpersonal violence, many of whom had perpetrated violence within the 6 weeks prior to their death. Targeted prevention, particularly removing barriers for men to seek help early after perpetrating violence is likely to have benefits in preventing suicide in both men and women.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03062-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joviana Quintes Avanci ◽

Fernanda Serpeloni ◽

Thiago Pires de Oliveira ◽

Simone Gonçalves de Assis

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Community Violence ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Psychological Violence

Abstract Background The frequency of trauma and different types of violence exposure in urban areas and their effects on the mental health of adolescents in developing countries are poorly investigated. Most information about traumatized young people comes from war scenarios or disasters. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PTSD in trauma-exposed students in a low-resource city of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The effects of sociodemographic and individual and family factors in the development of PTSD were also investigated. Methods Through multi-stage cluster sampling, 862 adolescents (Mage = 15 years old, 65% female) from public and private schools in the city of São Gonçalo were selected for the study. Self-rating structured questionnaires were applied to assess sociodemographic profile, exposure to physical and psychological violence (family, school, community), sexual abuse, social support, social functional impairment, resilience, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The data were grouped in blocks regarding sociodemographic, individual, family, and community variables. For statistical analysis, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression were performed. Results The PTSD prevalence was 7.8% among adolescents. Boys were exposed to significantly higher number of events of community violence, while girls to family violence. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for PTSD were statistically significant for age (OR, 1.45, [95% CI, 1.043–2.007]), social functional impairment (OR, 4.82, [95% CI, 1.77–13.10]), severe maternal physical violence (OR, 2.79, [95% CI, 0.79–9.93]), psychological violence by significant people (OR, 3.96, [95% CI, 1.89–8.31]) and a high number of episodes of community violence (OR, 3.52, [95% CI, 1.47–8.40). Conclusions There was a high prevalence of PTSD within this population associated with exposure to violence. Not only physical, but also psychological violence contributed to PTSD. The results also raise awareness to the differences in life trajectories between boys and girls regarding violence. These differences need to be better understood in order to enable the development of effective preventative interventions. Treating and preventing mental health disorders presents a challenge for countries, especially those with a lower degree of social and economic development and high community violence.

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Exploring the experience of intimate partner violence in the LGBT community

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.799 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

M Papadakaki ◽

F Zioti ◽

Z N Karadimitriou ◽

M Papadopoulou

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Childhood Victimization ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Violence Victimization ◽

Lgbt Community ◽

Forms Of Violence

Abstract Background The study aimed at measuring the prevalence and identifying the risk factors of intimate partner violence in individuals from the LGBT community. Methods A total of 180 individuals participated in the study, both male and female, aged 18-60 years, living in the broader area of Athens, Greece. Snowball sampling was applied to identify eligible individuals and social media were employed to recruit them. The questionnaire explored the violence victimization and perpetration in their relationships, the preferred reaction to various forms of violence and the role of childhood victimization in adulthood experiences of violence. Results 72.8% were homosexual, 26.7% bisexual, 81.7 % were women with a mean age of 25.2 years (6.0 standard deviation). A total of 67.2% were subjected to verbal abuse before the age of 16, 49.4% to physical violence, 6.7% to sexual violence and 46.7% were neglected. The prevalence of violence victimization was higher than the prevalence of violence perpetration (mean 9.81 and 5.92 respectively). Psychological violence was the most common among other forms of violence, both in victimization (psychological 7.34, physical 1.66, sexual 0.81) and perpetration (psychological 4.48, physical 1.26, sexual 0.18). In hypothetical scenarios of psychological violence, the majority of participants preferred separation and discussion about boundaries as strategies to deal with the situation (56.1 and 45.0 respectively), in scenarios of physical violence they primarily preferred separation and secondarily asking a professional advice (73.3 and 20.6, respectively) and in sexual violence they primarily preferred a discussion about boundaries and secondarily separation (69.4% and 31.7% respectively). Experiences of childhood victimization (p=.006), and female gender (p=.002), were found to be associated at a statistically significant level with violent victimization in adulthood. Conclusions Further research is necessary to identify groups at risk of victimization. Key messages Preventive efforts need to take into account individual sociodemographic and attitudinal characteristics that increase the risk of victimization. Experiences of victimization during childhood are highly associated with victimization in adulthood.

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The identification of multi-hazard situations in elementary school

Improving Schools ◽

10.1177/1365480221996695 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136548022199669

Author(s):

Evi Widowati ◽

Wahyudi Istiono ◽

Adi Heru Sutomo

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Natural Disasters ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Stratified Random Sampling ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Quantitative Descriptive

This study aimed to identify various hazard risks which are related to children in schools. This study used a quantitative descriptive design. The sampling technique used was four stage stratified random sampling, with 329 elementary schools as the sample. The results identified various dangerous situations which are related to children and schools ranging from infectious diseases, natural disasters, violence against children and the dangers due to the absence of adequate safety at school. Dangers from natural disasters which could be identified were earthquake, volcano, flood, hurricane landslide, and drought as well as potential biological hazards such as contagion and caterpillar outbreak. Additionally, the dangers related to violence against children were fighting, extortion, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, bullying, and stealing. Related to safety aspects at schools, there were dangerous situations caused by the activities of the children themselves which caused injuries, or other technical causes, such as fire, falling buildings/falling trees, food poisoning, and infectious diseases.

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Workplace violence against healthcare professionals in a multiethnic area: a cross-sectional study in southwest China

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037464 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. e037464

Author(s):

Haonan Jia ◽

Huiying Fang ◽

Ruohui Chen ◽

Mingli Jiao ◽

Lifeng Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Minority ◽

Workplace Violence ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Security Measures ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine workplace violence (WPV) towards healthcare professionals in a multiethnic area in China, including prevalence, influencing factors, healthcare professionals’ response to WPV, expected antiviolence training measures and content, and evaluation of WPV interventions.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingA grade III, class A hospital in the capital of Yunnan Province, which is the province with the most diverse ethnic minority groups in China.ParticipantsIn total, 2036 healthcare professionals participated, with a response rate of 83.79%.ResultsThe prevalence of physical and psychological violence was 5.5% and 43.7%, respectively. Healthcare professionals of ethnic minority were more likely to experience psychological violence (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.05). Stratified by gender, male healthcare professionals of ethnic minority suffered from more physical violence (OR=3.31, 95% CI 1.12 to 9.79), while female healthcare professionals suffered from psychological violence (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.36). We also found a unique work situation in China: overtime duty on-call work (18:00–07:00) was a risk factor for psychological violence (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.93). Healthcare professionals of ethnic minority are less likely to order perpetrators to stop or to report to superiors when faced with psychological violence. They are also more interested in receiving training in force skills and self-defence. Both Han and ethnic minority participants considered security measures as the most useful intervention, while changing the time of shift the most useless one.ConclusionOur study comprehensively described WPV towards healthcare professionals in a multiethnic minority area. More research on WPV conducted in multiethnic areas is needed.

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