scholarly journals Science-utility and science-trust associations and how they relate to knowledge about how science works

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260586
Author(s):  
Cornelia Schoor ◽  
Astrid Schütz

Knowledge about how science works, trust in scientists, and the perceived utility of science currently appear to be eroding in these times in which “alternative facts” or personal experiences and opinions are used as arguments. Yet, in many situations, it would be beneficial for the individual and all of society if scientific findings were considered in decision-making. For this to happen, people have to trust in scientists and perceive science as useful. Still, in university contexts, it might not be desirable to report negative beliefs about science. In addition, science-utility and science-trust associations may differ from explicit beliefs because associations were learned through the co-occurrence of stimuli rather than being based on propositional reasoning. We developed two IATs to measure science-utility and science-trust associations in university students and tested the psychometric properties and predictive potential of these measures. In a study of 261 university students, the IATs were found to have good psychometric properties and small correlations with their corresponding self-report scales. Science-utility and science-trust associations predicted knowledge about how science works over and above self-reported beliefs. The results suggest that indirect measures are useful for assessing beliefs about science and can be used to predict outcome measures.

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Berthoz ◽  
Mark G. Haviland ◽  
Matt L. Riggs ◽  
Fabienne Perdereau ◽  
Catherine Bungener

AbstractIn the present study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the Observer Alexithymia Scale-French translation (OAS-F), a 33-item, observer-rated alexithymia measure. The scale, accessible to lay and professional raters, taps everyday expressions of alexithymia. French university students (N = 159) were asked to rate a person they knew well or ask an acquaintance to rate them. Those being rated (N = 159) were parents, siblings, children, and friends. OAS-F total and subscale scores were comparable to those in the English normative samples. Moreover, OAS scores were reliable, and the scale’s five-factor structure (distant, uninsightful, somatizing, humorless, and rigid) was confirmed. Importantly, too, OAS total scores correlated 0.31 with (self-report) 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) scores. The OAS-F appears to be a psychometrically sound observer-rated alexithymia measure.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chua Bee Seok ◽  
Harris Shah Abd Hamid ◽  
Rosnah Ismail

The Intrapreneurial Self-Capital Scale (ISCS) is a 28-item measure intended to measure individual resources used to manage career and life challenges. The Intrapreneurial Self-Capital (ISC) is a higher order construct composed of seven specific constructs: core self-evaluation, hardiness, resilience, creative self-efficacy, decisiveness, goal mastery, and vigilance. In the new research area of the psychology of sustainability and sustainable development, ISC constitutes a promising core of resources to face the challenges of the 21st century. The aim of the current study was to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties (i.e., reliability and concurrent validity) of a Malaysian version of ISCS among university students. The self-report questionnaire was administered to 1491 university students in Sabah, Malaysia. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to assess the latent structure of the Malaysian ISCS. The final indices of Goodness of Fit showed satisfactory fit to the data. The Cronbach’s alpha of the Malaysian ISCS is 0.81. The Malaysian ISCS correlates with Career Adaptability r = 0.31 (p < 0.01) and with Life Project Reflexivity r = 0.44 (p < 0.01), thus showing an adequate concurrent validity evidence. The Malaysian ISCS provides a promising research area in psychology (both positive and sustainability). Malaysian parents, teachers and counselors can also use this tool for their development and intervention efforts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380871984345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Lo ◽  
Maree J. Abbott

The present study examined the content of self-related beliefs (i.e., the self-concept) and the level of certainty associated with these beliefs (i.e., self-concept certainty) across adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism. A sample of 103 university students (26 adaptive perfectionists, 28 maladaptive perfectionists, and 49 non-perfectionists) completed a series of questionnaires and a reaction-timed computer task assessing their self-concept content and level of self-concept certainty. Results revealed significant differences in the content of self-beliefs about personality attributes between perfectionist groups, such that those classified as adaptive perfectionists held more positive beliefs and less negative-related beliefs about their personality attributes when compared to maladaptive perfectionists. Results regarding self-concept certainty were less clear, with adaptive perfectionists being most certain in general on self-report measures, but more certain for positive personality attributes only when compared to maladaptive perfectionists on a reaction-timed decision-making task. Findings from the present study are discussed in terms of the way that self-concept certainty may differ across adaptive and maladaptive subtypes of perfectionists.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cavelti ◽  
S. Kvrgic ◽  
E.-M. Beck ◽  
J. Kossowsky ◽  
R. Vauth

AbstractObjectiveStudies investigating indicators of recovery from schizophrenia yielded two concepts of recovery. The first is the reduction of psychiatric symptoms and functional disabilities (‘clinical recovery’), while the second describes the individual adaptation process to the threat posed to the individual sense of self by the disorder and its negative consequences (‘personal recovery’). Evidence suggests that both perceptions contribute substantially to the understanding of recovery and require specific assessment and therapy. While current reviews of measures of clinical recovery exist, measures of personal recovery have yet to be investigated. Considering the steadily growing literature on recovery, this article gives an update about existing measures assessing personal recovery.MethodA literature search for instruments was performed using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO&PSYNDEXPlus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were: (1) quantitative self-report measures; (2) specifically developed for adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or at least applied to individuals suffering from severe mental illness; (3) empirically tested psychometric properties and/or published in a peer-reviewed, English-language journal. Instruments were evaluated with regard to psychometric properties (validity and reliability) and issues of application (user and administrator friendliness, translations).ResultsThirteen instruments met the inclusion criteria. They were individually described and finally summarized in a table reflecting the pros and cons of each instrument. This may enable the reader to make an evidence-based choice for a questionnaire for a specific application.ConclusionThe Recovery Assessment Scale is possibly the best currently available measure of personal recovery when all evaluation criteria are included. However, the ratings listed in the current paper depended on the availability of information and the quality of available reports of previous assessment of the measurement properties. Considering the significant amount of information lacking and inconsistent findings, further research on the reviewed measures is perhaps more important than the development of new measures of personal recovery.


Author(s):  
Людмила Викторовна Колпакова

Введение. Рассматривается возможность формирования литературного типа речевой культуры магистрантов при помощи личностной рефлексии. Последняя позволяет учащимся осознать себя как языковую личность, выявить и проанализировать модели коммуникативного поведения и возможности их изменения. При этом переживание конфликтности между сложившимся способом речевого поведения и его изменением в целях улучшения коммуникации не подавляется, а обостряется и приводит к мобилизации ресурсов языковой личности для достижения решения коммуникативных задач. Личностная рефлексия выполняет функцию самоопределения индивидуума в процессе осознания того, что коммуникация как сфера существования человека может меняться и тем самым влиять на качество отношении в обществе. Обосновывается необходимость актуализации рефлексивного механизма в обучении как ключевого качества носителя литературного типа речевой культуры по классификации О. Б. Сиротининой и И. А. Стернина. Цель – анализ влияния фактора личностной рефлексии в обучении на повышение уровня речевой культуры студентов вуза. Материал и методы. Представлен учебно-методический опыт формирования литературного типа речевой культуры магистрантов в ходе изучения дисциплины «Речевая культура академического и профессионального взаимодействия». Описываются примеры практической работы со студентами по улучшению коммуникативных качеств речи как составляющих речевой культуры через самоанализ. На основании анализа ценностного отношения студентов к коммуникативным качествам речи и классификационных признаков носителей литературного типа речевой культуры выявляются проблемные стороны ее формирования. Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлены наиболее уязвимые места в формировании речевой культуры. Это такие значимые качества речи, как чистота и выразительность. Основным фактором нарушения чистоты речи является лояльное отношение студентов к нецензурной лексике. Описан опыт изменения отношения к употреблению инвектив в ходе рефлексии. Анализ употребления нецензурной лексики в личной языковой практике студентов, ее функций в речи и отрицательного воздействия на коммуникацию меняет отношение к употреблению сквернословия, приводит к пониманию необходимости его ограниченного использования. Нарушение чистоты, в свою очередь, связано с нарушением выразительности речи. Важным пониманием необходимости развития этого качества становится, во-первых, осознание студентами влияния экспрессии и образности речи на адресата, во-вторых, понимание индивидуальности образа как выражения личности говорящего, личных переживаний, чувств, впечатлений. Заключение. Использование рефлексии решает задачу саморазвития, выявления личных языковых проблем и речевых недостатков и возможность работы с ними в дальнейшем с целью формирования литературного типа речевой культуры. Introduction. The article discusses the possibility of forming a literary type of speech culture of undergraduates with the help of personal reflection, which allows students to realize themselves as a linguistic person, identify and analyze models of communicative behavior and the possibility of changing them. At the same time, the experience of conflict between the established way of speech behavior and its change in order to improve communication is not suppressed, but exacerbated and leads to the mobilization of the resources of the linguistic personality to achieve the solution of communicative tasks. Personal reflection performs the function of self-determination of the individual in the process of realizing that communication as a sphere of human existence can change and thereby affect the quality of attitudes in society. The author substantiates the need to actualize the reflexive mechanism in learning as a key quality of the bearer of the literary type of speech culture, according to the classification of O. B. Sirotinina, I. A. Sternin. Aim and objectives. Analysis of the influence of the factor of personal reflection in teaching on improving the level of speech culture of university students. Material and methods. Further, the article presents the educational and methodological experience of the formation of the literary type of speech culture of undergraduates in the course of studying the discipline «Speech culture of academic and professional interaction». The examples of practical work with students to improve the communicative qualities of speech as components of speech culture through introspection are described. Based on the analysis of the value attitude of students to the communicative qualities of speech and the classification features of the carriers of the literary type of speech culture, the problematic aspects of its formation are identified. Results and discussion. The result of the study is the identification of the most vulnerable places in the formation of speech culture: these are such significant qualities of speech as purity and expressiveness. The main factor in the violation of the purity of speech is the loyal attitude of students to obscene language. The article describes the experience of changing the attitude towards the use of invectives in the course of reflection. Analysis of the use of obscene language in the personal language practice of students, its functions in speech and the negative impact on communication changes the attitude towards the use of foul language, leads to an understanding of the need for its limited use. Violation of purity, in turn, is associated with a violation of the expressiveness of speech. An important understanding of the need to develop this quality becomes, firstly, students’ awareness of the influence of expression and imagery of speech on the addressee, and secondly, understanding the individuality of the image as an expression of the speaker’s personality, personal experiences, feelings, impressions. Conclusion. The article concludes that an important task of using reflection is the task of self-development, the identification of personal language problems and speech deficiencies and the possibility of working with them in the future in order to form a literary type of speech culture.


2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Nakano

The Life Orientation Test–Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) is a widely used self-report measure of optimism. The present study examined the test's psychometric properties in a Japanese cultural context. 448 Japanese university students completed a Japanese version of the Life Orientation Test–Revised along with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and depression. Exploratory factor analysis yielded the same two factors, positively phrased optimistic items and negatively phrased pessimistic items, as Scheier and Carver reported. Internal consistency of optimism and pessimism was acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Life Orientation Test–Revised with another group of 205 Japanese university students showed the superiority of a two-factor model of optimism–pessimism. The bidimensionality was partly due to the difference in responses between positively and negatively worded items. The Japanese data provide additional psychometric support for the Life Orientation Test–Revised and enhance the generalization of prior findings on U.S. samples to Japanese samples.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Elhami Athar ◽  
Elham Azamian Jazi ◽  
Zahra Lashgari ◽  
Morteza Azizi ◽  
Sirvan Karimi ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The Five-Factor Borderline Inventory-Short Form (FFBI-SF) is a self-report measure developed to assess traits of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model of general personality. This study was designed to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent/discriminant validity of the Persian FFBI-SF in a sample of Iranian university students. Methods A total of 641 university students (M-age = 28.04, SD = 8.21, 66.7% women) completed the online forms of the FFBI-SF, PID-5-BF, and Mini IPIP. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed twelve-factor model. Also, Cronbach's alpha (α) for the FFBI-SF scores ranged from unacceptable to excellent ranges. However, when relying on MIC values to measure internal consistency, the FFBI-SF Total and subscale scores demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Finally, the FFBI Total and subscale scores showed the expected relations with external correlates (e.g., Neuroticism, Antagonism, and Conscientiousness), which supports the validity of the interpretation of the FFBI-SF scores. Conclusions The findings indicated that FFBI-SF is a useful tool with sound psychometric properties for assessing BPD traits in Iranian students and may spark research in other Iranian settings (e.g., clinical samples).


Author(s):  
Emtanuos Michaeel

The Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) is a self-report measure developed to assess life satisfaction among students in five specific domains: family, friends, school, self, and daily life. The purpose of the current study was to develop an Arabic version of this measure and to investigate its psychometric properties with Syrian secondary students as well as university students. With a sample of (N=1604), several methods were used to estimate the reliability and validity of the measure. The results showed satisfactory test-retest reliability and internal consistency coefficients. Also, the results provided evidence for the convergent and divergent validity. Further evidence for the construct validity of the instrument was provided by studying the inter-correlations of its five subscales as well as the correlations of these subscales with the subscales of the entire instrument. At the same time, validity was supported by the correlations of the five subscales with achievement. In sum, the findings of this study show that the psychometric properties obtained from administering the instrument to a sample of secondary school and university students meets acceptable levels. Recommendations were made to conduct further psychometric studies upon the Arabic version of BMSLSS and to administer this version in cross- cultural studies. 


2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.


2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ogliari ◽  
Simona Scaini ◽  
Michael J. Kofler ◽  
Valentina Lampis ◽  
Annalisa Zanoni ◽  
...  

Reliable and valid self-report questionnaires could be useful as initial screening instruments for social phobia in both clinical settings and general populations. The present study investigates the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) in a sample of 228 children from the Italian general population aged 8 to 11. The children were asked to complete the Italian version of the SPAI-C and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that social phobia can be conceptualized as a unitary construct consisting of five distinct but interrelated symptom clusters named Assertiveness, General Conversation, Physical/Cognitive Symptoms, Avoidance, and Public Performance. Internal consistency of the SPAI-C total scores and two subscales was good; correlations between SPAI-C total scores and SCARED total scores/subscales ranged from moderate to high (Generalized Anxiety Disorder, for social phobia), with the SCARED Social Phobia subscale as the best predictor of SPAI-C total scores. The results indicate that the SPAI-C is a reliable and sensitive instrument suitable for identifying Social Phobia in the young Italian general population.


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