Cognitive performance in pain is predicted by effort, not goal desire

Background Pain’s disruptive effects on cognition are well documented. The seminal goal-pursuit account of pain suggests that cognitive disruption is less likely if participants are motivated to attended to a focal goal and not a pain goal. Objectives Existing theory is unclear about the conceptualisation and operationalisation of ‘focal goal’. This study aims to clarify how goals should be conceptualised and further seeks to test the theory of the goal-pursuit account. Methods In a pre-registered laboratory experiment, 56 participants completed an arithmetic task in high-reward/low-reward and pain/control conditions. Pain was induced via cold-water immersion. Results High levels of reported effort exertion predicted cognitive-task performance, whereas desire for rewards did not. Post-hoc analyses further suggest that additional effort in the pain condition compensated for pain’s disruptive effects, but when this extra effort was not exerted, performance deficits were observed in pain, compared to control, conditions. Conclusion Results suggest that ‘motivation’, or commitment to a focal goal, is best understood as effort exertion and not as a positive desire to achieve a goal. These results solidify existing theory and aid researchers in operationalising these constructs.

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Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000179 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 222 (3) ◽

pp. 165-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew L. Geers ◽

Jason P. Rose ◽

Stephanie L. Fowler ◽

Jill A. Brown

Keyword(s):

Patient Involvement ◽

Cold Water ◽

Prior Experience ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Treatment Decision ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Not Given ◽

Placebo Analgesia ◽

Treatment Decision Making ◽

Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

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Thermoregulatory responses to cold water at different times of day

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.243 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 243-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

John W. Castellani ◽

Andrew J. Young ◽

James E. Kain ◽

Michael N. Sawka

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Early Morning ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Mean Skin Temperature ◽

Mean Body Temperature ◽

Metabolic Heat ◽

Body Temperature Change ◽

The Mean

This study examined how time of day affects thermoregulation during cold-water immersion (CWI). It was hypothesized that the shivering and vasoconstrictor responses to CWI would differ at 0700 vs. 1500 because of lower initial core temperatures (Tcore) at 0700. Nine men were immersed (20°C, 2 h) at 0700 and 1500 on 2 days. No differences ( P > 0.05) between times were observed for metabolic heat production (M˙, 150 W ⋅ m−2), heat flow (250 W ⋅ m−2), mean skin temperature (T sk, 21°C), and the mean body temperature-change in M˙(ΔM˙) relationship. Rectal temperature (Tre) was higher ( P < 0.05) before (Δ = 0.4°C) and throughout CWI during 1500. The change in Tre was greater ( P < 0.05) at 1500 (−1.4°C) vs. 0700 (−1.2°C), likely because of the higher Tre-T skgradient (0.3°C) at 1500. These data indicate that shivering and vasoconstriction are not affected by time of day. These observations raise the possibility that CWI may increase the risk of hypothermia in the early morning because of a lower initial Tcore.

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Changes in myocardial myosin heavy chain isoform composition with exercise and post-exercise cold-water immersion

Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility ◽

10.1007/s10974-021-09603-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ramzi A. Al-horani ◽

Mukhallad A. Mohammad ◽

Saja Haifawi ◽

Mohammed Ihsan

Keyword(s):

Myosin Heavy Chain ◽

Heavy Chain ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform

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Recovery strategies implemented by sport support staff of elite rugby players in South Africa

South African Journal of Physiotherapy ◽

10.4102/sajp.v65i1.78 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D.V. Van Wyk ◽

M.I. Lambert

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Total Duration ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Support Staff ◽

Medical Support ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Results ◽

Recovery Strategies ◽

Rugby Players

Objective: The main aim of this study was to determine strategies used toaccelerate recovery of elite rugby players after training and matches, asused by medical support staff of rugby teams in South A frica. A secondaryaim was to focus on specifics of implementing ice/cold water immersion asrecovery strategy. Design: A Questionnaire-based cross sectional descriptive survey was used.Setting and Participants: Most (n=58) of the medical support staff ofrugby teams (doctors, physiotherapists, biokineticists and fitness trainers)who attended the inaugural Rugby Medical A ssociation conference linked to the South A frican Sports MedicineA ssociation Conference in Pretoria (14-16th November, 2007) participated in the study. Results: Recovery strategies were utilized mostly after matches. Stretching and ice/cold water immersion were utilized the most (83%). More biokineticists and fitness trainers advocated the usage of stretching than their counter-parts (medical doctors and physiotherapists). Ice/Cold water immersion and A ctive Recovery were the top two ratedstrategies. A summary of the details around implementation of ice/cold water therapy is shown (mean) as utilized bythe subjects: (i) The time to immersion after matches was 12±9 min; (ii) The total duration of one immersion sessionwas 6±6 min; (iii) 3 immersion sessions per average training week was utilized by subjects; (iv) The average water temperature was 10±3 ºC.; (v) Ice cubes were used most frequently to cool water for immersion sessions, and(vi) plastic drums were mostly used as the container for water. Conclusion: In this survey the representative group of support staff provided insight to which strategies are utilizedin South A frican elite rugby teams to accelerate recovery of players after training and/or matches.

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Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00434.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 313 (4) ◽

pp. R372-R384 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James R. Broatch ◽

Aaron Petersen ◽

David J. Bishop

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Cold Water ◽

P53 Protein ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Interval Training ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Sprint Interval Training ◽

Single Session

We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) may alter key markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following both a single session and 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT). Nineteen men performed a single SIT session, followed by one of two 15-min recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (10°C) or a passive room temperature control (23°C). Sixteen of these participants also completed 6 wk of SIT, each session followed immediately by their designated recovery condition. Four muscle biopsies were obtained in total, three during the single SIT session (preexercise, postrecovery, and 3 h postrecovery) and one 48 h after the last SIT session. After a single SIT session, phosphorylated (p-)AMPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-p53, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α) mRNA were all increased ( P < 0.05). Postexercise CWI had no effect on these responses. Consistent with the lack of a response after a single session, regular postexercise CWI had no effect on PGC-1α or p53 protein content. Six weeks of SIT increased peak aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal uncoupled respiration (complexes I and II), and 2-km time trial performance ( P < 0.05). However, regular CWI had no effect on changes in these markers, consistent with the lack of response in the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these observations suggest that CWI is not detrimental to endurance adaptations following 6 wk of SIT, they question whether postexercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in endurance performance.

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Safety and efficacy of cold‐water immersion in the treatment of older patients with heat stroke: a case series

Acute Medicine & Surgery ◽

10.1002/ams2.635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chikao Ito ◽

Isao Takahashi ◽

Miyuki Kasuya ◽

Kyoji Oe ◽

Masahito Uchino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Patients ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Heat Stroke ◽

Case Series ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Safety And Efficacy

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Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Oxygenation During Repeated Bouts of Fatiguing Exercise

Medicine ◽

10.1097/md.0000000000002455 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. e2455 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Simon S. Yeung ◽

Kin Hung Ting ◽

Maurice Hon ◽

Natalie Y. Fung ◽

Manfi M. Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Muscle Oxygenation ◽

Fatiguing Exercise

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Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on hemodynamics and recovery of muscle strength following resistance exercise

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00151.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (4) ◽

pp. R389-R398 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Llion A. Roberts ◽

Makii Muthalib ◽

Jamie Stanley ◽

Glen Lichtwark ◽

Kazunori Nosaka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Exercise ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Isometric Strength ◽

Muscle Temperature ◽

Active Recovery ◽

Recovery Strategies ◽

Postexercise Recovery ◽

Voluntary Contractions

Cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (ACT) are frequently used as postexercise recovery strategies. However, the physiological effects of CWI and ACT after resistance exercise are not well characterized. We examined the effects of CWI and ACT on cardiac output (Q̇), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), blood volume (tHb), muscle temperature (Tmuscle), and isometric strength after resistance exercise. On separate days, 10 men performed resistance exercise, followed by 10 min CWI at 10°C or 10 min ACT (low-intensity cycling). Q̇ (7.9 ± 2.7 l) and Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.8°C) increased, whereas SmO2 (−21.5 ± 8.8%) and tHb (−10.1 ± 7.7 μM) decreased after exercise ( P < 0.05). During CWI, Q̇ (−1.1 ± 0.7 l) and Tmuscle (−6.6 ± 5.3°C) decreased, while tHb (121 ± 77 μM) increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after CWI, Q̇ and Tmuscle remained low, while tHb also decreased ( P < 0.05). By contrast, during ACT, Q̇ (3.9 ± 2.3 l), Tmuscle (2.2 ± 0.5°C), SmO2 (17.1 ± 5.7%), and tHb (91 ± 66 μM) all increased ( P < 0.05). In the hour after ACT, Tmuscle, and tHb remained high ( P < 0.05). Peak isometric strength during 10-s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) did not change significantly after CWI, whereas it decreased after ACT (−30 to −45 Nm; P < 0.05). Muscle deoxygenation time during MVCs increased after ACT ( P < 0.05), but not after CWI. Muscle reoxygenation time after MVCs tended to increase after CWI ( P = 0.052). These findings suggest first that hemodynamics and muscle temperature after resistance exercise are dependent on ambient temperature and metabolic demands with skeletal muscle, and second, that recovery of strength after resistance exercise is independent of changes in hemodynamics and muscle temperature.

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