scholarly journals Clinical and Head Ultrasound Findings in Neonates after Administration of High Dose of Vitamin A

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
R M Nurrachim ◽  
Ali Usman ◽  
Sjarif Hidajat ◽  
Dedi Subardja ◽  
Tina Agoestina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Intracranial Hemorrhage ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Resistive Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Cranial Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Findings

Vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of blindness and severe morbidity and mortality in young children. Supplementation of vitamin A in the community might reduce child mortality rates. The safety of high dose of vitamin A administered to neonates is not clear. We randomized 2058 neonates to receive either a single dose of 50 000 IU oral vitamin A (n=l031) or placebo (n=l027). Bulging fontanel and head circumference were assessed before and throughout 48 hours following dosing. Cranial ultrasound examination was carried out in 972 infants before and 24 hours after dosing to rule out intracranial hemorrhage and determine resistive index (Rl) of the anterior cerebral artery. Slight bulging fontanel occurred in 2. 7% and 4.4% of the infants at 24 hours. Moderate bulging fontanel was seen in 0.1% of study group, no severe bulging was observed. At 48 hours slight bulging fontanel was observed in 2.4% of control group and 4.5% in study group. No intracranial hemorrhage was found. Mean RI values were normal in both groups at baseline or 24 hours. Bulging fontanel was not associated with increased signs or symptom, or with increase in RI. Single oral dose of 50 000 vitamin A may cause a small increase in intracranial volume in a small proportion of infants, without increase in intracranial pressure.

scholarly journals Maternal vitamin A status in intrauterine growth retarded babies

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alakh Ram Verma ◽  
Prafulla Kumar Khodiar ◽  
Debapriya Rath ◽  
Seema Dhurandhar ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Patra
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Low Serum

Background: Beside calorie and protein consumption micronutrients like folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin A have been postulated to play major role in intrauterine growth of neonates. Vitamin A compounds are critical for vision, reproduction, embryonic development, immune function and regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.Aims and Objectives: To determine the relationship of maternal serum vitamin A levels with birth weight of babies.Material and Methods: Study group consisted of 58 randomly selected mothers who delivered at term small for gestational age babies (birth weight less than 2.5kg.). The control group comprises of 52 matched mothers, who delivered normal babies. Biochemical estimation of serum vitamin A was done by HPLC method using sigma reagent of all subjects.Results: Significantly high (p<0.05) number of mothers in study group had low serum vitamin A level compared to mothers in control group. There was a linear relationship between vitamin A status and mean birth weight of the babies.Conclusion: Although the low serum vitamin A level of mothers was significantly associated with intrauterine growth retardation, the exact effect of a vitamin A deficiency on the birth weight of babies remain unclear, but the finding suggests the importance of adequate vitamin A supplementation to pregnant mothers in India.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2017 30-34

Retinol, α-Tocopherol and Vitamin D3 in White MuscleDisease

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6029-2018
Author(s):  
HANDAN MERT ◽  
SERKAN YİLDİRİM ◽  
IBRAHİM HAKKİ YORUK ◽  
KİVANC IRAK ◽  
BAHAT COMBA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Muscle Disease ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins are essential for the health of all living organisms. Vitamins E, A, D and K are known as fat-soluble vitamins, and deprivation of vitamin E causes various disorders, especially in the reproduction and cardiovascular systems and in muscle functions. Vitamin A, on the other hand, has roles in various biological functions – like eyesight – and the growth, reproduction and differentiation of epithelial cells. Vitamin A deficiency leads to the keratinization of the epithelium, and disorders related to the metaplasies of the genital and genitourinary systems. Conversely, vitamin D is defined as a pro-hormone and is responsible for Cahomeostasis, and thus indirectly affects the bone metabolism, bone structure, and cellular and neural functions of Ca. White muscle disease (WMD) can occur in newborn lambs, but is more commonly seen in lambs of up to 3 months of age. In this study, 30 lambs of 3 to 50-days-old from different flocks diagnosed with White Muscle Disease (WMD) were selected as research material, while the control group consisted of 8 healthy lambs. With the aim of clarifying the cause of WMD, serum fat-soluble vitamins, retinol, α-tocopherol and vitamin D3 levels were determined in 16 lambs. Gluteal and heart musclet issue samples also were taken from 30 lambs with WMD. The vitamin levels of the samples were analysed by HPLC. The levels of serum α-tocopherol, retinols, and vitamin D3 were foundto be low in the diseased animals, but only retinol (p<0.001) and α-tocopherol (p<0.0011) level differences were statistically relevant. Macroscopically, Zenker’s necrosis was determined in the heart muscles of 17 lambs, and in the gluteal and chest muscles of 6 lambs. 7 lambs displayed necrosis in both their heart and in gluteal muscles. The samples were analyzed microscopically to reach similar findings: swollen homogeneous pink muscles, pycnotic nuclei, and hyperaemic and haemorrhagic blood vessels in gluteal, chest and heart muscles. Hyaline degeneration and Zenker's necrosis, dystrophic regions in necrotic areas, cc was detected as a severe disease in lambs at an early stage of life with advanced degeneration in different muscle tissues. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins was also detected in the sick animals. Control group lambs had higher levels of α tocopherol and retinol (p<0.001) compared to the sick lambs. .

scholarly journals Combatting Vitamin A deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted H Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Wide Range

Food-based approaches to combat vitamin A deficiency (VAD) continue to be largely ignored by governments and donor agencies. This review deals with common misperceptions as well as constraints that may lay behind this reality. First, high-dose vitamin A capsules provided to preschool age children are no solution for VAD. Second, researchers may assume that it is not possible to standardize foods adequately to study their efficacy in controlled trials. This review summarizes the results of 57 such trials, providing an overview that may assist researchers in making decisions on target groups to study, types of food supplements to provide, quantities, supplementation periods, impacts that are realistic to expect, and sample sizes. Even more complex is to design efficacy trials or impact evaluations of interventions. Again, the paper reviews 40 such trials, providing summary information on approaches, target groups, sample sizes, periods of intervention, and impacts measured using a variety of indicators. There are a number of barriers or constraints that must be planned for and overcome if food-based approaches are to work. This paper reviews several of the most important ones, briefly touching on many of the most effective ways that have been found to overcome them. Food-based approaches can reach all members of the community, are safe for pregnant women, tend to be at least partially sustainable, and confer a wide range of nutritional and other benefits in addition to improving vitamin A status. Food-based approaches are sometimes described as expensive, but this is based on a narrow view. For example, biofortification and dissemination of sweet potatoes cost $9 to $30 per disability-life-year (DALY) gained, while that from VAS was estimated at the estimated cost effectiveness of VAS is $73 per DALY gained. From the community point of view, the economic benefits of food based approaches are likely to subsidize or outweigh their costs.

Vitamin A deficiency regulates the expression of ferritin in young male Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio RESTREPO-GALLEGO ◽  
Luis Eduardo DÍAZ ◽  
Juan David OSPINA-VILLA ◽  
Danny CHINCHILLA-CÁRDENAS
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Transferrin Receptors ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

ABSTRACT Objective Iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency are two of the main micronutrient deficiencies. Both micronutrients are essential for human life and children's development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin A deficiency on ferritin and transferrin receptors' expression and its relationship with iron deficiency. Methods Five diets with different vitamin A-to-iron ratios were given to thirty five 21-day-old male Wistar rats (separated in groups of seven animals each). The animals received the diet for six weeks before being euthanized. Serum iron and retinol levels were measured as biochemical parameters. Their duodenums, spleens, and livers were analyzed for the expression of ferritin and transferrin receptors by Western Blotting. Results Regarding biochemical parameters, the results show that when both vitamin A and iron are insufficient, the serum iron content (74.74µg/dL) is significantly lower than the control group (255.86µg/dL). The results also show that vitamin A deficiency does not influence the expression of the transferrin receptor, but only of the ferritin one. Conclusion Vitamin A deficiency regulates the expression of ferritin in young male Wistar rats.

scholarly journals High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 3005-3012
Author(s):  
Shaikh M Ahmad ◽  
M Nazmul Huda ◽  
Rubhana Raqib ◽  
Firdausi Qadri ◽  
Md Jahangir Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Gut Development ◽  
Plasma Retinol

ABSTRACT Background Vitamin A (VA) stores are low in early infancy and may impair development of the immune system. Objective This study determined if neonatal VA supplementation (VAS) affects the following: 1) development of regulatory T (Treg) cells; 2) chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) expression, which directs mucosal targeting of immune cells; and 3) systemic endotoxin exposure as indicated by changed plasma concentrations of soluble CD14 (sCD14). Secondarily, VA status, growth, and systemic inflammation were investigated. Methods In total, 306 Bangladeshi infants were randomly assigned to receive 50,000 IU VA or placebo (PL) within 48 h of birth, and immune function was assessed at 6 wk, 15 wk, and 2 y. Primary outcomes included the following: 1) peripheral blood Treg cells; 2) percentage of Treg, T, and B cells expressing CCR9; and 3) plasma sCD14. Secondary outcomes included the following: 4) VA status measured using the modified relative dose-response (MRDR) test and plasma retinol; 5) infant growth; and 6) plasma C-reactive protein (CRP). Statistical analysis identified group differences and interactions with sex and birthweight. Results VAS increased (P = 0.004) the percentage of CCR9+ Treg cells (13.2 ± 1.37%) relative to PL (9.17 ± 1.15%) in children below the median birthweight but had the opposite effect (P = 0.04) in those with higher birthweight (VA, 9.13 ± 0.89; PL, 12.1 ± 1.31%) at 6 and 15 wk (values are combined mean ± SE). VAS decreased (P = 0.003) plasma sCD14 (1.56 ± 0.025 mg/L) relative to PL (1.67 ± 0.032 mg/L) and decreased (P = 0.034) the prevalence of VA deficiency (2.3%) relative to PL (9.2%) at 2 y. Conclusions Neonatal VAS enhanced mucosal targeting of Treg cells in low-birthweight infants. The decreased systemic exposure to endotoxin and improved VA status at 2 y may have been due to VA-mediated improvements in gut development resulting in improved barrier function and nutrient absorption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01583972 and NCT02027610.

Vitamin A deficiency among children younger than 5 y in India: an analysis of national data sets to reflect on the need for vitamin A supplementation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Bhanuprakash Reddy ◽  
Raghu Pullakhandam ◽  
Santu Ghosh ◽  
Naveen K Boiroju ◽  
Shalini Tattari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
National Prevalence

ABSTRACT Background Biochemical vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is believed to be a serious public health problem (low serum retinol prevalence &gt;20%) in Indian children, justifying universal high-dose vitamin A supplementation (VAS). Objective To evaluate in Indian children younger than 5 y the risk of biochemical VAD from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, as well as dietary vitamin A inadequacy and excess over the tolerable upper limit of intake (TUL) from national and subnational surveys, factoring in fortification and VAS. Methods Child serum retinol data, corrected for inflammation, were examined to evaluate national- and state-level prevalence of VAD. Simultaneously, dietary intakes from the National Sample Survey Office and the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau were examined for risk of dietary vitamin A deficiency against its average requirement (AR) derived for Indian children. Theoretical estimates of risk reduction with oil and milk vitamin A fortification were evaluated along with the risk of exceeding the TUL, as well as when combined with intake from VAS. Results The national prevalence of biochemical VAD measured in 9563 children was 15.7% (95% CI: 15.2%, 16.3%), and only 3 states had prevalence significantly &gt;20%. The AR of vitamin A was 198 and 191 µg/d for boys and girls; the risk of dietary inadequacy was ∼70%, which reduced to 25% with oil and milk fortification. Then, the risk of exceeding the TUL was 2% and 1% in 1- to 3-y-old and 4- to 5-y-old children, respectively, but when the VAS dose was added to this intake in a cumulative 6-mo framework, the risk of exceeding the TUL rose to 30% and 8%, respectively. Conclusion The national prevalence of VAD risk is below 20% in Indian children. Because there is risk of excess intake with food fortification and VAS, serious consideration should be given to a targeted approach in place of the universal VAS program in India.

scholarly journals Vitamin A-Deficient Diet Accelerated Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E−/−Mice and Dietaryβ-Carotene Prevents This Consequence

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Zolberg Relevy ◽  
Dror Harats ◽  
Ayelet Harari ◽  
Ami Ben-Amotz ◽  
Rafael Bitzur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Aortic Sinus

Vitamin A is involved in regulation of glucose concentrations, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, which are major risk factors for atherogenesis. However, the effect of vitamin A deficiency on atherogenesis has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine whether vitamin A deficiency accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE−/−). ApoE−/−mice were allocated into the following groups: control, fed vitamin A-containing chow diet; BC, fed chow diet fortified withDunaliellapowder containingβc isomers; VAD, fed vitamin A-deficient diet; and VAD-BC group, fed vitamin A-deficient diet fortified with aDunaliellapowder. Following 15 weeks of treatment, liver retinol concentration had decreased significantly in the VAD group to about 30% that of control group. Vitamin A-deficient diet significantly increased both plasma cholesterol concentrations and the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus (+61%) compared to the control group. Dietaryβc fortification inhibited the elevation in plasma cholesterol and retarded atherogenesis in mice fed the vitamin A-deficient diet. The results imply that dietary vitamin A deficiency should be examined as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and that dietaryβc, as a sole source of retinoids, can compensate for vitamin A deficiency.

Effect of Adding Rituximab (R) to Induction Treatment and High Dose Chemotherapy (HDC) Prior to Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) as First Line Therapy in Stage III-IV Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (B-DLCL) at Poor Prognosis.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 676-676
Author(s):  
Umberto Vitolo ◽  
Giuseppe Rossi ◽  
Maria Giuseppina Cabras ◽  
Anna Marina Liberati ◽  
Annalisa Chiappella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Study Group ◽  
First Line ◽  
Bulky Disease

Abstract Introduction: We investigated efficacy and safety of adding Rituximab (R) to induction and intensified HDC as part of first line treatment in pts with aa-IPI at Intermediate-High (IH) or High (H) risk with B-DLCL at diagnosis. We compared two groups of similar pts enrolled in two consecutive non-randomized phase II clinical trials with up-front HDC and ASCT with or without R with identical inclusion criteria conducted by GIMURELL. Patients and methods: 118 previously untreated pts <61 years with B-DLCL, stage III-IV at aaIPI IH or H risk were treated: 41 pts were enrolled into HDC trial (control group; August 1991-August 1995) and 77 pts into R-HDC trial (study group; January 2001-December 2004). Treatment in R-HDC study group consisted in an induction treatment lasting two months with four courses of R-MegaCEOP chemotherapy (R 375 mg/m2 day1, CTX 1200 mg/m2 + EPI 110 mg/m2 + VCR 1.4 mg/m2 day3 and PDN 40 mg/m2 days 3–7) every 14 days with G-CSF support; then two courses of intensified chemoimmunotherapy R-MAD (Mitoxantrone 8 mg/m2 + ARAC 2000 mg/m2/12h + Dexamethasone 4 mg/m2/12h for 3 days and R 375 mg/m2 day4 and before PBSC harvest) followed by ASCT with BEAM as conditioning regimen. Treatment in HDC control group consisted in an induction treatment lasting two months with MACOPB chemotherapy x 8 weekly infusions followed by the same intensified and HDC regimens (MADx 2 courses + BEAM and ASCT). All pts were given antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis throughout the whole treatment. IF RT was given to areas of previous bulky disease in both trials. Results: Pts characteristics in both trials were comparable with no statistically significant differences: median age was 45 years (19–60); 51% were at H risk; 36% had bone marrow (BM) involvement, 80% had LDH level >normal and 42% extranodal sites>1. Complete Response at the end of the treatment was: 60 pts (78%) in R-HDC group and 28 (68%) in HDC group (p=.25). Failures (17% vs 24%) and toxic deaths (5% vs 7%) were comparable between the two groups (R-HDC vs HDC). Short-term toxicity appeared similar. Median follow-up was 27 months in study group and 69 months in control group. Two-year failure-free survival (FFS) and 2-yr overall survival (OS) rates in R-HDC group compared to HDC group were: FFS 70% vs 49% (p=.036); OS 78% vs 56% (p=.009). A better outcome for pts treated with R-HDC was confirmed in both IPI groups (IH and H risk). A Cox’s model was performed to adjust the effect of treatment for competing risk factors (age, IPI, BM involvement, number of extranodal sites). In this multivariate analysis the risk of failure and death was confirmed as significantly reduced in R-HDC group: adjusted hazard ratio (R-HDC vs HDC) was 0.54 (95% CI=0.30–0.98, p=.02) for FFS and 0.42 (95% CI=0.21–0.84, p=.03) for OS. Germinal center and non germinal center subtype analysis is ongoing in both treatment groups. Conclusions: these results suggest that the addition of Rituximab to induction and intensified chemotherapy before BEAM and ASCT is effective and safe in B-DLCL at poor prognosis improving the outcome of these pts.

scholarly journals Effect of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on indices of vitamin A status, haemoglobin and physical growth levels of pre-school children in Chongqing

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1462-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Ping Qu ◽  
You-Xue Liu ◽  
Ting-Yu Li
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
School Children ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of biscuits fortified with different doses of vitamin A on improving vitamin A deficiency (VAD), anaemia and physical growth of pre-school children.DesignA randomised double-masked population-based field interventional trial with a positive control group.SettingBanan district of Chongqing, China.SubjectsA total of 580 pre-school children aged 3–6 years were randomly recruited into four groups. Children in groups I and II were given biscuits fortified with vitamin A at 30 % of the recommended daily intake (RDA) and 100 % of the RDA once a day for 9 and 3 months, respectively. Children in group III received biscuits containing 20 000 IU of vitamin A once a week for 3 months. Initially, the children in group IV received a 200 000 IU vitamin A capsule just once. At the beginning and end of the study, blood samples were collected to measure Hb, serum retinol, retinol-binding protein and prealbumin, and weight and height were measured.ResultsAll the fortification types significantly decreased the prevalence of VAD and anaemia in each group (P < 0·05). The effect of 9-month intervention on group I was the most efficient (P < 0·0045). After intervention, the Z-scores of height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height in all groups increased markedly compared with baseline (P < 0·05), but no significant difference was observed among the groups.ConclusionsData indicated that consuming vitamin A-fortified biscuits with daily 100 % RDA for 3 months has the same effect on the improvement of VAD, anaemia and physical growth as did the weekly 20 000 IU and single 200 000 IU administration in pre-school children.

scholarly journals Role of High Dose Calcium in the Prevention of Preeclampsia

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Khan ◽  
Susil Kumar Mandal ◽  
Amitava Pal
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Objectives: To assess the effect of supplementation of high dose of calcium(2gm) in prevention of preeclampsia.Materials & Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial on 272 healthy nulliparous woman were randomly allocated into two groups by means of a computer generation randomization list. From 20 weeks of gestation until delivery who received 2gm of oral elemental calcium per day (n=127 )were assigned to high dose calcium group or the study group and 145 women were assigned to low dose calcium or control group , receiving 500 mg of calcium per day. Ten women (3.67%) were lost to follow up after randomization (4 in the study group and 6 in the control group) . Thus a total of 123 woman in the study group and 139 in the control group were included in the final analysis. Data was collected by standard questionnaire, clinical examination and investigations and statistical analysis was performed by student’s t-test, chi square tests. P<0.05 was statistically significant.Results: Preeclampsia developed in Study Group were 5.7% and Control Group 13.7% and the difference was statistically significant (Chi-squares - 4.65, df =1, p = 0.031). There were 2.43% (3 of 123 women) preterm delivery in the study group and 7.91% (11 of 39 women) in the control group. So, there was a significantly lower risk of preterm delivery in the study group ( p = 0.049). Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was found in 3.25% and 9.35% of women in the study and the control groups respectively. The incidence is higher in the control group when compared to the study group (p = 0.045).Conclusion: Calcium intake is beneficial for both pregnant women and her unborn child. Daily supplementation with 2 grams of calcium during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of preeclampsia, preterm labor and IUGR. So, high dose calcium should be supplemented to all women during pregnancy in developing countries where preeclampsia and preeclampsia related morbidities and mortality are quite high.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(2) : 66-70

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