scholarly journals Speficic Moral and Psychological Characteristics of Criminals Convicted for Crimes of Terrorism and Extremism

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-532
Author(s):  
Pavel Kazberov ◽  
Igor Alekhin ◽  
Svetlana Kulakova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Value System ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Targeted Approach

The authors continued their research of the personalities of terrorists and extremists and studied characteristics of 700 persons convicted for crimes of terrorism and extremism who served their sentences in penitentiary institutions of all territorial divisions of the Russian Federation. They studied indicators of additional scales of MMPI test, questionnaires, interviews, materials of personal files, court decisions (verdicts), disciplinary practice, penitentiary and criminal law characteristics, and made a number of conclusions. First, the results allowed the authors to verify a number of hypotheses on personal characteristics of terrorists and extremists analyzed by psychologists and criminologists. Second, generalized characteristics of persons convicted for terrorism and extremism crimes acquired through the use of additional MMPI scales proved and supplemented similar results from the basic scales of this methodology. Specifically, the authors found proof of a prominent conversion type of the personality profile of examined individuals manifested in a number of ambivalent conditions and aspirations. Third, the results also allowed to define key characteristics of the substructure of personality orientation of convicts of this category: amorality in their value system; following their own convictions, personal norms and principles; immunity against any moral authority; conviction that only their actions, deeds and life in general are the right ones, disregard for social values. Fourth, field data showed that it is necessary to single out one more (a third) subcategory of convicts who committed combined extremism-terrorism crimes. Based on the definition of this subcategory, such convicts committed several (two or more) crimes of both extremism and terrorism nature as part of one criminal case and, correspondingly, one court decision (verdict). A targeted approach to the correction and prevention work with this category of criminals convicted for terrorism and extremism crimes makes it necessary to examine the characteristics of each subcategory of convicts included in this category.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL REGIME OF “DISPUTED” REAL ESTATE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
N.A. Pronina ◽  
T.N. Platunova ◽  
S.O. Kostyakova
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Land Plot ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The article raises the following topical problems currently inherent in the institution of real estate in theRussian Federation: the unsuccessful legal definition of a real estate object, enshrined in Art. 131 of the CivilCode of the Russian Federation; qualification of objects as immovable and, accordingly, delimitation of themfrom movable ones; the emergence of objects with a controversial legal regime; the need to move from themodel of “plurality” to the model of “unity” of real estate objects. Also, the authors of this article analyzea number of approaches aimed at resolving the above problems and the possible consequences (both positiveand negative) of their implementation in practice, put forward their views and offer their own solutionto these problems. A variant of the legalization of “disputable” objects is proposed by introducing the rightof construction into the civil law of the Russian Federation as a limited property right to use a land plot withthe extension of this right to everything that is being built on such a land plot. The examples of legislativeregulation of the right to build in the civil law of pre-revolutionary Russia are considered, the elements of theright to build in the current law of the Russian Federation are revealed.

The essence of deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities as a punishment for an offense under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Ольга Александровна Беларева
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Paradoxical Situation ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

В статье рассматривается сущность лишения права заниматься определенной деятельностью как обязательного дополнительного наказания за преступление, предусмотренное ст. 264 УК РФ. В большинстве приговоров по ст. 264 УК РФ дополнительное наказание сформулировано как лишение права заниматься деятельностью, связанной с управлением транспортным средством. Однако использование в приговорах единой формулировки не снимает вопросов, связанных с толкованием объема назначенных судом ограничений. Автором выделены два подхода к определению содержания понятия «транспортные средства»: широкий, включающий все виды транспортных средств, и узкий, включающий только механические транспортные средства. Анализ судебных решений позволяет сделать вывод об отсутствии единообразного подхода к определению содержания наказания в виде лишения права заниматься деятельностью, связанной с управлением транспортными средствами. Показано, что в практике применения наказания за преступления, предусмотренные ст. 264 УК РФ, сложилась парадоксальная ситуация: лицо, нарушившее правила дорожного движения, лишается права управления всеми видами транспортных средств. По мнению автора, такая ситуация нарушает принцип справедливости: характер наказания не соответствует характеру совершенного преступления. В целях единообразного применения уголовного закона Пленуму Верховного суда РФ следует разъяснить, что суды должны конкретизировать вид транспортных средств, права управления которыми лишается осужденный, исходя из характера совершенного преступления. The article deals with the essence of deprivation of the right to engage in certain activities as a mandatory additional punishment for a crime under Art. 264 of the Criminal Code. In most of the sentences under Art. 264 of the criminal code additional punishment is formulated as deprivation of the right to engage in activities related to driving. However, the use of a single wording in sentences does not remove questions of interpretation of the scope of the court's limitations. The author identifies two approaches to the definition of the concept of “vehicles”: wide, including all types of vehicles, and narrow, including only mechanical vehicles. Analysis of court decisions leads to the conclusion that there is no uniform approach to determining the content of the penalty in the form of deprivation of the right to engage in activities related to the management of vehicles. The article shows that in the practice of punishment for the crimes provided for in the Art. 264 the criminal code, there is a paradoxical situation: a person who violates the rules of the road, is deprived of the right to control all types of vehicles. According to the author, this situation violates the principle of justice: the nature of the punishment does not correspond to the nature of the crime committed. For the purpose of uniform application of the criminal law to the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation it is necessary to explain that courts have to specify a type of vehicles which right of management is deprived condemned, proceeding from character of the committed crime.

ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY BY LEGAL MEANS

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Назаренко ◽  
Gennadiy Nazarenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Official Status

In the article anti-corruption policy is considered in criminal law and in the preventive aspects. The definition of anti-corruption policy by legal means is given. It is shown that the most significant and effective tool in this direction (kind) of policy is the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, the preventive potential of criminal law is not enough. The law does not cover a lot of corruption manifestations, which are involved in the use of any official status, its authority and opportunities. Up to the present time criminal law is not given with the accordance of the Federal Law «On combating corruption» from 25.12..2008 №273-FZ (as amended on 22.12.2014). Criminal law measures applied to corrupt officials, have palliative nature: they are based on the concept of limited use of criminal law and mitigation of punishment. The author makes a reasonable conclusion that more effective implementation of anti-corruption policy requires the adoption of new criminal law which contains the Chapter on corruption crimes, sanctions of which must include imprisonment as punishment as well as confiscation of property or life deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or to be engaged in certain activities.

scholarly journals Leniency programmesfor cartel: mature reforms

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
K. N. Aleshin ◽  
S. V. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The problems of interpretation of criminal law and administrative law institutes of active repentance (“leniency programmes”) in relation to cartels are considered.The definition of the effectiveness of the institution of active repentance is given as the ability of this institution to achieve the goals stipulated by law (in the aggregate or in a particular combination): 1) termination of the committed offense (crime) (“surrender”),2) assistance in investigating the relevant administrative offense (crime), 3) compensation for the harm caused by his offense (crime), 4) refusal to commit such offenses (crimes) in the future.The condition of the quadunity of these goals is investigated. It is noted that among the main factors reducing the effectiveness of administrative law and criminal law institutions of active repentance (“leniency programmes”) in relation to a cartel is the legal inconsistency of these institutions.Proposals are being made to amend par. 3 of the Notes to Art. 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Note 1 to Art. 14.32 of the Code of the Russian Federation Code of Administrative Offenses iin order to bring together the relevant institutions of active repentance.The necessity of legislative consolidation of general procedural rules for the implementation of the person who participated in the conclusion of the cartel, the law granted him the right to active repentance is substantiated.

scholarly journals THE NOTION OF THE CLAIM: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
V. N. Ivakin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Legitimate Interest ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin Term

The main form of protection of civil rights (in the broad sense) is the form of action bringing, the impact of which has increased significantly as a result of the transition to a market economy. This form has gained even wider application with the adoption of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation of March 8, 2015, that has introduced the institution of an administrative action in relation to cases arising from administrative and other relations regulated in the context of public law. However, the question concerning the concept of the action, regarding which in the legal science several concepts are being applied, remains unclear and the paper examines different concepts dealing with the notion of the action. In particular, according to the author, the term “action” does not mean a legal act. This view is based on the common identification of the Russian term “isk” with the Latin term actio that literally meaning “action.” The article also subjects to extensive criticism an outdated doctrine about the action in procedural and substantive senses. Attention is also drawn to the shortcomings of the doctrine that treats the action as the unity of the two parties — procedural (the applicant’s claim to the court) and substantive (the applicant’s claim to the defendant). The author has examined the inconsistency of the doctrine of the lawsuit developed by G. L. Osokina treating the action as the claim to protect a right and at the same time to admit the existence of the right to bring an action in a procedural and substantive sense. Also, the article analyzes the shortcomings of the definitions of the action given by V. V. Yarkov and O. V. Isaenkova. In conclusion, the author substantiates and gives his own definition of the concept of the action as the request addressed to court by the person concerned, submitted and considered in a certain procedural order in order to protect the violated right. The concept under consideration is also defined as the right that requires confirmation, freedom or legitimate interest and the direct exercise of the right or the satisfaction of a legitimate interest for which another person is held liable.

PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPECTS, ACCUSED AND CONVICTED MINORS IN PRE-TRIAL DETENTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Ирина Сергеевна Ганишина ◽  
Александра Викторовна Вэтра
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Detention Facility ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Emotional Immaturity ◽  
Personal Changes ◽  
Aggressive Reactions ◽  
Juvenile Suspects

В статье рассмотрены психологические основы пребывания несовершеннолетних в условиях следственного изолятора и специфика их личностных изменений. Проанализированы данные отечественных и зарубежных авторов по исследованию личности несовершеннолетних подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных. Обоснована актуальность проблемы, связанная с важностью своевременного изучения личностных особенностей несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора. С целью изучения личностных особенностей несовершеннолетних описаны результаты исследования уголовно-правовых, социально-демографических, медицинских, индивидуально-психологических особенностей подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных, содержащихся в условиях следственного изолятора. Анализ уголовно-правовых особенностей позволил установить, что большинство несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора, совершили преступления против жизни и здоровья, половой неприкосновенности и половой свободы личности. Изучение социально-демографических особенностей несовершеннолетних подозреваемых, обвиняемых и осужденных показало, что их воспитание осуществлялось преимущественно в условиях неполной семьи. Исследование медицинских особенностей позволило установить, что 22 % подростков состоят на учете психиатра или нарколога, большинство несовершеннолетних до попадания в места лишения свободы употребляли наркотики, злоупотребляли спиртными напитками и курили. Диагностика индивидуально-психологических особенностей выявила, что большинству несовершеннолетних присуще демонстративное поведение, бесцеремонность, эгоцентризм, пренебрежение моральными и этическими ценностями, агрессивные реакции, эмоциональная незрелость, конфликтность, высокое самомнение, отсутствие чувства вины, принятие криминальной субкультуры и поддержание ряда традиций, периодическое нарушение режима содержания. Полученные результаты имеют практическое значение для психологических служб уголовно-исполнительной системы РФ и могут быть использованы для повышения эффективности психологического сопровождения несовершеннолетних, находящихся в условиях следственного изолятора. The article deals with the psychological basis of minors ' stay in a pre-trial detention facility and the specifics of their personal changes. The data of domestic and foreign authors on the study of the identity of juvenile suspects, accused and convicted persons are analyzed. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem related to the importance of timely study of the personal characteristics of minors in pre-trial detention. In order to study the personal characteristics of minors, the results of the study of criminal law, socio-demographic, medical, and individual psychological characteristics are described. features of suspects, accused and convicted persons held in a pre-trial detention facility. The analysis of criminal-legal features allowed to establish that the majority of minors who are in conditions of pre-trial detention, committed crimes against life and health, sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of the person. The study of socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile suspects, accused and convicted persons showed that their upbringing was carried out mainly in conditions of incomplete family. The study of medical features allowed us to establish that 22 % of teenagers are registered as a psychiatrist or a narcologist, most of the minors used drugs, abused alcohol and smoked before they were sent to prison. Diagnostics of individual psychological characteristics revealed that the majority of minors are characterized by demonstrative behavior, arrogance, egocentrism, disregard for moral and ethical values, aggressive reactions, emotional immaturity, conflict, high self-esteem, lack of guilt, acceptance of criminal subculture and maintenance of a number of traditions, periodic violation of the detention regime. The results obtained are of practical importance for the psychological services of the criminal Executive system of the Russian Federation and can be used to improve the effectiveness of psychological support for minors in pre-trial detention.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Counteracting Extremism

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 803-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Stepanenko ◽  
Mikhail Mushinskiy
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Social Landscape ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The article discusses the counteraction to one of the negative phenomena in modern Russian political and social landscape — terrorism. In spite of the measures that are currently taken against the cases of extremism, this issue remains urgent. Two interconnected factors reduce the effectiveness of counteracting extremism: 1) flaws in the system of sources of law, namely, insufficient strategic planning, systemic gaps in the anti-extremism legislation, weak links between its elements and the normative legal acts of relevant branches of law; 2) virtual absence of a legal definition for the basic concept of «extremism». The authors examine these factors and give recommendations on improving the effectiveness of counteracting extremism. According to them, it is necessary to develop a national security doctrine for the Russian Federation, whose integral part should be the theoretical basis of counteracting different types of extremism as one of the threats to national security. Next step would be to use this doctrinal base to develop the concept of ensuring national security, which will have an anti-extremism section. Only then should specific strategies be developed, and the legislation should be adjusted in accordance with them. The authors note that it is necessary to formulate the legal definition of the concept of «extremism», which would include its essential features and encompass all major manifestations, and stress that clearly described features of the phenomenon, which are united within one definition, should form the basis that the judges use to identify some actions, organizations or materials are extremist. In this connection, the right solution is not the rejection of the legal category of «extremism», but its more precise definition, provision of terminological clarity and accuracy, its consistent separation from adjacent legal categories, primarily, from the concept of «terrorism». The authors present a working definition of the concept of «extremism».

scholarly journals Assignment of a Claim Under an Obligation in Which the Identity of the Obligee Is Essential for the Obligor

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-464
Author(s):  
A. A. Martsun
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Essential Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution of December 21, 2017 No. 54 “On some issues of application of the provisions of Chapter 24 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the change of persons in an obligation on the basis of a transaction", which sets out important clarifications regarding the application standards contained in this chapter. At the same time, not all issues related to the assignment of the claim were resolved by the above resolution. One of these issues is the definition of the term “essential value of the identity of the creditor” or approximate criteria for such a value in the context of the need to obtain the latter’s consent to the assignment of rights. The presence of this problem is rightly indicated in the scientific literature [3, p. 549–655, 688–713]. The Author examines the Model Rules of European Private Law and the UNIDROIT principles in order to find a solution to the problem. Attention is drawn to the problem of determining the essential value of the creditor for the debtor in the case of assignment of the right of claim, as well as to the consequences of making the assignment without the consent of the debtor under an obligation in which the identity of the creditor was essential.In the Author's opinion, the identity of the creditor is recognized as essential for the debtor when the connection between the debtor and the creditor arose as a result of the conclusion of a transaction that has a personallyconfidential nature, or if the connection arose during the conclusion of other transactions in the case when the connection was broken during the execution assignment of rights entails or may entail a significant deprivation for the debtor of what he had the right to count on when concluding a transaction with the creditor.In addition, situations are considered that are an exception to the presumption of the absence of a significant value of the creditor's personality for the assignment of claims for monetary obligations. The author also points out that the consequence of the transaction on the assignment of rights without the consent of the debtor in the context of paragraph 2 of Art. 388 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is the nullity of the transaction on the basis of paragraph 2 of Art. 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Constitutional Rights in the Sphere of Entrepreneurial Activity and Peculiarities of Holders of Such Constitutional Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
E. M. Yakimova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Constitutions of the majority of countries of the world contain a detailed catalogue of human and civil rights and freedoms that tends to expand. At the same time, the essence of economic rights is defined in the regulation of the rights of the “second” generation and is associated with the recognition of property rights and the right to carry out activities aimed at obtaining income. In the process of drafting modern constitutions, States only specify the rights in question. The constitutional right to the free use of one’s abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law is considered in this article as a basic, but not the only right in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity. A special feature of the implementation of the right under consideration is its special range of holders of the right in question. It is concluded that the construction of Article 34 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation has a two-component structure (denotes two types of activity: entrepreneurial and other economic activities). Such a design determines the definition of the range of holders of the right under consideration: the range of holders of the right depends on whether the issue involves only entrepreneurial or any other economic activities.

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