scholarly journals Does moral commitment predict resistance to corruption? experimental evidence from a bribery game

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262201
Author(s):  
Carmen Tanner ◽  
Stefan Linder ◽  
Matthias Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Moral Commitment ◽  
Financial Benefits

Corruption is ubiquitous in practice and has severe negative consequences for organizations and societies at large. Drawing on a laboratory experiment, we propose that individuals high in moral commitment are less likely to engage in corrupt behaviors and prefer foregoing financial benefits. Specifically, we posit that individuals refrain from corruption (i) the more they endorse integrity (incorruptibility) as a protected value and (ii) the higher their level of Honesty-Humility. The results of a two-step experiment largely support our expectations: people who treat compromises to integrity as unacceptable were less willing to accept bribes, and Honesty-Humility decreased bribe-giving. The findings are robust to demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, cultural background) and additional personal characteristics (e.g., risk tolerance, dispositional greed) and have important implications for ongoing theory-building efforts and business practice.

scholarly journals Self-Governance in Generalized Exchange. A Laboratory Experiment on the Structural Embeddedness of Peer Punishment

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Georg Kanitsar
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Norm Enforcement ◽  
Structural Setting ◽  
Structural Embeddedness ◽  
Generalized Exchange

Peer punishment is widely lauded as a decentralized solution to the problem of social cooperation. However, experimental evidence of its effectiveness primarily stems from public good structures. This paper explores peer punishment in another structural setting: a system of generalized exchange. In a laboratory experiment, a repeated four-player prisoner’s dilemma is arranged either in a public good structure or in a circular network of generalized exchange. The experimental results demonstrate that the merits of peer punishment do not extend to generalized exchange. In the public good, peer punishment was primarily altruistic, was sensitive to costs, and promoted cooperation. In generalized exchange, peer punishment was also altruistic and relatively frequent, but did not increase cooperation. While the dense punishment network underlying the public good facilitates norm enforcement, generalized exchange decreases control over norm violators and reduces the capacity of peer punishment. I conclude that generalized exchange systems require stronger forms of punishment to sustain social cooperation.

Demographic Variables, Delay Discounting Models and Dysfunctional Personality Traits as Predictors of Financial Risk-Tolerance Among Community-Dwelling Italian Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010792110321
Author(s):  
Antonella Somma ◽  
Rebecca Sergi ◽  
Chiara Pagliara ◽  
Clelia Di Serio ◽  
Andrea Fossati
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Financial Risk Tolerance

To evaluate the effect of demographic variables, delay discounting and dysfunctional personality traits on financial risk tolerance (FRT), 281 community-dwelling adults were administered the Italian translations of the Risk-Tolerance Scale (RTS), Monetary Choice Questionnaire, Probability Discounting Questionnaire, and Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form (PID-5-SF) self-report questionnaires through an online platform. Hierarchical robust regression results showed that the linear combination of demographic variables (gender and active worker status), delay discounting measures and selected PID-5-SF trait scale scores (i.e., Attention Seeking and Risk Taking) explained roughly 39% of the RTS total score. As a whole, our findings underscore the role of demographic characteristics, dysfunctional personality traits and delay discounting in FRT expression. As a result, FRT is likely to represent the linear combination of several factors that should be assessed in order to understand FRT and prevent erroneous choices among lay investors.

scholarly journals Communication networks beyond the capacity crunch

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2062) ◽  
pp. 20150191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Ellis ◽  
N. Mac Suibhne ◽  
D. Saad ◽  
D. N. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Optical Fibre ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Recent Discussion ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Spectrum Distribution ◽  
Wireless Spectrum

This issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Part A represents a summary of the recent discussion meeting ‘Communication networks beyond the capacity crunch’. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the nature of the capacity crunch, estimate the time scales associated with it and to begin to find solutions to enable continued growth in a post-crunch era. The meeting confirmed that, in addition to a capacity shortage within a single optical fibre, many other ‘crunches’ are foreseen in the field of communications, both societal and technical. Technical crunches identified included the nonlinear Shannon limit, wireless spectrum, distribution of 5G signals (front haul and back haul), while societal influences included net neutrality, creative content generation and distribution and latency, and finally energy and cost. The meeting concluded with the observation that these many crunches are genuine and may influence our future use of technology, but encouragingly noted that research and business practice are already moving to alleviate many of the negative consequences.

Proximity to broad bond rating change and CEO power

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Bajaj ◽  
Li Sun
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ceo Power ◽  
Bond Ratings ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Bond Rating ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rating Change

PurposeBorderline firms whose bond rating has a plus or minus specification by a rating agency face a greater potential for an upgrade or downgrade by the agency. The authors examine the level of chief executive officer (CEO) power in firms with a plus or minus bond rating. The authors test whether CEOs of these firms become more or less powerful, along with the effect of corporate governance and existing bond rating.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a panel sample with 16,429 observations from 1992 to 2016 from the ExecuComp database.FindingsThe authors find that CEOs of borderline-rated firms tend to be less powerful, relative to firms with a non-proximate rating. This result is largely present in firms with a plus rating. The authors also find that our primary findings are mainly driven by firms with low bond ratings (i.e. below investment grade) or by firms with weak corporate governance. Lastly, the authors document that CEO personal characteristics (i.e. CEO age, gender and tenure) impact our findings.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, firms in our sample are large public companies, and the external validity of our results to smaller firms that may also be private is unknown. Second, the Compustat database discontinued reporting bond rating data (i.e. S&P bond ratings) in 2017. Hence, the authors are unable to analyze the CEO power of borderline firms in years after 2016.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the larger debate on whether having powerful CEOs is beneficial to an organization or not, because prior research has examined the consequences of CEO power with mixed results. The authors document evidence to support the research stream that links CEO power to negative consequences.Social implicationsThe authors find that our primary results are enhanced in firms with weak corporate governance, which is consistent with prior research that finds effective governance may mitigate CEO power and agency problems between the CEO and the Board.Originality/valuePrior research primarily uses CEO power as a driver for performance. Our study focuses on CEO power as a dependent variable, with the bond rating change proximity as a driver of CEO power. The authors believe that this helps develop a more comprehensive understanding of CEO power.

scholarly journals The Conceptualization of Risk Tolerance and Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Tolerance of Individual Health Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 29-72
Author(s):  
Hyoyeun Jun ◽  
Yan Jin
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Psychometric Tool ◽  
Depth Interviews

Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different risk types, this study refines the conceptualization of risk tolerance and advances its operationalization in the setting of individual health risks. Qualitative research (in-depth interviews: n = 28; focus group: n = 30) and two survey datasets (sample 1: n = 500; sample 2: n = 500) were employed for scale development and testing. Results identify that two types of individual health risk tolerance exhibited by at-risk publics: (1) Compulsive tendency toward risk taking (CTRT), as evidenced in their unwillingness to refrain from risky behaviors even if they know the negative consequences and (2) inertial resistance to risk prevention (IRRP), as indicated by their indifference toward or intentionally ignoring health messages advocating for behavioral changes. The two-factor 13-item scale’s reliability, factorial structure, and validity are further assessed. This risk tolerance scale provides a valid and reliable psychometric tool for risk communication scholars and practitioners to measure publics’ tolerance of different individual health risks in order to design effective messages to overcome it as a barrier.

scholarly journals Influences on the Implementation of Community Urban Agriculture: Insights from Agricultural Professionals

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Tiraieyari ◽  
Roya Karami ◽  
Robert Ricard ◽  
Mohammad Badsar
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Agricultural Professionals

Limited studies have investigated the relative influence of both external and internal factors in the implementation of community-based urban agriculture (UA) (ICUA). Furthermore, little research exists explaining how different mechanisms might influence urban residents’ decision to participate in UA. Our research tested the direct effect of several predictors on ICUA using structural equational modelling. In addition, we tested the mediation effect between the predictors and the ICUA that may exist as well. Results are based on data from 200 agricultural professionals in the Zanjan province in northwest Iran. We found that “personal characteristics”, “UA positive and negative consequences”, “sociocultural”, and “economic” factors affect ICUA. Among all factors, “personal characteristics” had the strongest direct effect on ICUA. The indirect model incorporating “attitude” provided support for the mediation model. We found “personal characteristics”, “UA positive and negative consequences”, and “sociocultural” influenced ICUA indirectly through “attitude.” Among all factors, “sociocultural” had the strongest indirect effect on ICUA. This information is of use to policy-makers and program planners in identifying points of policy interventions and mechanisms for promoting UA.

scholarly journals Robust inference in risk elicitation tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Andersson ◽  
Håkan J. Holm ◽  
Jean-Robert Tyran ◽  
Erik Wengström
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Robust Inference ◽  
Balanced Design ◽  
Negative Relation ◽  
Economic Experiment

AbstractRecent experimental evidence suggests that noisy behavior correlates strongly with personal characteristics. Since decision noise leads to bias in most elicitation tasks, there is a risk of falsely interpreting noise-driven relationships as preference driven. This puts previous studies that found a negative relation between personality measures and risk aversion into perspective and in particular raises the question of how to achieve robust inference in this domain. This paper shows, by way of an economic experiment with subjects from all walks of life, that using structural estimation to model heterogeneity of noise in combination with a balanced design allows us to mitigate the bias problem. Our estimations show that cognitive ability is related to noisy behavior rather than risk preferences. We also find age and education to be strongly related to noise, but the personality characteristics obtained using the Big Five inventory are less related to noise and more robustly correlated to risk preferences.

Residents’ Perception towards Hosting the 2019 Southeast Asian Games: Is the Philippines as a Developing Country Ready for Sport Tourism?

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Reylin Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Media Preference ◽  
The Impact

Sport tourism has been identifi ed as one of the most important industries of recent years. Research about Philippine sport tourism, however, is scarce. The aim of the present investigation was to assess residents’ perception on the impact of hosting an international sports event on their community. A previously validated impact questionnaire was used in this study. The respondents were 262 (Males, n=47%; Females, n=53%) residents of the diff erent cities hosting the 2019 Southeast Asian Games (SEAG) in the Philippines. They were generally well-educated (87%), of prime working age (68%), average earners (76%), physically active (61.3%), and watched sports (51%) using mobile devices (59%). The results revealed that the respondents (81.3%) generally support the present SEAG. The majority agree that the event would signal urban development (77.8%), develop positive socio-psychological benefi ts (84%) such as civic pride but also bring about negative consequences (57.6%) such as overcrowding and traffi c congestion. There is general ambivalence about the positive outcomes outweighing the negative ones. Among the demographic variables, age (p=0.002), gender (p=0.004), income status (p=0.027) and media preference (p=0.018) have signifi cant eff ects on the respondents’ support for the event. Although there is general support for hosting the international sports event, the respondents’ general perception was marred by domestic issues related to corruption, environmental destruction and displacement of some ethnic groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Insomnia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and their Co-Relation with the Demographic Variables

PRILOZI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.K. Aggarwal ◽  
Deepak Jain ◽  
Geeta Dabas ◽  
R K Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an emerging health problem in both developed and developing countries. Depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in patients with chronic disease, but remain undertreated despite significant negative consequences on patients’ health. Assessment of key components of mental health early in disease course will help to identify high risk subjects in whom modifying these predictors will help in providing active and healthy life in CKD patients. Methods: We did a cross sectional study in 200 patients of CKD stage III to V-D fulfilling the eligibility criteria who were on follow up in a single tertiary care center in the state of Haryana, India. We assessed the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia and their correlation with demographic variables in these patients. The structured questionnaire used in this study gathered information on respondent demographic and disease characteristics, and information obtained from the HADS and PSQI questionnaire. Factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia were examined by a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia were found to be 71%, 69% and 86.5% respectively. As the CKD stage advanced, the prevalence as well as severity of these parameters increased. Anxiety, depression and sleep quality were found to be significantly correlated to unemployment, low income, low education, urban residence and presence of co-morbidities. The anxiety, depression and insomnia scores were found to have a strong negative correlation with eGFR, hemoglobin, serum calcium (p <0.01) and a positive correlation with TLC, blood urea, serum creatinine and serum phosphate (p <0.05). Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia in CKD patients. There is a need to develop strategies to accurately identify “high risk” subjects who may benefit from preventive measures before complications occur. By identifying CKD patients with high risk of developing these mental health related issues, healthcare provider may be better able to ensure the provision of appropriate rehabilitation to this population.

Field Centipedes

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1619-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Palacios-Huerta ◽  
Oscar Volij
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Subgame Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Chess Players

In the centipede game, all standard equilibrium concepts dictate that the player who decides first must stop the game immediately. There is vast experimental evidence, however, that this rarely occurs. We first conduct a field experiment in which highly ranked chess players play this game. Contrary to previous evidence, our results show that 69 percent of chess players stop immediately. When we restrict attention to Grandmasters, this percentage escalates to 100 percent. We then conduct a laboratory experiment in which chess players and students are matched in different treatments. When students play against chess players, the outcome approaches the subgame-perfect equilibrium. (JEL C72, C93)

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