scholarly journals Chiyalik culture and the Golden Horde

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Igor' Vladimirovich Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Burial Grounds

The object of this research is the interaction of the forest and forest-steppe habitat of Eastern Europe during the Golden Horde. The subject of this research is the interaction of the Chiyalik culture, formed in the forest-steppe zone of Volga-Ural region and the Golden Horde culture formed in the steppe zone of Western Eurasia. The monuments of Chiyalik culture – subsoil burial grounds and ancient settlements – are located in the valleys of the Rivers Kama, Belaya, Ika, Dema, Chermasan, Suni and other rivers in the eastern parts of modern Tatarstan and northwestern parts of the modern Bashkortostan, dating back from XII–XIV centuries. The bearers of Chiyalik culture were Ugric by origin, who have undergone Turkization and Islamization. The article explores the narrative sources that contain records on the relations between Uralic Ugric Peoples and Mongols, archaeological data on the objects of the Golden Horde import found on the monuments of Chiyalik culture. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of narrative sources and archaeological data on the problem of interaction of Chiyalik culture and the Golden Horde as the synchronous historical phenomena. Narrative sources indicate the conquest of the territory of Chiyalik culture by the Mongols, tribute and labor conscriptions carried out by the local population in favor of the conquerors. The objects of the Golden Horde were detected on the settlement monuments: silver earrings and coins were found in Ufa-II settlement; copper coins were found in Iske–aul settlement; pottery and copper coins were found in Podymalovo-I settlement. Silver Golden Horde coins were found in the Taktalachuk and Azmetyevsky burial grounds. The author’s special contribution to this research lies in the conclusion that the paucity of findings is explained by the absence of large settlements, and the Muslim funeral rite. The novelty consists in establishment of the fact of the unilateral impact of the Golden Horde culture upon the Chiyalik culture: in exchange for the items of the Golden Horde import, were exported the raw materials, items of cattle breeding, hunting and beekeeping.

scholarly journals FUNERAL RITE OF THE POPULATION OF THE DNIEPER FOREST-STEPPE LEFT BANK OF THE EARLY SCYTHIAN TIME: VARIANT OF ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-44
Author(s):  
D. S. Grechko
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Funeral Rite ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Orientation ◽  
Important Landmark ◽  
The Village ◽  
Burial Grounds

The article is devoted to the results of a cluster analysis of the burials of the Early Scythian time of the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank. Clusters and groups are distinguished which have local and ethno-cultural characteristics. The analysis made it possible to distinguish two large blocks of clusters: the «Posulian» and «Vorklinsky» clusters, which confirmed the previous conclusions of the researchers. An analysis of the orientation of the burials has shown that the population of the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank of the Early Scythian time was dominated by the idea of placing the world of the dead in the south, both among farmers and nomads. Deviation from the basic orientation could be seasonal, or associated with the direction of the land of ancestors, or an important landmark (Greater Skorobir for the Belsk necropolis). A necropolis is located in the village. Kupewaha, which allows one to assume that it belongs to a fairly separate group of nomads. In separate burial grounds there were recorded graves which belonged to different clusters. Burials of Vorskla’s ordinary farmers were represented by clusters 6, 8, 10, and burials, most likely, nomads — cluster 9 and groups 11B and 11B. Clusters 5, 7, 12 have an indeterminate nature. The burial grounds can be conditionally divided into necropolises of the local population, nomads and mixed ones.

Scythian Internecine Feuds

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina N. Daragan
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Political World ◽  
New Form ◽  
Scythian Period ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

In the Scythian period burials have been identified, in which metal arrowheads have been found in or among the bones of the deceased which may have been the cause of death. In all such cases, without exception, the arrowheads, which had wounded or killed the deceased, were of specifically Scythian types, used precisely at that time for the weaponry of both Scythians and their contemporaries constituting the military contingents of various tribal alliances in the forest-steppe zone. Analysis of the sample has shown that in most cases those who perished were victims of armed conflicts within the ethno-political world of Scythia. In a number of further cases, arrow wounds had been caused as a result of a rite forming part of a funerary ritual. Some other archaeological data, such as the dismantling of and re-use of Scythian anthropomorphic stelai and also the virtually total plundering of their kurgans by the Scythians themselves, can also indicate the conflict situation within Scythian society in the late-5th and 4th centuries bc. Certain data from written sources also tie in with the existence of internecine feuds in Scythia, including the reliably recorded fact of clashes between Scythian élites. The inter-tribal violence recorded in the light of arrow wounds quite probably reflects, among other things, the new form of relationships within Scythian society resulting from rivalry for possession of territory and resources.

scholarly journals The Origins and Development of Textile Culture in the Late Bronze Age in the Southern Urals

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Ankusheva P.
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Textile Technology ◽  
Comparison Criteria

At the turn of the 3rd / 2nd millennium BC textile artifacts (fabric impressions on ceramics and organic samples) were widespread in the Southern Urals. The paper is devoted to identifying the possible origins of the Sintashta and Alakul textile technologies by comparing them with the data about the products from adjacent territorial and chronological frames. The comparison criteria are the components of the textile culture (raw materials, technology, decoration and application), according to which the sources of the Trans-Ural Eneolithic, Yamnaya, Catacomb, Andronovo communities are systematized. Such innovative technologies as weaving, woolen threads, madder dyeing were first noted in the South Trans-Urals in the Sintashta materials and find their closest parallels in the catacomb materials. The Sintashta, Petrovka and Alakul antiquities demonstrate a single textile technology, organically integrated into the Srubno-Andronovo “world” of steppe and forest-steppe cattle-breeding cultures of Northern Eurasia.

The current state and prospects for the development of beef cattle breeding in the forest-steppe zone on the example of the Penza region

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-235
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Ivanov ◽  
◽  
Olga A. Stolyarova ◽  
Antonina V. Shatova ◽  
Yulia V. Reshetkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Current State

scholarly journals Late Sarmatian Army Burials of the Berezovsky Barrow Burial Ground in the Middle Don

2020 ◽  
pp. 214-224
Author(s):  
Valeriy Berezutskiy
Keyword(s):  
Steppe Zone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Proximity Analysis ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Chronological Time ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Introduction. The relevant objective of the research of the Sarmatians in the Don forest-steppe zone is the study of the Late Sarmatian period. It is aggravated both by the lack of the available material and by the absence of Late Sarmatian period burial grounds up until recent years. The excavations of Late Sarmatian grave mounds near Berezovka village in the left bank area of the Middle Don provide the opportunity to challenge the lack of knowledge concerning this period of the Sarmatian history. Methods. The method of analogy dating, the typological and anthropological methods were applied while working on the burial samples of the Late Sarmatian culture found in Berezovka proximity. Analysis. The analyzed objects are two Late Sarmatian burials hidden under the separate grave mounds in the riverside graves. One of them belongs to a 18–20-year-old woman, the other one is associated with a 25–30-year-old man. The burial materials can be dated back to the middle or the second half of the 2nd century AD. Results. The assigning of the considered burials to the Late Sarmatian culture of the middle or the second half of the 2nd century AD sets up possible connection between these grave mounds and the graves preceding the Hunnic invasion (grave mounds 8 and 9 in Berezovka burial sites). The chronological time interval between them is approximately 150 years. Allegedly, the study of the new grave mounds can replenish the chronological void.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the chemical composition of plant materials of some representatives of the genera Narcissus L. and Camassia Lindl.

2021 ◽  
Vol 205 (02) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Antonina Reut ◽  
Aygul' Biglova ◽  
Irina Allayarova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract. Purpose. Heavy metals can have a negative effect on plants, animals and humans if their concentration exceeds certain limits. Therefore, it is important to establish the characteristics of the accumulation of heavy metals and to determine the elemental composition of aboveground (leaves) and underground (bulbs) organs in plant samples of 8 varieties of Narcissus hybridus hort. (Actaea, Arctic Gold, Cassata, Quail, Sir Winston Churchill, White Lady, Calgary, Pink Parasol) and Camassia cusickii S. Wats. in the urbanized environment of the city of Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan). Methods. The study of the elemental composition of the samples was carried out according to the method of quantitative chemical analysis “Determination of As, Pb, Cd, Sn, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in laboratory samples of food products and food raw materials by the atomic absorption method with electrothermal atomization No. M-02-1009-08”. Scientific novelty. This work is the first to analyze the results of the content of individual elements in aboveground and underground organs in samples of cultivated floral and ornamental plants in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Ural. Results. It was found that the content of nickel, copper, cadmium, lead, magnesium, iron, chromium in all the samples studied does not exceed the standards specified in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SP RF). The arsenic content exceeds the standards specified in the SP RF by 3.4 times. Revealed a high intensity of biological absorption of copper. The peculiarity of the accumulation of individual elements by different taxa of the studied plants is noted. It has been established that the concentrations of As, Cu, Pl, Mn, Fe in the aboveground organs are higher than in the underground part of plants; the ratio of the content of Ni, Cr, Cd in aboveground and underground organs is the same. As a result of these studies, it was recommended to use the studied cultivars as a phytoremediator of arsenic.

scholarly journals FENNEL YIELD AND QUALITY DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE CONDITIONS OF FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
V.Ya. Khomina ◽  
V.S. Stroyanovskyy
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Maximum Content ◽  
Mathematical Data Processing ◽  
Research Show

The growth of the essential oils market is explained by the growing demand for natural and organic products. Today, the global aromatherapy market with essential oils is growing, and demand for essential oils is increasing at the same rate. The studies are dedicated to the valuable essential oil culture ‒ fennel, the spread of which in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine will allow to obtain high profitability by agro-forming of different forms of ownership and will help to provide the Ukrainian market with raw materials of appropriate quality. The article offers a solution to the pressing issue of expanding the area of new unconventional culture in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine by improving technological measures in the cultivation of culture. The basis of scientific research is the study of sowing terms (1st decade of April, for soil LTR 6-80C), (2nd decade of April, for LTR of soil 10-120C); row spacing (5, 30, 45 and 60 cm) and seeding rates (1, 1.5 and 2 million sprouting seeds per hectare). Among the plans of the research tasks were: to conduct the accounting of yields and to determine indicators of seeds quality (the content of essential oil in fennel seeds and its conditional yield per hectare of sowing), depending on the studied factors. Crop accounting was performed by continuous submerged threshing. The yield was brought to 100% purity and standard humidity according to the method described by V.O. Moiseychenko and V.O. Yeshchenko. Mathematical data processing was performed according to the method of B.A. Dopehova. The results of the research show that the sowing variants in the first decade of April, with a wide-row method (45 cm) sowing rate of one million sprouting seeds per hectare, yielded the optimum yield of fennel – 1.48 t / ha. In the same variant, the maximum content of essential oil was obtained – 6.23% and its yield from the hectare sowing area‒ 59.2 kg.

scholarly journals FASCIOLIASIS EPIZOOTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN CATTLE IN THE ALTAI REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
N.M. Ponamarev ◽  
◽  
N.V. Tikhaya ◽  
L.V. Tkachenko ◽  
G.A. Fedorova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Altai Region ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Digestive Disorders ◽  
Liver Flukes

Fascioliasis in cattle continues to cause significant eco-nomic damage to cattle breeding in the Region due to de-creased weight gains of infested young animals and milk yields in cows culled due to liver affected by fascioliasis. On farms infected by liver flukes, there is increased culling of young animals and cows at the beginning of lactation with signs of hepatitis, jaundice, digestive disorders and decreased productivity against the background of general cachexia. The study of fascioliasis epizootology in cattle was carried out at different times of the year. All calves before and after infection were systematically subject to clinical, hematological, biochemical and helminthological studies as well as periodically weighed. The studies were carried out in the morning, usually before feeding the ani-mals. The animals were observed for five months after infection. It was determined that fascioliasis in cattle was found in the forest-steppe zone (the floodplains of the Ob, Charysh and Chumysh rivers). The increased percentage of invasion intensity to 30.2% in the autumn period is asso-ciated with a new wave of fasciole infection in cattle. Ac-cording to the findings of post-mortem examination, in win-ter, spring and summer, only imaginal fascioles were found. Thus, in the forest-steppe zone of the Altai Region, all age groups of cattle were affected by fascioles with prevalence of 10.4% which ranged from 8.7% to 13.5%. In autumn, imaginal and young fascioles were found

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE QUALITY OF UNFORTIFIED WINE MATERIALS OBTAINED FROM BLACK ELDERBERRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tokar ◽  
O. Lytovchenko ◽  
V. Khareba ◽  
L. Matenchuk ◽  
O. Pobirchenko
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Active Dry Yeast

The use of local non-conventional raw materials will allow significantly enriching unfortified fruit wines with ascorbic acid and phenolic substances and make it possible to obtain products with increased biological value. The paper considers black elderberries grown in the forest steppe zone of Ukraine. It has been determined that they contain 12–13% of soluble solids, 6.9–8.1 of sugars, 0.93–1.2% of titratable acids, 33.4–53.1 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid, and 2331–3888 mg/100 g of phenolic substances. The pressing process and its dependence on the method of treating berries have been studied. It has been proved that juice extraction from black elderberries is the highest when they are pretreated with heat at 98±2°C for 3–5 minutes, with 15% of water added. Depending on the treatment method, juices retain ascorbic acid (15.8–33.4 mg/100 g) and phenolic substances (2538–3888 mg/100 g), which indicates their high biological value. Juices like these can be used to improve the biological composition of blended juices and wines. To ferment high-sugar black elderberry must, active dry yeast was used, namely the yeast races EC-1118 of the genus Saccharomyces bayanus (France) and ENSIS LE-1 or ENSIS LE-5 of the genus Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Spain). The musts were fermented for 36–62 days. The period of vigorous fermentation coincides with the period of initial fermentation and ends in 9–10 days, with accumulation of 12–14% of ethanol by volume. Unfortified wine materials obtained from black elderberries contain 22–38.3 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid (its content in wine materials is by 7.8–49.55% lower than in fresh berries) and 1750–3510 mg/100 g of phenolic substances (which is lower by 9.7–39.6%, as compared with fresh elderberries). The active acidity of black elderberry wine materials is 3.90–4.09 pH units, depending on the yeast race. A similar difference has been found for the redox potential (160–176 mV), which indicates that the wine materials from black elderberries are low-oxidised. The intensity of colour of the wine materials obtained from black elderberries (D420 + D520) varied from 3.08 to 3.20, and the colour shade from 0.88 to 0.92, which is typical of young red wines. These wine materials can be used to increase the quality and biological value of blended wines.

scholarly journals Formation of density and porosity of pine wood in a tree trunk

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012016
Author(s):  
E Kantieva ◽  
S Snegireva ◽  
A Platonov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
New Information ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract Wood is a material with unique properties that contribute to its wide use as a raw material for various types of industries. Different quality requirements are imposed on the raw materialdepending on the material or wood product. However, physical and mechanical properties of wood are not homogenousalong the radius and height of the trunk and depend on the species, location in the trunk and growing conditions. The aim of this research is to study the variability of porosity and density of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood in a tree trunk growing in dry forests of the forest-steppe zone of the Russian Federation. The studies were carried out on wood cuts, sawn at different trunk heights. The change in the density of pine wood along the height of the trunk by 1.43% for each meter has been established. The wood porosity increases from the butt to the top by an average of 5.5%. New information about the variability of wood properties makes it possible to rationally and reasonably approach the choice of raw materials for obtaining materials with specified performance characteristics.

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