scholarly journals Cognitive Appraisals and Smoking Intentions: The Role of Decision Making Competence

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
Kanayo Umeh ◽  
Jennifer Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
University Undergraduates

AbstractAn important element of smoking cessation programs is the modification of health beliefs about risks and benefits. However, Janis and Mann's (1977) conflict-theory suggests only vigilant decision-makers are motivated by such outcome appraisals. Thus, this study examined the extent to which relations between health beliefs and cigarette smoking are moderated by decision-making competence. Over 150 university undergraduates completed a questionnaire survey assessing health beliefs about smoking (perceptions of susceptibility to and severity of lung cancer, and benefits of not smoking), smoking intentions, and decision-making competence. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed interactions between risk perceptions and competence, whereby perceived susceptibility and severity appraisals better predicted smoking intentions in less proficient decision-makers. However, these interactions disappeared after controlling for smoking status. These findings suggest that risk perceptions are more important in college students averse to information search and appraisal, albeit this is confounded by smoking status.

Strategic Decision-Making in Japanese Trading Companies: Case Studies of Information Search Activities

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Research Task

ABSTRACTThe paper describes an investigation into the information search activities of senior Japanese executives involved in strategic decision-making in Japanese trading companies. The research task was conducted over a twelve-month period between 2000-2001, at five well-known Japanese kaisha (see Appendix 1 for a list of Japanese expressions used in this paper) headquartered in Tokyo. This paper identifies sources of information that are dev-eloped and used by executive decision-makers in evaluating strategic alternatives. As well modes of access to the identified sources are highlighted and analysed.Results from the study indicate the prominence of distinctive Japanese managerial practices such as nemawashi and settai, in developing information sources. As well it was found that these practices strongly influence how information sources are accessed. Executive decision-makers from the Presidential level to Divisional Manager level who participated in this study were emphatic in their belief that strategic decision-making in most situations is reliant upon the network of information sources cultivated by decision-makers as well as their skill in accessing the various sources.

Examining Decision-Making Strategies Based on Information Acquisition and Information Search Time

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Marble ◽  
Heather D. Medema ◽  
Susan G. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Search Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Decision Style ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Trade Offs

Eight participants reviewed a multimedia presentation regarding the hypoxic zone phenomenon in a role-play as a legislator's aide. They rated the phenomenon's importance to the United States and indicated what portion of the legislator's budget to devote to research of it. After viewing a segment of the presentation, participants indicated their distance to a decision and confidence that would be their final decision. Interviews after each segment revealed two decision strategies: slow movement toward a decision, or abrupt decision-making after approximately half the presentation. Decision style was correlated with decision confidence. These two groups differed in their trade-offs of willingness to spend time in information search and need for more information. Slow decision makers were less confident about their final decision; acquisition of information was more critical than time spent on the information search. Abrupt decision-makers were more confident of their final decision; minimizing time spent in information search was more critical than information acquisition.

Strategic Decision-Making in Japanese Trading Companies: Case Studies of Information Search Activities

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Strategic Decision Making ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Research Task

ABSTRACTThe paper describes an investigation into the information search activities of senior Japanese executives involved in strategic decision-making in Japanese trading companies. The research task was conducted over a twelve-month period between 2000-2001, at five well-known Japanese kaisha (see Appendix 1 for a list of Japanese expressions used in this paper) headquartered in Tokyo. This paper identifies sources of information that are dev-eloped and used by executive decision-makers in evaluating strategic alternatives. As well modes of access to the identified sources are highlighted and analysed.Results from the study indicate the prominence of distinctive Japanese managerial practices such as nemawashi and settai, in developing information sources. As well it was found that these practices strongly influence how information sources are accessed. Executive decision-makers from the Presidential level to Divisional Manager level who participated in this study were emphatic in their belief that strategic decision-making in most situations is reliant upon the network of information sources cultivated by decision-makers as well as their skill in accessing the various sources.

Reducing Risk in Information Search Activities

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Brindley ◽  
Bob Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter proposes that the initial perceptions of uncertainty and risk relating to decision making are unlikely to be modified irrespective of the quantity or quality of the information transmitted and processed by the decision maker. It argues that initial risk perceptions and decisions are fairly robust even when confronted with contradictory information. The chapter begins by offering definitions of the key terms such as risk, uncertainty, and the components of the digital economy. The authors then provide an overview of risk assessment and associated management processes before moving onto an examination of the contribution of intelligence and information to risk resolution. A case scenario provides a practical illustration of the issues raised.

scholarly journals Risk-Specific Search for Risk-Defusing Operators

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Wilke ◽  
Heike Haug ◽  
Joachim Funke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Thinking Aloud ◽  
Normal Medium ◽  
Formal Classification ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Specific Search

Active risk-defusing behavior is that performed by decision makers in risky situations when they look for additional actions that decrease the risk and allow them to favor a riskier alternative. Our study demonstrates that risk-defusing behavior depends on the type of risk (normal, medium, catastrophic, or global) as well as on the domain (health, economy, or ecology). In total, 12 scenarios (four types of risk from three risk domains each) were constructed. Using the interview techniques of active information search and thinking aloud, we conducted 120 interviews about decision-making processes with these scenarios. The results showed that active search for different risk-defusing operators depends on the type of risk, but even more on the domain of the scenario. Results suggest a need for further research about a typology of risk situations in which, besides formal classification criteria, content issues are also explored.

How Police Use Information to Make Decisions

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis C. Sullivan ◽  
Larry J. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Disorderly Conduct ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Information Board ◽  
Decision Board

Systematic study of the decision-making process at each critical stage of the criminal justice system has been limited. Specifically, little attention has been given to the decision-making of police on whether or not to process juveniles into and through the system. Even more remarkable is the lack of research on the types of information police use to arrive at their decisions. One device available for studying information handling in decision-making is the information or decision board developed by Leslie Wilkins. The technique simulates, as closely as possible, the real-life use of information and allows for rigorous experi mental conditions. By use of this technique, the decision- making of twenty-four policemen was studied—specifically, the amount and types of information each used to make a decision about a juvenile charged with drunk and disorderly conduct. The results show that police use more information to make a decision than is popularly believed. On the average, five pieces of information were selected before a decision was reached. The data also indicate that younger officers (less than five years on the job) tend to use nearly twice as much information as their more experienced counterparts (five or more years on the job) and that these two groups of officers do not always reach the same final decisions. Twenty-three of the twenty-four officers selected offense first, but the most critical topic for reaching a final decision was attitude of offender. Eighteen of the twenty-four officers made a decision when this piece of information was selected. Surprising ly, the piece of information race had little significance in the decision-making process. This study shows that the information board can be used effectively to examine the decision-making of police in their processing of juveniles. The data suggest that future studies may be able to identify types of decision-makers among police by examining their information-search profiles.

Dynamics of Trust in Medical Decision Making

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 710-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew P. White ◽  
J. Christopher Cohrs ◽  
Anja S. Göritz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effective Health Care

Background: Patient trust in medical decision makers is a crucial facilitator of effective health care. Greater patient involvement in decision making requires improved understanding of how such trust is built, maintained, and lost in medical contexts. Objective: The study investigates how trust in clinicians is affected by the 4 main diagnostic outcomes proposed by signal detection theory: true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives. Cognitive appraisals of, and affective reactions to, the decisions were measured to investigate the psychological mechanisms underpinning effects on trust. Design: Members of an Internet research panel ( N = 1162) participated in a between-participant experimental study using hypothetical cancer diagnosis scenarios. Results: Overall, correct diagnoses bolstered trust as much as incorrect ones undermined it. Consistent with recent findings in other decision-making domains, trust was not as precarious as generally believed. The influence of decisions and outcomes on trust was mediated through cognitive assessments and affective responses in line with current appraisal theories in psychology. Prior levels of trust in clinicians affected sympathy for doctors, highlighting the role that trust plays in responding to new information. Conclusions: Trust in (hypothetical) clinicians is sensitive to information about their past diagnostic performance. Greater understanding of the cognitive and affective mechanisms by which this occurs may help maintain current high levels of trust. Further research is needed to examine whether findings generalize to real medical decision-making contexts. Clinicians may want to consider the impact their diagnoses have on trust alongside medical and financial considerations.

Decision making based on intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations with additive approximate consistency

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 4041-4058
Author(s):  
Fang Liu ◽  
Xu Tan ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Hui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Real Interval ◽  
Preference Relations ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fuzzy Preference Relations ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Fuzzy Weights ◽  
Fuzzy Preference

Intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) have the natural ability to reflect the positive, the negative and the non-determinative judgements of decision makers. A decision making model is proposed by considering the inherent property of IFPRs in this study, where the main novelty comes with the introduction of the concept of additive approximate consistency. First, the consistency definitions of IFPRs are reviewed and the underlying ideas are analyzed. Second, by considering the allocation of the non-determinacy degree of decision makers’ opinions, the novel concept of approximate consistency for IFPRs is proposed. Then the additive approximate consistency of IFPRs is defined and the properties are studied. Third, the priorities of alternatives are derived from IFPRs with additive approximate consistency by considering the effects of the permutations of alternatives and the allocation of the non-determinacy degree. The rankings of alternatives based on real, interval and intuitionistic fuzzy weights are investigated, respectively. Finally, some comparisons are reported by carrying out numerical examples to show the novelty and advantage of the proposed model. It is found that the proposed model can offer various decision schemes due to the allocation of the non-determinacy degree of IFPRs.

Studi Perilaku Anggota Unit Pengambil Keputusan Dalam Pembelian Organisasional: Sebuah Review Literatur

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Amin Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Search Time ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Organizational Buying ◽  
Decision Making Unit ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Sharing Responsibility

Up to now, organizational buying is still interesting topic discussed. There are divergences among the findings in organizational buying researches. Different perspectives, fenomena observed, research domains and methods caused the divergences. This paper will discusse organizational buying behavior based on literature review, focused on behavior of decision making unit mainly on equipment buying. From this review literatures, it would be theoritical foundation that is valid and reliable to develop propositions in organizational buying behavior. Based on review literature refferences, variables are classified into: purchase situation, member of decision making unit perception, conflict among the members, information search, influences among members of decision making unit. Integrated approach is used to develop propositions relating to: purchasing complexity, sharing responsibility among the members, conflict in decision making unit, information search, time pressure as moderating variable between sharing responsibility and conflict in decision making unit, the influence among the members inside decision making unit and decision making outcome

strategi dalam pengambilan keputusan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suci Handayani Handayani ◽  
Hade Afriansyah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Information Time ◽  
Complex Matter ◽  
General Individuals

Decision making is one element of economic value, especially in the era of globalization, and if it is not acceptable in the decision making process, we will be left behind. According to Robins, (2003: 173), Salusu, (2000: 47), and Razik and Swanson, (1995: 476) say that decision making can be interpreted as a process of choosing a number of alternatives, how to act in accordance with concepts, or rules in solving problems to achieve individual or group goals that have been formulated using a number of specific techniques, approaches and methods and achieve optimal levels of acceptance.Decision making in organizations whether a decision is made for a person or group, the nature of the decision is often determined by rules, policies, prescribed, instructions that have been derived or practices that apply. To understand decision making within the organization it is useful to view decision making as part of the overall administrative process. In general, individuals tend to use simple strategies, even if in any complex matter, to get the desired solution, because the solution is limited by imperfect information, time and costs, limited thinking and psychological stress experienced by decision makers.

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