scholarly journals Antimalarial drug resistance in the Central and Adamawa regions of Cameroon: Prevalence of mutations in P. falciparum crt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256343
Author(s):  
Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom ◽  
Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio ◽  
Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko ◽  
Brice Lionel Feufack-Donfack ◽  
Christelle Ngou Maffo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mutant Genotype ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

The spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistant parasites remains one of the major challenges for malaria control and elimination in Sub Saharan Africa. Monitoring of molecular markers conferring resistance to different antimalarials is important to track the spread of resistant parasites and to optimize the therapeutic lifespan of current drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of known mutations in the drug resistance genes Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps in two different epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Dried blood spots collected in 2018 and 2019 from asymptomatic individuals were used for DNA extraction and then the Plasmodium infection status was determined byPCR. Detection of SNPs was performed by nested PCR followed by allele-specific restriction analysis (ASRA). The prevalence of each genotype was compared between sites using the Chi square and Fisher’s exact tests. A high prevalence of the Pfcrt K76 wild type allele was found in both sites (88.5 and 62.29% respectively; P< 0,0001). The prevalence of Pfmdr1 mutations 86Y and 1246Y was respectively 55.83 and 1.45% in Mfou and 45.87 and 5.97% in Tibati, with significant difference between the studied areas (P<0.0001). Overall, the Pfdhfr triple-mutant genotype (51I/59R/108N) was highly prevalent (> 96%), however no SNP was detected at codon 164. In Pfdhps, the prevalence of the 437G mutation reached (90%) and was at higher frequency in Mfou (P< 0.0001). Overall, the Pfdhps mutations 540E and 581G were less common (0.33 and 3.26%, respectively). The quadruple resistant genotype (Pfdhfr 51I/59R/108N+Pfdhp437G) was found almost 90% of the samples. The wild-type genotype (Pfdhfr N51/C59/S108/164I+Pfdhps A437/K540/A581) was never identified and the sextuple mutant (Pfdhfr 51I/59R/108N+Pfdhp437G/540E/581G), kwon as super resistant appeared in two samples from Tibati. These findings demonstrate declining trends in the prevalence of mutations conferring resistance to 4-aminoquinolines, especially to chloroquine. However, a high level of mutations in P. falciparum genes related to SP resistance was detected and this raises concerns about the future efficacy of IPTp-SP and SMC in Cameroon.

scholarly journals Molecular surveillance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 and K13-propeller mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates imported from Africa to China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Huang ◽  
He Yan ◽  
Jing-Bo Xue ◽  
Yan-Wen Cui ◽  
Shui-Sen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Mutant Genotype

Abstract Background The emergence and spread of multidrug resistance pose a significant risk to malaria control and eradication goals in the world. There has been no indigenous malaria cases reported since 2017, and China is approaching malaria elimination by 2020. Therefore, it is urgent to monitor antimalarial drug resistance and track the emergence and spread of the imported drug resistant malaria cases in China. Methods Dried blood samples were obtained from P. falciparum infected cases who returned from Africa to China between 2012–2015 prior to antimalarial drug treatment. The known polymorphisms relating to drug resistance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 gene, and the propeller domain of the K13 gene were evaluated by nested PCR and sequencing. The GraphPad prism was used to plot the prevalence of each mutation. The chi-squared test and two-sided P value of < 0.05 were used to evaluate differences with statistical significance. Results A total of 731 P. falciparum isolates were successfully genotyped at the pfcrt locus. The wild type haplotype of C72V73M74N75K76 was the most prevalent genotype with the prevalence of 62.8% and 29.8% of the isolates showed the triple mutant haplotype C72V73I74E75T76. Total 434 P. falciparum isolates were successfully sequenced and pfmdr1 allelic variants were only observed in codons 86, 184, and 1246. Twelve haplotypes were identified and the prevalence of the wild type variant pfmdr1 N86Y184D1246 was 44.1%. The single mutant pfmdr1 in codons 86 and 184 was predominant but D1246Y was rare. The double mutant genotype Y86F184D1246 was common in Africa. A total of 1381 P. falciparum isolates from 33 African countries were sequenced of K13-propeller domain and 1357 were successfully sequenced. The prevalence of K13 mutations was 3.6% and 26 different mutant alleles including 22 nonsynonymous and four synonymous variants (C469C, R471R, G496G, and A627A) were observed. The A578S was the most common haplotype of K13. Three mutation associated with artimisinin resistance (M476I, R539T, and P553L) were observed in three isolates. Conclusion The prevalence of mutant pfcrt and pfmdr1 was low or moderate in P. falciparum isolates imported from Africa to China between 2012–2015. K13-propeller mutations were highly diverse but most mutations were only found in a few isolates. This study provides evidence for the antimalarial drug resistance level of the imported malaria cases from Africa and the efficacy of antimalarial drug policy in China to treat these imported cases.

scholarly journals Primary HCV Drug Resistance Mutations in Patients with Newly Diagnosed HIV Infection

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Ostankova ◽  
D. E. Valutite ◽  
E. B. Zueva ◽  
E. N. Serikova ◽  
A. N. Shchemelev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutations ◽  
Primary Drug Resistance ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective of our work was to assess prevalence of the primary HCV drug resistance mutations in the NS5b gene in patients with newly diagnosed HIV infection.Materials and methods. The study material was 196 blood plasma samples from patients living in the North-Western Federal District with newly diagnosed HIV. Samples were examined for the anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA presence. If HCV RNA was detected, amplification was performed using three primers pairs that co-flanked the NS5b gene. After sequencing the indicated gene nucleotide sequence, the virus subtype was determined and drug resistance mutations were detected.Results and discussion. Antibodies to HCV were detected in 18.87 % of HIV-infected individuals. HCV RNA was detected in 18.36 % of the patients, including 89.18 % anti-HCV-positive and 1.88 % anti-HCV-negative. It was shown that co-infection is more common in men (77.8 %) compared to women (22.2 %) – χ2 = 3.996 at p = 0.0456, df = 2. The difference in the HIV viral load between the groups with HIV monoinfection and with HIV + HCV coinfection was demonstrated (χ2 = 6.284 at p = 0.0432, df = 2). A significant difference between the groups by the CD4 + lyphocytes number was shown. In the phylogenetic analysis, the HCV subtypes are distributed as follows: HCV 1b – 47.2 %, HCV 3a – 30.6 %, HCV 1a – 13.9 %, HCV 2a – 5.5 % and only one sample was defined as HCV 2k – 2.8 %, respectively. Nine samples (25 %) presented NS5b mutations in  the positions related to the development of drug resistance of HCV, including two samples among HCV genotypes 1a and 3a (i.e., 5.6 % of the total HIV + HCV group), as well as five samples among HCV 1b (13.9 % of the total group). Mutations among HCV 1a were C316Y and N444D substitutions. Among HCV 1b, C316N, C451S, S556N/G substitutions were identified. Among patients with HCV 3a, 2 samples (5.6 %) with a D310N mutation associated with an unfavorable disease prognosis were found. The introduction of direct sequencing of HCV nucleotide sequences into the routine laboratory diagnostics will allow us to estimate the primary drug resistance mutations prevalence in risk groups to predict the HCV life-threatening complications development – fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the outcome of antiviral therapy prognosis. The data obtained can be rationally used to assess the dynamics of the HCV primary pharmacoresistance prevalence among HIV-infected individuals.

scholarly journals Prevalence of chloroquine and antifolate drug resistance alleles in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from three areas in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Abugri ◽  
Felix Ansah ◽  
Kwaku P. Asante ◽  
Comfort N. Opoku ◽  
Lucas A. Amenga-Etego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance Transporter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quadruple Mutant ◽  
Study Sites

Background: The emergence and spread of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (CQ) and the antifolate drug sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) necessitated the change from CQ to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as first-line drug for the management of uncomplicated malaria in Ghana in 2005. Methods: To examine the prevalence of molecular markers associated with CQ and antifolate drug resistance in Ghana, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt, PF3D7_0709000), multidrug resistance (pfmdr1, PF3D7_0523000), bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (pfdhfr, PF3D7_0417200) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps, PF3D7_0810800) genes in children with malaria reporting to hospitals in three different epidemiological areas of Ghana (Accra, Kintampo and Navrongo) between 2012 and 2017. Results: The overall prevalence of the CQ resistance-associated pfcrt 76T allele was 8%, whereas pfmdr1 86Y and 184F alleles were present in 10% and 65% of infections respectively. Most of the isolates harboured the antifolate resistance-associated pfdhfr 51I, 59R and 108N alleles, including 68% of them with the triple mutant pfdhfr I51R59N108 combination. Pfdhps 437G and 540E were detected in 90.6% and 0.7% of infections, respectively. We observed no significant difference across the three study sites for all the polymorphisms except for pfdhps 437G, which was more common in Accra than at the other sites. Across both pfdhfr and pfdhps genes, a large proportion (61%) of the isolates harboured the quadruple mutant combination (I51R59N108/G437). Conclusion: Comparison of the present results to previously published data shows a significant decrease in the prevalence of CQ resistance alleles during the 12 years after CQ withdrawal, but an increase in the alleles that mediate SP resistance, which could be due to the continuous use of antifolate drugs for prophylaxis.

The expression of pAKT/survivin and their role in colorectal cancer.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 595-595
Author(s):  
Junjie Gu ◽  
Zhao Sun ◽  
Chunmei Bai ◽  
Fei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Survivin Expression ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

595 Background: Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the fourth most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Drug resistance remains the main obstacle to the success of cytotoxic therapies. It is reported that soluble factors released by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts(CAFs) can induce the translocation of AKT, Survivin, P38 to the nucleus of tumor cells, which might be the mechanism of microenvironment-mediated drug resistance to nonspecific conventional chemotherapeutic agents, such as platinum compounds or 5-FU. Methods: Clinicopathological data of colorectal cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy (XELOX or FOLFOX) were collected, followed up and evaluated. p-AKT and survivin expression were assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The relationships between p-AKT and survivin expression and patients’ resistance to chemotherapy were analyzed by Chi square respectively. The expression between p-AKT and survivin expression and progression-free survival(PFS) of patients were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier. Results: 51 CRC patients were enrolled in our research. Among them, 21 patients were resistant to chemotherapy(PD), and 30 patients were sensitive to chemotherapy(PR). P-AKT and survivin were assessed by IHC in 47 patients. Among them, 17 patients were p-AKT positive, and 29 patients were survivin positive. Patients of progressive disease(resistant to chemotherapy) were significantly associated with p-AKT positive and survivin positive(p = 0.009, 0.000). Poorer progression-free survival(PFS) was observed in patients with survivin positive compared to those with survivin negative(6.323±0.9m, 13.857±2.664m, Breslow chi square = 4.885, p value = 0.027). There is no significant difference between p-AKT expression and PFS(Breslow chi square = 2.403, p value = 0.121). Conclusions: CRC patients with p-AKT positive or survivin positive were more likely to be resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. CRC patients with survivin positive had a shorter DFS.

scholarly journals Combined Drug Resistance Mutations Substantially Enhance Enzyme Production inPaenibacillus agaridevorans

2018 ◽  
Vol 200 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Funane ◽  
Yukinori Tanaka ◽  
Takeshi Hosaka ◽  
Kiriko Murakami ◽  
Takatsugu Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Applicability ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutations ◽  
Industrial Enzyme

ABSTRACTThis study shows that sequential introduction of drug resistance mutations substantially increased enzyme production inPaenibacillus agaridevorans. The triple mutant YT478 (rsmGGln225→stop codon,rpsLK56R, andrpoBR485H), generated by screening for resistance to streptomycin and rifampin, expressed a 1,100-fold-larger amount of the extracellular enzyme cycloisomaltooligosaccharide glucanotransferase (CITase) than the wild-type strain. These mutants were characterized by higher intracellularS-adenosylmethionine concentrations during exponential phase and enhanced protein synthesis activity during stationary phase. Surprisingly, the maximal expression of CITase mRNA was similar in the wild-type and triple mutant strains, but the mutant showed greater CITase mRNA expression throughout the growth curve, resulting in enzyme overproduction. A metabolome analysis showed that the triple mutant YT478 had higher levels of nucleic acids and glycolysis metabolites than the wild type, indicating that YT478 mutant cells were activated. The production of CITase by the triple mutant was further enhanced by introducing a mutation conferring resistance to the rare earth element, scandium. This combined drug resistance mutation method also effectively enhanced the production of amylases, proteases, and agarases byP. agaridevoransandStreptomyces coelicolor. This method also activated the silent or weak expression of theP. agaridevoransCITase gene, as shown by comparisons of the CITase gene loci ofP. agaridevoransT-3040 and another cycloisomaltooligosaccharide-producing bacterium,Paenibacillussp. strain 598K. The simplicity and wide applicability of this method should facilitate not only industrial enzyme production but also the identification of dormant enzymes by activating the expression of silent or weakly expressed genes.IMPORTANCEEnzyme use has become more widespread in industry. This study evaluated the molecular basis and effectiveness of ribosome engineering in markedly enhancing enzyme production (>1,000-fold). This method, due to its simplicity, wide applicability, and scalability for large-scale production, should facilitate not only industrial enzyme production but also the identification of novel enzymes, because microorganisms contain many silent or weakly expressed genes which encode novel antibiotics or enzymes. Furthermore, this study provides a new mechanism for strain improvement, with a consistent rather than transient high expression of the key gene(s) involved in enzyme production.

scholarly journals Investigating the Presence of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistant Transporter (Pfcrt) Drug-resistance Alleles in Some Northern Nigerian States

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
M. H. Ruqayyah ◽  
K. Nafisatu ◽  
B. Balarabe Musa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Pfcrt Gene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Government Hospitals

This study was designed to investigate the presence of Pfcrt drug- resistance alleles (CQ resistant biomarker) and attempted to analyse the outcome in some states of northern Nigeria. A total of four hundred and thirteen (413) Plasmodium falciparum positive blood samples were collected from Kaduna, Jigawa, Katsina and Kebbi states during the period of April-August 2013. The samples were genotyped at codon 76 using specific primers for Pfcrt gene. The data was analysed using Chi-square to determine significance association. Four hundred and thirteen (413) P. falciparum positive samples were genotyped at codon 76 of pfcrt gene. Sixty eight 68(16.5%) samples contained single K76 (Chloroquine sensitive) alleles, 49(11.9%) contained 76T, while 16(3.9%) contained mixed K76T alleles. K76 alleles were highest in Kaduna state 17(32.1%) and lowest in Kebbi state 10(7.4%), 76T was highest in Jigawa state 11 (25.6%) and lowest in Kebbi state 7(5.2%) while K76T was highest in Jigawa state 5(11.5%) and lowest in Kebbi state 2(1.5%) with significant difference between the states P<0.05. K76 was higher among females 43(17.6%), 76T was also higher females 30(12.2%) while K76T was higher among males 7 (4.2%). K76 was higher among age group of 16-25 years 17(22.4%) and least among 26-40years age group 13 (13.5%). 76T was also higher among 26-40 years age group 17(17.7%) and least among age group >40 years 1(2.0%) and K76T was higher among age group 16-25 years 6(7.9%) and least in >40 years of age 1(2.0%) with high significant difference P<0.05 between the age groups. The results of this study genetically confirms the use of CQ for malaria treatment in the area and attributed the varied distribution across the states, to high irrigation activities, self medication leading to dosage non compliance and improper diagnosis due to use of low sensitive RDT in most government hospitals. The need for enlightenment of the populace cannot over emphasize.

An Analysis of Statistical Techniques Applying to Multi-Feature Similarity Comparison between Corpora

2011 ◽  
Vol 66-68 ◽  
pp. 2323-2329
Author(s):  
Xiao Xiao Chen ◽  
Shi Li Ge ◽  
Min Lin
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Similarity Comparison ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Feature Similarity

Statistical techniques applying to multi-feature similarity comparison belong to the type of goodness-of-fit test which include chi-square test, rank correlation test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test). Experiments show that both chi-square independence test and rank correlation test are subject to the variation of sample size. With the expansion of sample size, the former test achieves the results of significant difference and the latter achieves the results of significant correlation easily. However, both results fail to reveal the actual situation of multi-feature similarity comparison between corpora. Only K-S test, which quantifies a distance between the empirical distribution functions of two samples, can achieve the highest statistical effectiveness.

scholarly journals Molecular surveillance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfk13-propeller mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates imported from Africa to China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Huang ◽  
He Yan ◽  
Jing-Bo Xue ◽  
Yan-Wen Cui ◽  
Shui-Sen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Common Mutation ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Mutant Haplotype

Abstract Background The emergence and spread of multidrug resistance poses a significant risk to malaria control and eradication goals in the world. There has been no indigenous malaria cases reported in China since 2017, and China is approaching national malaria elimination. Therefore, anti-malarial drug resistance surveillance and tracking the emergence and spread of imported drug-resistant malaria cases will be necessary in a post-elimination phase in China. Methods Dried blood spots were obtained from Plasmodium falciparum-infected cases returned from Africa to China between 2012 and 2015, prior to anti-malarial drug treatment. Whole DNA were extracted and known polymorphisms relating to drug resistance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 gene, and the propeller domain of pfk13 were evaluated by nested PCR and sequencing. The haplotypes and prevalence of these three genes were evaluated separately. Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used to evaluate differences among the different sub-regions of Africa. A P value < 0.05 was used to evaluate differences with statistical significance. The maps were created using ArcGIS. Results A total of 731 P. falciparum isolates were sequenced at the pfcrt locus. The wild type CVMNK was the most prevalent haplotype with prevalence of 62.8% and 29.8% of the isolates showed the triple mutant haplotype CVIET. A total of 434 P. falciparum isolates were successfully sequenced and pfmdr1 allelic variants were observed in only codons 86, 184 and 1246. Twelve haplotypes were identified and the prevalence of the wild type pfmdr1 NYD was 44.1%. The single mutant pfmdr1 in codons 86 and 184 was predominant but the haplotype NYY with single mutation in codon 1246 was not observed. The double mutant haplotype YFD was common in Africa. About 1,357 isolates were successfully sequenced of pfk13-propeller domain, the wild type was found in 1,308 samples (96.4%) whereby 49 samples (3.6%) had mutation in pfk13. Of 49 samples with pfk13 mutations, 22 non-synonymous and 4 synonymous polymorphic sites were confirmed. The A578S was the most common mutation in pfk13-propeller domain and three mutations associated with artemisinin resistance (M476I, R539T, P553L) were identified in three isolates. Conclusion This study provides evidence that could give insight into potential issues with anti-malarial drug resistance to inform national drug policy in China in order to treat imported cases.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Group A Rotavirus Diarrhea among Children Hospitalized for Acute Gastroenteritis in Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. e338-e349
Author(s):  
Michael Oluyemi Babalola ◽  
David Olufemi Olaleye ◽  
Georgina Njideka Odaibo
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Stool Samples

AbstractGlobally, infective group A rotavirus (RVA) enteric infection in children culminates in acute diarrheal disease, severe dehydration, and mortality in children under the age of 5 years, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This research sought to determine the prevalence of RVA diarrhea among children aged below 5 years in Ondo state, as one of the necessary frameworks before instituting a vaccine campaign, and to expand knowledge on the epidemiology of RVA diarrhea in Nigeria.In a cross-sectional descriptive study between October 2012 and September 2014, convenience sampling was adopted to obtain demographic information, clinical details, and stool samples from accented under five children who sought treatment for acute gastroenteritis at designated hospitals in Akure and Owo, Nigeria. A total of 390 stool samples were collected from children with acute diarrhea and tested for VP6 RVA antigen using enzyme immunoassay. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at α 0.05.From the 390 children hospitalized for diarrhea, 240 samples (240/390; 61.5%) were from males, while 150 samples (150/390; 38.5%) were from females, representing a male:female ratio of 1.6:1. RVAs were found in 24.2% (58/240) males and 28% (42/150) females, giving a male-female ratio of 1:1.2 and total prevalence of 25.6% (100/390). RVA infection was inversely proportional to the age as a rate of 11.8% was observed in children aged above 36 months and 31.8% (35/110) in children 7 to 12 months, while the highest rate (45.7%) was among children ≤ 6 months old. No significant difference was found (chi-square = 0.712) in the induction of diarrhea in children from Akure and Owo, neither was there any significant difference in the rates of infection between the boys and girls in Akure (chi-square = 0.576) nor in Owo (chi-square = 0.333). Seasonal association (chi-square = 5.802) in RVA infection was observed in the rainy season of year 2013/2014 period.RVA diarrhea occurred year-round at a prevalence of 25.6%, predominantly in females. A seasonal fluctuation was observed in the rainy and dry seasons of the 2-year period. RVA diarrhea occurred predominantly in children aged below 18 months of age, and may thus help in determining the optimal period/schedule of any immunization program.

scholarly journals Prevalence of pfk13 and pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Bounkiling, Southern Senegal

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249357
Author(s):  
Ambroise Ahouidi ◽  
Rafael Oliveira ◽  
Lis Lobo ◽  
Cyrille Diedhiou ◽  
Souleymane Mboup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Multidrug Resistance Gene ◽  
Filter Papers

Background Delayed Plasmodium falciparum parasite clearance has been associated with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the kelch protein propeller domain (coded by pfk13 gene). SNPs in the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene 1 (pfmdr1) are associated with multi-drug resistance including the combination artemether-lumefantrine. To our knowledge, this is the first work providing information on the prevalence of k13-propeller and pfmdr1 mutations from Sédhiou, a region in the south of Senegal. Methods 147 dried blood spots on filter papers were collected from symptomatic patients attending a hospital located in Bounkiling City, Sédhiou Region, Southern Senegal. All samples were collected between 2015–2017 during the malaria transmission season. Specific regions of the gene pfk13 and pfmdr1 were analyzed using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Results The majority of parasites (92.9%) harboured the pfk13 wild type sequence and 6 samples harboured synonymous changes. Regarding pfmdr1, wild-type alleles represented the majority except at codon 184. Overall, prevalence of 86Y was 11.9%, 184F was 56.3% and 1246Y was 1.5%. The mutant allele 184F decreased from 73.7% in 2015 to 40.7% in 2017. The prevalence of haplotype NFD decreased from 71.4% in 2015 to 20.8% in 2017. Conclusions This study provides the first description of pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes variations in Bounkiling, a city in the Sédhiou Region of Senegal, contributing to closing the gap of information on anti-malaria drug resistance molecular markers in southern Senegal.

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