scholarly journals Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymatic activity of Euonymus maackii Rupr. under gradient water deficit levels

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259959
Author(s):  
Na Wu ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Sen Meng ◽  
Fei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices) in the amelioration of the water deficit-mediated negative influence on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant system in Euonymus maackii Rupr. was examined. E. maackii seedlings were subjected to 5 water deficit levels, soil water contents of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% field capacity (FC), and 2 inoculation treatments, with and without AM inoculation. The water deficit increasingly limited the seedling height, biomass accumulation in shoots and roots, chlorophyll content, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters with an increasing water deficit level. In addition, water deficit stimulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), in both shoots and roots, except under 20% FC conditions. E. maackii seedlings under all water deficit conditions formed symbiosis well with AM fungi, which significantly ameliorated the drought-mediated negative effect, especially under 40% and 60% FC conditions. Under 40% to 80% FC conditions, AM formation improved seedling growth and photosynthesis by significantly enhancing the biomass accumulation, chlorophyll content and assimilation. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed better tolerance and less sensitivity to a water deficit, reflected in the lower SOD activities of shoots and roots and CAT activity of shoots under 40% and 60% FC conditions. Downregulation of the antioxidant system in mycorrhizal seedlings suggested better maintenance of redox homeostasis and protection of metabolism, including biomass accumulation and assimilation. All the results advocated the positive role of R. intraradices inoculation in E. maackii against a water deficit, especially under 40% FC, which suggested the distinct AM performance in drought tolerance and the potential role of the combination of E. maackii-AM fungi in ecological restoration in arid regions.

scholarly journals Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth, Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity of Euonymus Maackii Rupr. Under Gradient Water Deficit Levels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Wu ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Sen Meng ◽  
Fei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

Abstract The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices) in amelioration of water deficit mediated negative influence on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system in Euonymus maackii Rupr. was examined. E. maackii seedlings were subjected to 5 water deficit levels: soil water contents of 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 % and 100 % field capacity (FC) respectively, and 2 inoculation treatment: with and without AM inoculation. Water deficit increasingly limited seedlings growth of height, biomass accumulation of shoot and root, chlorophyll content, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters along the increase of water deficit level. In addition, Water deficit stimulated the activities of antioxidant enzymatic activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of both shoot and root, except under 20 % FC condition. E. maackii seedlings under all water deficit conditions formed AM symbiosis well with AM fungi, which ameliorated the drought mediated negative effect significantly, especially under 40 % and 60 % FC conditions. Under 40 % to 80 % FC conditions, AM formation improved seedlings growth and photosynthesis by significantly enhancing biomass accumulation, chlorophyll content and assimilation. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed better tolerance and less sensitive to water deficit, reflected in lower SOD activities of shoot and root, and CAT activity of shoot under 40 % and 60 % FC conditions. Down-regulation of antioxidant system in mycorrhizal seedlings suggested better maintenance of redox homeostasis and protection of metabolism, including biomass accumulation and assimilation. All the results advocated the positive role of R. intraradices inoculation in E. maackii against water deficit, which suggested the potential role of AM fungi in ecological restoration in arid region.

scholarly journals Response of Strawberry plant (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonika Chauhan ◽  
Aditya Kumar ◽  
Chhavi Mangla ◽  
Ashok Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Acaulospora Laevis ◽  
Shoot Weight

The present paper represents the positive role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi as biofertilizers in strawberry. Experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of Trichoderma viride and AM fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) alone or in combination, on the growth and biomass production of strawberry. After 120 days, dual inoculation of A. laevis + T. viride showed maximum increase in plant height (30.5±0.3), fresh shoot weight (10.16±0.20), dry shoot weight (2.82±0.02), fresh root weight (6.70±0.10), total chlorophyll (0.841±0.05) and phosphorus content in root (1.13±0.02) as compared to control. However root colonization and AM spore number were maximum in G. mosseae + A. lavies (90.76±1.32) and in G. mosseae (211.16±2.56) respectively as compared to uninoculated plants. Triple inoculation of G. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride (12.33± 057) was effective in increasing the leaf area.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal succession in a long-lived perennial

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda M. Hart ◽  
Monika Gorzelak ◽  
Diane Ragone ◽  
Susan J. Murch
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Host Identity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
Insight Into

It is difficult to understand why arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities change over time. The role of host identity confounds our understanding of successional changes in AM fungal communities because hosts exert strong selective pressure on their root-associated microbes. In this study we looked at the AM fungi associated with a long-lived perennial breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) to see how AM communities change over the life span of a single, long-lived host. Using 454 high-throughput sequencing, we found evidence that older trees had more AM fungal taxa than younger trees and were associated with different AM fungal communities, but these differences were not apparent early in the life cycle. Older trees were dominated by species of Rhizophagus, whereas younger trees and genets were dominated by species of Glomus. Some taxa were only detected in older trees (e.g., Funneliformis) or genets (e.g., Racocetra and Scutellospora), indicating that certain AM fungal taxa may serve as “indicators” of the successional age of the fungal community. These results provide important information about a poorly studied system and give insight into how AM communities change over longer time scales.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase Pb uptake of colonized and non-colonized Medicago truncatula root and deliver extra Pb to colonized root

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Zhang ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Yaru Zheng ◽  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System

Abstract Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiosis with terrestrial plants and improve lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in root than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct contribution of the mycorrhizal pathway to host plant Pb uptake was less reported. Methods In this study, the AM fungi colonized and non-colonized root of Medicago truncatula was separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application was compared. Results Inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis increased shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration, and decreased both colonized and non-colonized root biomass accumulation. Application of Pb in the non-colonized root compartment increased the colonization rate of R. irregularis and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartment. Inoculation of R. irregularis increased the Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized plant root, while R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root. The Pb transferred through the mycorrhizal pathway had low mobility move from root to shoot, and might be sequestrated and compartmented by R. irregularis. Conclusions The Pb uptake of plant root might follow water flow that facilitated by the aquaporin MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

scholarly journals Influence of Mycorrhiza and Phosphorus on Physiological Parameters of Leaves of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Layers

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Priyanka Kumari ◽  
R. R. Singh ◽  
Ruby Rani ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
Uday Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), is delicious juicy fruit of India having excellent nutritional quality. It has a great potential to earn foreign exchange in the national and international market through export. Slow plant growth and high rate of mortality in initial stage of plant establishment are the major problem of litchi. Increasing photosynthetic activity through exploiting photosynthetic, components are major target. The carotenoid and chlorophyll content are one of the major components that affect the photosynthetic activity of plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbiotic soil microorganisms and AM technology can find its potential application in the nursery of horticultural industry. When AM fungi have been successfully applied to many wood fruit tree species, little information is available in litchi. Therefore, the pot experiment was undertaken to study the influence of phosphorus (50 mg and 75 mg), mycorrhiza (G. mosseae and G. coronatum) alone and in combination. The treatment significantly influenced the changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid content in leaves of litchi samplings in nursery stage. After 120 days of inoculation both the species of mycorrhiza alone and in combination with phosphorus application were very effective with the highest level of total chlorophyll content of (2.474 mg/g fr. wt) in case T5 G. mosseae 10 g + Phosphorus 50 mg. Significantly lowest value of chlorophyll was noted in T0 Control (2.090 mg/g fr.wt). Carotenoid content was also measured maximum in T5 G. mosseae 10 g + Phosphorus 50 mg (0.154 mg/g fr. wt.) as compare to T0 Control with (0.065 mg/g fr. wt.). Relative water content (RWC) after 60, 90 and 120 DAI significantly differentiate. Maximum RWC in case T5 G. mosseae 10 g + Phosphorus 50 mg (31.43%) which was statistically equal with G. coronatum 10 g + P 50 mg (31.14%). Significantly influencing specific leaf weight at different date of observations. The performance was maximum found in T5 G. mosseae 10 g + Phosphorus 50 mg (7.28%) as compare to T0 control (4.44%). Significant effect of treatments on leaf parameters of litchi layers pertaining number of leaves per flush and length of flush is maximum with T5 G. mosseae 10 g + Phosphorus 50 mg (5 - 8) and (10.2 cm).

scholarly journals Expression Pattern Suggests a Role of MiR399 in the Regulation of the Cellular Response to Local Pi Increase During Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 915-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Branscheid ◽  
Daniela Sieh ◽  
Bikram Datt Pant ◽  
Patrick May ◽  
Emanuel A. Devers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Pi Homeostasis ◽  
Pi Starvation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Am Symbiosis ◽  
Pi Stress

Many plants improve their phosphate (Pi) availability by forming mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Pi-repleted plants are much less colonized by AM fungi than Pi-depleted plants. This indicates a link between plant Pi signaling and AM development. MicroRNAs (miR) of the 399 family are systemic Pi-starvation signals important for maintenance of Pi homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana and might also qualify as signals regulating AM development in response to Pi availability. MiR399 could either represent the systemic low-Pi signal promoting or required for AM formation or they could act as counter players of systemic Pi-availability signals that suppress AM symbiosis. To test either of these assumptions, we analyzed the miR399 family in the AM-capable plant model Medicago truncatula and could experimentally confirm 10 novel MIR399 genes in this species. Pi-depleted plants showed increased expression of mature miR399 and multiple pri-miR399, and unexpectedly, levels of five of the 15 pri-miR399 species were higher in leaves of mycorrhizal plants than in leaves of nonmycorrhizal plants. Compared with nonmycorrhizal Pi-depleted roots, mycorrhizal roots of Pi-depleted M. truncatula and tobacco plants had increased Pi contents due to symbiotic Pi uptake but displayed higher mature miR399 levels. Expression levels of MtPho2 remained low and PHO2-dependent Pi-stress marker transcript levels remained high in these mycorrhizal roots. Hence, an AM symbiosis-related signal appears to increase miR399 expression and decrease PHO2 activity. MiR399 overexpression in tobacco suggested that miR399 alone is not sufficient to improve mycorrhizal colonization supporting the assumption that, in mycorrhizal roots, increased miR399 are necessary to keep the MtPho2 expression and activity low, which would otherwise increase in response to symbiotic Pi uptake.

scholarly journals Board Power Hierarchy, Corporate Mission, and Green Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiran Dong ◽  
Yongzhen Xie ◽  
Linjun Cao
Keyword(s):  
Negative Influence ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Relational Contract ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Green Governance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Power Hierarchy

Green governance is the only way to build a community for humankind with a shared future. Existing research has concentrated more on the macro level rather than the micro level of green governance—the power hierarchy of the governance subjects and its influence on decision-making and the implementation of green governance. The board of directors is the main green governance body, and the consciousness and conducts of the green governance of board members are determined by corporate mission. As a result, we explored the mechanism of the impact of board power hierarchy on green governance performance through the influence of green governance conduct. To interpret this mechanism, we introduced relational contract theory and conducted an empirical analysis. The results show that board power hierarchy negatively affects green governance conduct. Corporate mission restrains the board power hierarchy’s negative influence on green governance conduct, showing that board power structure has a significantly positive effect on green governance performance through the mediator of green governance conduct. Therefore, the positive role of corporate mission is identified.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and nodulation of the annual legume messina (Melilotus siculus) under saline and non-saline conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. L. Wilson ◽  
G. J. Ash ◽  
J. D. I. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
P Nutrition ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients ◽  
Saline Land

Messina [Melilotus siculus (Turra) Vitman ex. B. D Jacks] is a salt- and waterlogging-tolerant annual legume that could be highly productive on saline land. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a symbiotic relationship with the majority of terrestrial plant species, and improved productivity of plants inoculated with AM fungi under saline conditions has been attributed to the increased uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). However, the mycorrhizal status of M. siculus under saline or non-saline conditions is unknown, as is the role of AM in improved nutrition and nodulation. In this study, the role of AM fungi in growth improvement and nodulation of M. siculus was examined in saline and non-saline soil. The M. siculus plants were inoculated with either a single AM species or mixed AM species, or remained uninoculated, and were grown at three levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 80, and 250 mm NaCl). AM-inoculated plants had significantly greater nodulation than plants that did not receive AM inoculum, regardless of salinity level. Plants inoculated with mixed AM species at 250 mm NaCl showed improved survival (90%) compared with the plants inoculated with single AM species or uninoculated control plants (30%). Within each salinity level, plants inoculated with mixed AM species had significantly greater dry weight than all other treatments. In addition, plants inoculated with mixed AM species had increased total uptake of P. It is likely that the increased growth observed in AM-inoculated M. siculus plants is due to improved P nutrition, showing the potential of AM fungi to enhance the growth of M. siculus on saline land.

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