ACTIVE CARBONS, OBTAINED BY THERMOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF RAPE STRAW

The presence of a huge amount of waste of plant origin, including annually renewable, is a high innovative resource for obtaining a variety of useful products of large and small-tonnage chemistry. Processing straw of agricultural crops into activated carbons (AC), which are successfully used in various industries and agriculture, is one of the possible directions of using agricultural waste (AIC) to obtain new functional materials with specific properties. The paper presents studies on the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of activated carbons based on rape straw and discusses the prospects of their application for solving the most important problems of the agricultural sector. The effect of thermochemical activation temperature (650–750 °С) on the characteristics of the porous structure of adsorbents was studied. The characteristics are calculated on the basis of isotherms of low-temperature (77 K) nitrogen adsorption-desorption. Temperature dependences of the specific surface area, total pore volume, and micropore volume were obtained. It was found that KOH promotes surface development and the formation of a porous system in the entire temperature range.

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Kinetics and Equilibrium Study of Cadmium Ion Sorption onto Date Pits — An Agricultural Waste

Adsorption Science & Technology ◽

10.1260/026361703322404395 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 245-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Fawzi Banat ◽

Sameer Al-Asheh ◽

Leema Al-Makhadmeh

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbons ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Cadmium Ion ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Cadmium Ions ◽

Equilibrium Study ◽

Ion Sorption ◽

Date Pits

Activated carbons derived from date pits obtained as a surplus agricultural solid waste and natural date pits were used for the adsorption of cadmium ions from water. The effect of contact time, pH, temperature, cadmium ion concentration, sorbent dose, salinity, as well as the activation temperature on the removal of cadmium ions by date pits was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of date pits for cadmium ions was obtained using the linear Langmuir isotherm model and used as a basis for comparative purposes. Three sorption kinetic models were used for explaining the probable mechanisms of cadmium ion uptake. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed a second-order rate equation.

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Preparation and characterization of bio-based activated carbon from fish scales

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.614-621 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 614-621

Author(s):

Qingsong Ji ◽

Haichao Li ◽

Jingjing Zhang

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Fish Scales ◽

Average Pore ◽

Activation Temperature

The object of this study was to prepare activated carbons containing nitrogenous functional groups by a chemical method from nitrogen-containing raw materials. Fish (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) scales were impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and activated at varied temperatures. The adsorption ability, structural characteristics, surface chemistry, and morphology of the activated carbons were characterized by methylene blue and iodine values, nitrogen adsorption, the Boehm method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The total alkaline groups content of the activated carbon produced from fish scales was 0.4330 mmol/g, the total acidic groups was 1.68 mmol/g, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 501 cm2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.284 cm3/g. The average pore diameter was 1.94 nm under an activation temperature of 550 °C, an activation time of 1 h, and an impregnation ratio of 2. As a result of this study, nitrogenous functional groups that contained acid-base amphoteric adsorbent were produced.

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Preparation of activated carbon from cashew nut shells for water purification

Izvestiya Vuzov Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya (Universitiesʹ Proceedings Powder Metallurgy аnd Functional Coatings) ◽

10.17073/1997-308x-2019-2-15-22 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

Brou Guillaume Kouassi ◽

N. S. Serpokrylov ◽

A. S. Smolyanichenko ◽

E. G. Cheblakova ◽

V. A. Gorina

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Phase Analysis ◽

Water Purification ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Interlayer Spacing ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Size Change ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

X Ray

The article proposes using the agricultural waste of Cashew Nuts Shells (CNS) from the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire to produce activated carbon used in water treatment by physical activation. Washed and crushed CNS was carbonized at 800 °С. The obtained crushed and charred CNS was physically activated with water vapor within the temperature range of 400 to 700 °С. Specific surfaces (SBET) and porous structures of obtained activated carbon samples were investigated by low-temperature nitrogen absorption using X-ray diffraction (phase) analysis. The results showed that an increase in the activation temperature with a fixed activation time leads to larger material specific surface, microporous structure development and higher total volume of mesoand micro pores of activated carbons obtained. The X-ray phase analysis results demonstrated that the degree of graphitization, interlayer spacing and crystallite size change insignificantly. It was shown that CNS can be used for activated carbon production that is not inferior by its sorption properties to analogues currently used for water purification.

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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Research of pneumatic conveyor for overloading of fuel pellets

Energy and automation ◽

10.31548/energiya2021.06.088 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 88-96

Author(s):

N. Spodyniuk ◽

◽

L. Horbachenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

High Quality ◽

Fuel Pellets ◽

Energy Consuming ◽

Loading And Unloading

The constant development of the country's agricultural sector allows the production of biofuels, such as fuel pellets, from agricultural waste - straw, corn and sunflower husks. However, the transportation of fuel pellets is quite energy consuming. The process of loading and unloading, transportation over long distances requires complex mechanized equipment. The use of a pneumatic conveyor for grain reloading will allow to provide high-quality transportation of fuel pellets. The aim of the article was to investigate the operation of the pneumatic conveyor for overloading fuel pellets, to determine the optimal indicators that affect the productivity of the pneumatic conveyor. Since fuel pellets, as raw materials, are structurally similar to cereals, a study of the pneumatic grain conveyor PTZ-25 was conducted. The dependence of the productivity of the pneumatic conveyor on the lifting height h, m and the length of the pipelines L, m was obtained. The obtained results showed that by reducing the length of the pipelines by four times and the lifting height by half, the productivity of the pneumatic conveyor will increase by 1.15 times. Key words: fuel pellets, pneumatic conveyor, productivity

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06/02006 Removal of pyridine derivatives from aqueous solution by activated carbons developed from agricultural waste materials

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/s0140-6701(06)82012-6 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 301

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Waste Materials ◽

Pyridine Derivatives

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Optimization of Production Conditions for Activated Carbons from Rice Husk by Potassium Carbonate Using Response Surface Methodology

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1053.303 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1053 ◽

pp. 303-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mian Wu Meng ◽

Cong Liang Qi ◽

Qing Ye Liu ◽

Liang Lv ◽

Hao Ai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Response Surface ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Average Pore ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption Isotherm

A three-factor-three-level experiment was developed by the central composite design (CCD) and Response surface methodology to discuss the effects of concentration of K2CO3, activation temperature and time on the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon (AC) derived from the rice husk and to identify the key preparation parameters. The performance of the AC was characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherm as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The optimal parameters were obtained: Rice husk was soaked in K2CO3 solution (2.32 mol/L) with an impregnation ratio (rice husk: K2CO3=1:3) (wt. %), activated at 1239 K for 0.48 h. The results showed that iodine adsorption capacity of the AC was 1268.52 mg/g, the error between the models predicted (1356.98 mg/g) was only 6.2%. The AC has a large apparent surface area (SBET = 1312 m2/g), total pore volume (0.78 cm3/g) and average pore diameter (11.92 Å).

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Activated carbons from agricultural waste solvothermally doped with sulphur as electrodes for supercapacitors

Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 334 ◽

pp. 1835-1841 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Abdelhakim Elmouwahidi ◽

Jesica Castelo-Quibén ◽

Jose F. Vivo-Vilches ◽

Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas ◽

Francisco J. Maldonado-Hódar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbons ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Electrodes For Supercapacitors

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Optimization of Activated Carbons Prepared byH3PO4and Steam Activation of Oil Palm Shells

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/654343 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Daouda Kouotou ◽

Horace Ngomo Manga ◽

Abdelaziz Baçaoui ◽

Abdelrani Yaacoubi ◽

Joseph Ketcha Mbadcam

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Steam Activation ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Activation Temperature ◽

Impregnation Ratio ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Two Factors

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from oil palm shells by physicochemical activation. The methodology of experimental design was used to optimize the preparation conditions. The influences of the impregnation ratio (0.6–3.4) and the activation temperature between 601°C and 799°C on the following three responses: activated carbon yield (R/AC-H3PO4), the iodine adsorption (I2/AC-H3PO4), and the methylene blue adsorption (MB/AC-H3PO4) results were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the significant parameters. Under the experimental conditions investigated, the activation temperature of 770°C and impregnation ratio of 2/1 leading to the R/AC-H3PO4of 52.10%, theI2/AC-H3PO4of 697.86 mg/g, and the MB/AC-H3PO4of 346.25 mg/g were found to be optimum conditions for producing activated carbon with well compromise of desirability. The two factors had both synergetic and antagonistic effects on the three responses studied. The micrographs of activated carbons examined with scanning electron microscopy revealed that the activated carbons were found to be mainly microporous and mesoporous.

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