scholarly journals Marine plastic debris in Indonesia: Baseline estimates (2010-2019) and monitoring strategies (2021-2025)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Intan Suci Nurhati ◽  
Muhammad Reza Cordova
Keyword(s):  
Marine Debris ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Debris Accumulation ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

Indonesia set the mission to reduce marine plastic debris by 70% between 2018-2025 with a global significance to support the UN Sustainable Development Goal 14.1. This short communication assesses marine debris baseline estimates in Indonesia before 2020 from available contributions and provides recommendations for monitoring marine debris mitigation between 2021-2025. Widely ranging model estimates of plastic debris released into seas highlight the roles of data source, the spatial resolution of models, and in situ data to provide representative baseline values. Recognizing the strengths and uncertainties of available contributions, model outputs converge on a baseline value of 0.52 ± 0.36 million tons (Mt) per year prior to 2020 in Indonesia, therefore setting a targeted reduced number of 0.16 Mt of marine debris releases in 2025. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences showed a preliminary value of plastic debris accumulation in beaches at 113.58 ± 83.88 g/m2 monthly or equivalent to 0.40 Mt/year by assuming plastic debris is most pervasive within 3 meters from Indonesia’s 99,093 km-long coastlines. It is important to distinguish that while river monitoring data informs land-based plastic debris releases, stranded beach debris represents a fraction of debris that is not present in the water column and bottom sediments. Moving forward, monitoring initiatives to mitigate marine debris should leverage on nationwide municipality-level model estimates (e.g., the source to leakage route framework of the National Plastic Action Partnership) as well as in situ river and coastal particularly but not limited to sites co-identified in previous monitoring studies (i.e., Medan, Batam-Bintan, Padang, Jakarta-Seribu Islands, Semarang, Pontianak, Bali, Lombok, Makassar, Manado, Bitung). The latter should be conducted at least seasonally, considering evidence of monsoonal variations of marine debris release and accumulation in Indonesia. Indonesia's vastness and regional diversity require coordination among stakeholders (government agencies, research institutions, universities, NGOs, citizen scientists) to monitor progress in the environments.

scholarly journals Strategy on marine debris reduction in Indonesia: a review and recommendation

2021 ◽  
Vol 925 (1) ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
FY Prabawa ◽  
NS Adi ◽  
WS Pranowo ◽  
SS Sukoraharjo ◽  
BG Gautama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

Abstract In 2018, the Indonesian government started a program: National Action Plan on Marine Debris, with the target to reduce 70% of marine plastic debris by 2025. Based on local research’s result in 2018, there was an estimated 0,27 to 0,59 million tons (MT) of marine plastic debris on local seas. Thus, the target of 70% debris reduction would be at 0.35 MT per year, or the reduction of 29.500 Tons of debris per month. That is a huge number to deal with, considering there are only 4 years left to 2025. To achieve the program, a roadmap was developed, parallel to other supporting programs as well the regulations, a national task force TKN PSL also established to run the programs. But an intriguing question remains: how to improve the achievement of this challenging target in a limited time? This study aimed to figure out the progress of existing waste reduction programs and contribute the way to improve the program. The method is a combination of literature review to collect data, a comparative and analytical work and finally the development of concept and action plans to formulate recommendation. We concluded that to improve the achievement of the target, proper strategy and program are needed to accelerate and boost the progress of marine debris reduction programs. To strengthen the waste reduction effort, the use of technology needs to be strongly emphasized. The program is best to be imply directly on sites, using various integrated methods to reduce more marine debris. More units of waste processing TPS 3R or “Reuse, Reduce, Recycle” are in urgency to obtained. The units will be located along the water body areas covering upstream to downstream, inland as well on-water. For the on-water site works, a concept of the green technology-based system integrated with small-sized floating TPS 3R barge, called STAMSAL P2K, is recommended to be implemented in the action plans.

Plastic Debris Pollution on Recreational Beaches: A Malaysian Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 804-809
Author(s):  
Shahul Hamid Fauziah ◽  
Atikah Afifah Ibrahim Nurul
Keyword(s):  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Solid Foundation

The significance of marine debris presence particularly plastic in marine ecosystem calls for proper monitoring strategies to establish a solid foundation for mitigation measures. The objectives of this paper are to study plastic debris distribution while correlating it to the level of awareness on marine pollution among beach users. It is aimed to investigate the impacts of tourism activities and the abundance of plastic debris on the beach. To quantify plastic debris on the beach, five points with duplicates were taken for three consecutive months. These sand samples were sieved through 1.00mm, 2.80mm and 4.7mm apertures. On the other hand, questionnaires were distributed to 625 beach users to study the awareness on issues related to marine pollution. Results indicated that the most crowded site accumulated the highest number of plastic debris (59 items), ranging between 1.00mm to 2.8mm (48% of the total weight of plastic). Debris sizing 4.75mm and more only contributed 41% of the total weight. Questionnaires data revealed that 2.4% of the respondents admitted to leave waste on the beach particularly if no garbage bins are provided, while the majority (92%) collect and throw the waste elsewhere. As for the cause of polluted beaches, 56% believed it is due to the indifferent attitude of the beach users that 20% of the respondents felt that stricter law should be enforced. It can be concluded that the number of plastic debris is highly influenced by the number of beach users. On the other hand, though it is lower in weight, smaller debris makes the largest number of items on the beach. While public believe that more stringent enforcement should be in place, an efficient waste management is also vital to prevent further detrimental impacts of plastic debris to the marine ecosystem.

scholarly journals Impacts of plastic debris on biota and implications for human health: A South African perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (5/6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trishan Naidoo ◽  
Anusha Rajkaran ◽  
Sershen Not available
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

Entanglement and ingestion of plastics are the main ecological impacts of marine plastic debris on marine biota, but indirect effects such as the transport of alien species and benthic smothering are also important to note. Entanglement of invertebrates, sharks, turtles, birds and marine mammals is mainly caused by macroplastics (>5 mm), and leads to reduced mobility, ineffective foraging and subsequent mortality. The main plastic types associated with entanglement are improperly discarded fishing nets, lines, ropes and straps. In South Africa and surrounding waters, plastic ingestion has been reported in a number of marine species: sharks (n=10), fish (n>=7), turtles (n=1) and birds (n=36). Lethal (macroplastic) and sub-lethal effects (microplastic ≤5 mm) of marine debris on biota have been noted, but at the time of this review there were no published reports on impacts at the population level. Consumed shellfish are possible vectors for the introduction of microplastics into humans. The specific impacts of microplastic ingestion on human health are largely unknown, but additives associated with plastics represent a threat. The research infrastructure in South Africa is insufficient to monitor and characterise marine plastic debris and, in many cases, not in line with global standards. More research effort is needed to understand the impacts of marine plastic debris on humans and marine biota in South Africa, particularly at the population level. Significance • Macroplastics affect marine biota mainly via entanglement and microplastics largely through ingestion. • Macro- and microplastic interactions with biota can result in sub-lethal effects and mortality but no population effects have been reported for South Africa. • Consumed shellfish are a potential source of microplastics for humans but their potential effects in humans remain unknown. • Better infrastructure is needed for improved monitoring and research on the effects of marine debris in South Africa.

Detecting and Classifying Marine Plastic Debris from high-resolution multispectral satellite data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Kikaki ◽  
Ioannis Kakogeorgiou ◽  
Paraskevi Mikeli ◽  
Dionysios E. Raitsos ◽  
Konstantinos Karantzalos
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Machine Learning Classification ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

<p>Plastic debris in the global ocean is considered an essential issue with severe implications for human health and marine ecosystems. Remote sensing is a useful tool for detecting and identifying marine pollution; however, there are still few studies and benchmark datasets for developing monitoring solutions for marine plastic debris detection from high-resolution satellite data.</p><p>Here, we present an annotated plastic debris dataset from different geographical regions, seasons, and years, including annotations for sea surface features (e.g., foam), objects (e.g., ship) and floating macroalgae species such as Sargassum. Our dataset is based on high-resolution multispectral satellite observations collected mainly for the period 2014-2020 over the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean Sea). Over this region, large plastic debris masses and Sargassum macroalgae blooms have been frequently reported, suggesting that it is an ideal region to examine satellite sensors' effectiveness in plastic debris identification, as well as monitoring along with sea surface circulation and meteorological data.</p><p>We also present a set of machine learning classification frameworks for marine debris detection on high-resolution satellite imagery, comparing qualitatively and quantitatively their overall performance. The new algorithms were validated against different regions that have been reported as major plastic polluted areas, as well as their performance was compared to well-established FAI and new promising FDI. This benchmark study can trigger more research and developement efforts towards the systematic detection and monitoring of marine plastic pollution.</p>

scholarly journals Distribution of marine debris in Jakarta Bay and its implication to the coastal ecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 925 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
Nasir Sudirman ◽  
Devi Dwiyanti Suryono ◽  
August Daulat ◽  
Agustin Rustam ◽  
Hadiwijaya L Salim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Coastal Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
West Java ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
Polluted Rivers ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

Abstract Citarum River, which ended up in Muaragembong, Bekasi Regency-West Java Province, is known recently as one of the most polluted rivers globally, including pollution caused by plastic litter. This research was conducted in the surrounding river, estuary, and mangrove ecosystem in Muaragembong, which aimed to determine macro debris and analyze its impact on the coastal ecosystem. Marine debris sampling in the mangrove ecosystem was done by line transect, while the net using for marine debris sampling surrounding river and estuary. The result showed that debris composition in Muaragembong consisted of 80% inorganic and 20% organic, where plastic debris dominated with 50-81% and was distributed throughout the estuary and mangrove ecosystem. The highest density was found in the mangrove ecosystem in the Kali Mati Estuary (Pantai Sederhana Village) with 222.67 waste/m2, while the heaviest waste was found in the Bendera Estuary (Pantai Bahagia Village) 4,663.64 grams/m2. This condition explained the lack of marine debris management in the Muaragembong estuary, where most inorganic debris originated from household litter. This research also supports data and information for baseline Indonesia’s marine plastic debris due to comprehensive data needed to reduce 70% of marine plastic debris by 2025.

scholarly journals Improving the Numerical Modelling of In-Situ Rock Bolts Using Axial and Bending Strain Data from Instrumented Bolts

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasoon Singh ◽  
Hyongdoo Jang ◽  
A. J. S. Sam Spearing
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Rock Bolt ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rock Bolts ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Bending Strain ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Bolt Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforcement Design

AbstractNumerical modelling has become an important tool in the underground rock bolt reinforcement designing process. Numerical modelling provides the advantage of easily and quickly simulating complex underground geometries and mechanisms with sensitivity analyses. However, a numerical model needs to be calibrated using mathematical solutions, lab testing or with actual in-situ observations and measurements (which is the preferred method) before its results can be quantitatively applied to reinforcement design. Instrumented rock bolts provide a useful data source for calibrating in-situ rock bolt models. In this work, procedures have been presented to identify and determine the orientation of structures in the rock mass based on the strains on the instrumented rock bolts. A method to calibrate the rock bolt model with in-situ data is also presented. The results of the presented procedures have been validated with laboratory tests and numerical modelling. The procedures have been applied to create and calibrate an in-situ rock bolt model in FLAC3D and the results are validated using in-situ data.

scholarly journals Correlation And Dispersion Of Marine Debris To Mollusca In The Interidal Zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenius Alfred Renjaan ◽  
Dortje Theodora Silubun ◽  
Dullah Irwan Latar ◽  
Marvin Mario Makailipessy ◽  
Megawati Elisabet Juley
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Data Collection Method ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Kei Islands ◽  
Marine Plastic Debris

The research was carried out on Langgur Beach from January to March 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation and dispersion of marine debris to molluscs in the Intertidal Zone of Langgur Beach, the edge of the Rosenberg Strait, Kei Islands, Indonesia. The data collection method of this research is the quadratic method. The results of the study noted that the total marine debris accumulated at 21 sampling points amounted to 7,596 items consisting of 14 categories of marine debris and 6 species of Mollusca were found. The results of the analysis show that the dispersion of surface marine debris and marine debris in the sediments are scattered in groups, the dispersion per type of macrozoobenthos on the surface and in the sediments is scattered in groups, regularly and randomly. The results of the analysis also showed a positive correlation between marine plastic debris on the sediment surface and the bivalves of Gafrarium pectinatum on the sediment surface.

Exciton dynamics in thick GaN MOVPE epilayers deposited on sapphire.

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Allègre ◽  
P. Lefebvre ◽  
J. Camassel ◽  
B. Beaumont ◽  
Pierre Gibart
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Buffer Layers ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Versus Layer ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Shallow Impurities ◽  
Aln Buffer ◽  
Time Resolved Photoluminescence

Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra have been recorded on three GaN epitaxial layers of thickness 2.5 μm, 7 μm and 16 μm, at various temperatures ranging from 8K to 300K. The layers were deposited by MOVPE on (0001) sapphire substrates with standard AlN buffer layers. To achieve good homogeneities, the growth was in-situ monitored by laser reflectometry. All GaN layers showed sharp excitonic peaks in cw PL and three excitonic contributions were seen by reflectivity. The recombination dynamics of excitons depends strongly upon the layer thickness. For the thinnest layer, exponential decays with τ ~ 35 ps have been measured for both XA and XB free excitons. For the thickest layer, the decay becomes biexponential with τ1 ~ 80 ps and τ2 ~ 250 ps. These values are preserved up to room temperature. By solving coupled rate equations in a four-level model, this evolution is interpreted in terms of the reduction of density of both shallow impurities and deep traps, versus layer thickness, roughly following a L−1 law.

STORM ICE OIL WIND WAVE WATCH SYSTEM (SIOWS): WEB GIS APPLICATION FOR MONITORING THE ARCTIC

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Myasoedov ◽  
Alexander Myasoedov ◽  
Sergey Azarov ◽  
Sergey Azarov ◽  
Ekaterina Balashova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Web Gis ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Current State ◽  
Watch System

Working with satellite data, has long been an issue for users which has often prevented from a wider use of these data because of Volume, Access, Format and Data Combination. The purpose of the Storm Ice Oil Wind Wave Watch System (SIOWS) developed at Satellite Oceanography Laboratory (SOLab) is to solve the main issues encountered with satellite data and to provide users with a fast and flexible tool to select and extract data within massive archives that match exactly its needs or interest improving the efficiency of the monitoring system of geophysical conditions in the Arctic. SIOWS - is a Web GIS, designed to display various satellite, model and in situ data, it uses developed at SOLab storing, processing and visualization technologies for operational and archived data. It allows synergistic analysis of both historical data and monitoring of the current state and dynamics of the "ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere" system in the Arctic region, as well as Arctic system forecasting based on thermodynamic models with satellite data assimilation.

scholarly journals Critical Dynamics of Defects and Mechanisms of Damage-Failure Transitions in Fatigue

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2554
Author(s):  
Oleg Naimark ◽  
Vladimir Oborin ◽  
Mikhail Bannikov ◽  
Dmitry Ledon
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Preliminary Deformation ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Fish Eye ◽  
Very High

An experimental methodology was developed for estimating a very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) life of the aluminum alloy AMG-6 subjected to preliminary deformation. The analysis of fatigue damage staging is based on the measurement of elastic modulus decrement according to “in situ” data of nonlinear dynamics of free-end specimen vibrations at the VHCF test. The correlation of fatigue damage staging and fracture surface morphology was studied to establish the scaling properties and kinetic equations for damage localization, “fish-eye” nucleation, and transition to the Paris crack kinetics. These equations, based on empirical parameters related to the structure of the material, allows us to estimate the number of cycles for the nucleation and advance of fatigue crack.

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