scholarly journals APPLICATION OF MICROCOLUMN HPLC-UV FOR RAPID QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ARBUTIN, BERGEN-IN AND GALLIC ACID IN BERGENIA CRASSIFOLIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 171-180
Author(s):  
Tat'yana Mikhaylovna Shishmareva ◽  
Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Shishmarev ◽  
Daniil Nikolayevich Olennikov
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenolic Glycosides ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Bergenia Crassifolia ◽  
Enzymatic Changes ◽  
Metrological Parameters

This work is aimed at the development of a microcolumn HPLC-UV assay for the rapid quantitative analysis of arbutin, bergenin, and gallic acid in Bergenia crassifolia. The results obtained indicate appropriate metrological parameters of the developed assay. It was found that the known methods of quantitative analysis of phenolic glycosides using SPE-spectrophotometry cannot be characterized as selective and accurate, due to the fact that the presences of the impurity compounds that do not belong to the group of phenolic glycosides negatively influenced the results. The developed assay was used for quantitative analysis of wild and commercial samples of B. crassifolia raw material. It was found that the content of arbutin, bergenin, and gallic acid in samples of B. crassifolia rhizomes collected in the Republic of Buryatia was 38.58–45.97, 66.74–139.76 and 1.22–1.65 mg/g, respectively, and for commercial batches of raw materials 20.57–41.37, 35.04–83.94 and 0.22–1.28 mg/g, respectively. It was found that the process of gradual enzymatic changes in the color of B. crassifolia leaves (green, red, black) leads to significant changes in the chemical composition. The most pronounced phenomenon is the degradation of bergenin, the presence of which is noted only in green leaves. The concentration of gallic acid is reduced in black leaves. Arbutin is characterized by an increased content in red leaves (102.02 mg/g). Additionally, a quantitative analysis of the peduncles and flowers of B. crassifolia was realized, and it was shown that they are distinguished by a high content of arbutin 48.40 and 42.15 mg/g, respectively, as well as bergenin in flowers (16.89 mg/g). The study demonstrated that the developed technique can be applied for a quick, selective, and accurate quantitative analysis of three compounds in various organs of B. crassifolia.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING STONE- LIMESTONE IN THE REPUBLIC SRPSKA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Majstorović ◽  
Vladimir Malbašić ◽  
Miodrag Čelebić
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Fragmentation Of Production ◽  
Republika Srpska

Curent situation of raw material base and study of limestone like construction stone deposits in the Republic of Serbian were relatively poorly considered during the last decades, and the main problems are the following: low production capacity fragmentation of production, needs for raw materials homogenization and delivering of standard quality, undeveloped market, the recession of the domestic economy and the economies in the region, the relatively low level of exploration by many deposits, especially lack of knowledge of the occurrence legality for certain types and quality of raw materials and lack of complete quality indicators for raw material, which sometimes causes the utilization of only the highest quality deposit parts.This paper provides an overview of active quarries in the Republic Srpska with exploitation of limestone like technical building stone and present an attempt to determine the basic quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material and the current working conditions at these quarries. The purpose of such a review would be in an effort to create a clearer picture about production, market, social and other aspects of the limestone exploitation in the Republika Srpska and the realistic possibilities of maintaining and developing of these mineral resources utilization, which can certainlybe interesting for the development of many other industries in the Republic Srpska.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HAWTHORN`S LEAVES CRATAEGUS PONTICA

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Kamola Vakhabjanova Raimova ◽  
Nodira Gulomzhanovna Abdulladzhanova ◽  
Farrukh Nazimovich Toshpulatov ◽  
Nurali Azamovich Ergashev ◽  
Alimzhan Davlatbaevich Matchanov
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Flavonoid Composition ◽  
The Republic

The results of studies of the content of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in the Pontic hawthorn plant Crataegus pontica K.Koch., growing in the mountainous regions of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. The collection of raw materials took place in the spring at the beginning of October 2019 and at the end of April 2020. The conditions for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds were selected under various conditions. It was shown that the optimal content of polyphenols is extracted with 70% acetone, followed by fractionation of the aqueous residue with ethyl acetate and precipitation with hexane. It was shown that in the plants harvested in spring, the amount of polyphenols was 4.28%, and the collected volume was 2.6%, of the air-dry mass of the raw material. Chromatographic methods (BC and TLC) revealed that the composition of plant leaves collected in spring contains more polyphenols than those collected in autumn. This plant contains compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. Polyphenols were identified by rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside, catechin, and gallic acid by BC and TLC methods. The antioxidant activity of the sum of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the model of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver mitochondria. It was found that polyphenols have a protective effect on mitochondria, a reduced damaging effect of Fe2+ / ascorbate and antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of the studied polyphenolic substances. The introduction of rutin into the incubation medium in 5 μM medium inhibits LPO processes by 32.0%, and at 10 μM – by 85.9% and in 20 μM – by 96.8%, compared with the control.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF BERGENIA CRASSIFOLIA (L.) FITSCH LEAVES OF DIFFERENT TERMS OF VEGETATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-239
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vladimirovna Tsyrendorzhieva ◽  
Sesegma Dashiyevna Zhamsaranova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Chelating Ability ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Bergenia Crassifolia ◽  
Maximum Content

New data on the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of aqueous leaf extracts of Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fitsch of different periods of vegetation growing in the Republic of Buryatia were obtained. It is shown that this is one of the few plants whose leaves contain a significant amount of phenolic compounds. The maximum content of tannins was noted in the extract of red leaves of the incense – 2.42%. Depending on the phase of the collection of raw materials, the content of flavonoids in the water extracts of the leaves of the frangipani varied from 3.88 to 5.42%. A higher accumulation of flavonoids was observed in the extract of black leaves of badan, which is apparently associated with leaf fermentation, in which the cellular structure is destroyed, enzymes and polyphenols are released. The leader in determining the total content of anthocyanins, as well as for flavonoids, was the extract of black leaves of frankincense. The largest amount of arbutin was contained in the extract of green leaves of frankincense – 1.22%. The studied extracts had a high ability to absorb free radicals, however, the extract of green leaves of badan had the highest antiradical activity, had a minimum EC50 of 4 mg/cm3. The iron-chelating ability of the tested aqueous extracts of frankincense leaves of different periods of in vitro vegetation showed that the leaf extracts had weak iron-chelating activity.

scholarly journals Nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai Inspirasi Seni Kajian Performance Studies dalam perspektif Komunikasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ririt Yuniar
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cultural Wealth ◽  
Art Educators ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic

Generasi nasionalis, mengutamakan kepentingan bangsa Negara di atas kepentingan pribadi dan golongan. Artinya generasi yang taat hukum; disiplin; cinta tanah air; menghormati keragaman suku, agama, budaya; rela berkorban; mampu mengapresiasi budaya bangsa sendiri; menjaga kekayaan budaya bangsa; unggul dan berprestasi; serta mampu menjaga lingkungan. Sekolah, masyarakat, dan keluarga menjadi ekosistem pendidikan yang harus bersinergi. Terciptan karya seni kreatif dan inovatif yang memuat kelima sila beserta butir-butir Pancasila sebagai sebuah nilai luhur, keberagaman dan Kebhinekaan di Indonesia menjadi salah satu solusi alternatif bagi terwujudnya Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Hal ini sejalan dengan Visi Misi ISI Yogyakarta, yaitu adanya penerapan dan pengoptimalan nilai-nilai Pancasila dalam konsep dan karyanya dengan memegang teguh konsep ideal bangsa Indonesia guna mewujudkan penciptaan seni maupun mengkaderisasi pendidik seni secara efektif juga menjadi tujuan utama tulisan ini. Teori strategi komunikasi (mengenal khalayak, merancang pesan, menetapkan metode, dan proses seleksi dalam penggunaan media) sangat relevan jika diterapkan oleh kreator seni dengan menggunakan pendekatan performance studies sebagai sebuah metode guna meningkatkan kualitas dan kreativitas para kreator seni yang lebih mengutamakan nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai pedoman berkarya. Nilai-nilai Pancasila diimplementasikan melalui karya seni yang “borderless” artinya tidak terbatas lintas ruang dan waktu dalam konsep dan praktiknya. How to karya itu diciptakan, diproduksi, ditampilkan, dilestarikan, oleh para seniman, serta penikmat seni lainnya. Melalui pendidikan karakter yang berintegritas karya seringkali memuat substansi pesan moral di dalamnya. Nilai-nilai Pancasila raw-material yang fundamental dan terinternalisasi dalam kehidupan keseharian melalui berbagai profesi. The nationalist generation prioritizes the interests of the nation and state above personal and group interests. It means the law-abiding generation; discipline; love for the homeland; respecting ethnic, religious, cultural diversity; willing to sacrifice; able to appreciate the nation's culture; maintain the nation's cultural wealth; excel and achieve; and able to protect the environment. Schools, communities, and families become educational ecosystems that must work together. The creation of creative and innovative works of art containing the five precepts and the points of Pancasila as a noble value, diversity and diversity in Indonesia is one of the alternative solutions for realizing the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). This is in line with the Vision and Mission of ISI Yogyakarta, namely the application and optimization of Pancasila values in their concepts and works by upholding the ideal concept of the Indonesian nation in order to realize the creation of art well as to regenerate art educators effectively. The theory of communication strategy (knowing the audience, designing messages, determining methods, and selection processes in media used) is very relevant if applied by art creators using a performance studies approach as a method. This approach is to improve the quality and creativity of art creators who prioritize the values of Pancasila as a working guide. Pancasila values are implemented through borderless artwork, meaning they are not limited across space and time in concept and practice. How to work it was created, produced, displayed, preserved by artists and other art connoisseurs. Through character education with integrity, the work often contains the substance of the moral message in it. The values of Pancasila are raw materials that are fundamental and internalized in daily life through various professions. 

Antioxidant content of oat talkan made from sprouted grain

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
Алена Владимировна Сумина ◽  
Вадим Игоревич Полонский ◽  
Татьяна Михайловна Шалдаева
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bidistilled Water ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
The Republic

Одним из путей повышения функциональной ценности пищевых продуктов является увеличение содержания в них химических соединений, обладающих антиоксидантной активностью. Последние, как известно, играют важную роль в профилактике различных заболеваний человека. Антиоксидантами богаты зерновые культуры, на основе которых изготавливаются наиболее употребляемые населением продукты питания. Целью данного исследования являлось определение величины суммарного содержания антиоксидантов (ССА) в зерновом сырье на разных этапах производства хакасского национального продукта талган, изготовленного из пророщенного зерна овса. Овес выращивали на территории Бейского района Республики Хакасия в 2019 г. Очищенное зерно проращивали при комнатной температуре в течение 56 ч, затем его просушивали и обжаривали при температуре 180…200 °С в течение 10-15 мин, а далее измельчали и просеивали через сита с ячеей 0,9 мм. В результате получали продукт талган и отходы в виде отрубей. Для определения уровня ССА в зерне использовали два растворителя - горячую бидистиллированную воду и 70 %-ный этиловый спирт. Измерение значения ССА выполняли на приборе «Цвет Яуза-01-АА». Среди исследуемых образцов более высокие показатели ССА были зарегистрированы при использовании в качестве элюента горячей бидистиллированной воды. В работе выявлен эффект увеличения уровня ССА в конечном продукте по сравнению с исходным сырьем после этапа проращивания зерна в среднем в 2 раза, а после этапов обжаривания и измельчения в 2,1 раза. Величина ССА в отрубях превышала таковую в исходном зерне в среднем на 47 %. Таким образом, в результате исследований было установлено, что введение в технологию изготовления овсяного талгана дополнительного этапа, заключающегося в проращивании зерна, является одним из эффективных способов повышения величины ССА в полученном на его основе продукте. One of the ways to increase the functional value of food products is to increase the content of chemical compounds that have antioxidant activity. The latter are known to play an important role in the prevention of various human diseases. Antioxidants are rich in cereals, on the basis of which the most commonly consumed food products are made. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the total content of antioxidants (TCA) in grain raw materials at different stages of production of the Khakass national product talgan, made from sprouted oat grain. Oats were grown on the territory of the Bey district of the Republic of Khakassia in 2019. The purified grain was sprouted at room temperature for 56 hours, then it was dried and fried at a temperature of 180…200 oC for 10-15 minutes, and then ground and sieved through sieves with a mesh of 0.9 mm. As a result, the product talgan and waste in the form of bran were obtained. To determine the level of TCA in the grain, two solvents were used - hot bidistilled water and 70 % ethyl alcohol. The TCA value was measured on the device «Color Yauza-01-AA». Among the studied samples, higher TCA values were recorded when using hot bidistilled water as an eluent. The paper reveals the effect of increasing the level of TCA in the final product in comparison with the initial raw material after the stage of grain germination by an average of 2 times, and after the stages of roasting and grinding by 2.1 times. The value of TCA in bran exceeded that in the original grain by an average of 47 %. Thus, as a result of research, it was found that the introduction of an additional stage in the production technology of oatmeal talgan, which consists in the germination of grain, is one of the effective ways to increase the value of TCA in the product obtained on its basis.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Serratula centauroides (Compositae) Coenopopulations in Transbaikalia (East Siberia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
V. M. Shishmarev ◽  
◽  
T. M. Shishmareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
East Siberia ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Made In

The coenopopulations of Serratula centauroides in various plant communities of Transbaikalia have been studied. In the study areas 10 geobotanical descriptions were made in plant communities with the participation of S. centauroides. In the investigated area S. centauroides is found on dry rocky slopes, in herb and sandy steppes. Depending on the growing conditions, the density of individuals in coenopopulations ranges from 0.18 to 1.80 individuals per 1 m2. The highest occurrence of S. centauroides is noted in communities dominated by Gramineous and Artemisia: Gramineous-Artemisia-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. Studied coenopopulations S. centauroides are confined to the following communities: Filifolium-herb, Gramineous- Artemisia-herb, Sophora-herb, Filifolium-Artemisia-Gramineous, Gramineous-Artemisia, Agropyron- Carex, Carex-herb, Oxytropis-Gramineous and Allium-Artemisia. The phytomass, biological and exploitation resources, the possible volumes of annual harvesting of raw material of S. centauroides were determined. The phytomass of S. centauroides herb ranges from 8.10±3.46 to 75.93±19.55 g/m2 (air-dry raw material). The average phytomass of 1 individual of S. centauroides herb varies from 13.67±3.59 to 67.14±14.30 g (air-dry raw materials). The total biological resources of S. centauroides herb is 777.9 t (fresh raw materials) and 266.8 tons (air-dry raw materials). The total exploitation resources of S. centauroides herb is 224.7 t (fresh raw materials) and 79.8 t (air-dry raw materials). The possible volume of annual harvesting of raw materials of S. centauroides in the studied coenopopulations on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia amounts to 37.5 t (fresh raw materials) and 13.3 t (air-dry raw materials).

scholarly journals Innovative Production Technology of Drinks from Grape Cryopowders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z A Yaralieva ◽  
G I Kasyanov ◽  
P R Tagirova ◽  
L N Shubina ◽  
S A Ilyasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Vacuum Microwave ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A technology, based on the production of wine beverages from grape cryopowders in the mountain-valley zone of the Republic of Dagestan, is proposed. The data on the vacuum microwave drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomill are presented. The modes of grape raw material preparation and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine drinks, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with rinds and seeds. The physical and chemical indicators, the content of phenolic substances and the organoleptic indicators of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryopowders were studied. A comparative assessment of beverages was made. It is established that vacuum microwave drying conduces to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment showed that the wine drinks developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced flavor of sweetness and sourness than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryopowders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of wine beverages there.

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT-BERRY WINE TECHNOLOГY BASED ON BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-77
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Main Components

In the conditions of Uzbekistan, to increase the ranгe of production of natural and environmentally friendly wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as to effectively use raw materials, the production of export-oriented natural younг wines is a very urгent problem, based on the fact that the purpose of our study was to improve the existinг technoloгies in the Republic. for the production of fruit and berry wines on a biocatalytic basis, by stimulatinг zymoгenic enzymes of raw materials and yeast exohydrolases. To achieve this гoal, berries such as red cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants and shotut were used as objects. The subject of the study was the creation of a fundamentally new technoloгy for the production of natural and export-oriented wine products from fruit and berry raw materials, as well as the research method was the determination of physicochemical, biochemical, technical and technoloгical parameters and the analysis of orгanoleptic indicators of objects by standard methods. The study showed that under an unfavorable environment, the cells of fruit and berry raw materials fall into stress as a result, under the influence of zymogenic exo- and endo enzymes of plant cells, it degrades biopolymers such as pectin and protein, which are the main components of the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, and a fundamentally new technology was developed, which allows to separate the fermentation process from the extraction of valuable components of raw materials due to the enhancement of the secondary metabolism of yeast associated with "high synthesis" in a controlled fermentation process. Moreover, in the process of carbon dioxide maceration, the yield of high-quality juice from 1 ton of raw material was increased by 10-12%, and the yield of wine material due to a decrease in yeast increased by 3.5%, due to the continuity of the process by 0.7% and the biosynthesis of ethyl alcohol was increased by 1 ÷ 1.5% vol. Natural wine products have been developed that have a pleasant harmonious taste and aroma due to their organoleptic properties.

scholarly journals Comparative Quantitative Analysis of Diterpene Acids in Raw Material of Salvia officinalis, Salvia tesquicola and Salvia nutans

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurkin V A ◽  
Ryzhov V. M. ◽  
Shmygareva A. A. ◽  
Nikandrova M. A.
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Diterpene Acids ◽  
Salvia Officinalis L

The quantitative analysis of diterpene acids in raw materials of closely related species of genus Salvia was carried out. The objects of present research were Salvia officinalis L., Salvia tesquicola Klokov and Pobed., Salvia nutans L., which grow in neighboring south (Samara and Orenburg) regions. During analysis different raw materials, such as herbs and leaves, were studied. It was determined that total amount of diterpene acids varies from 1,04% to 1,32% in leaves of different species of Salvia and from 1,13% to 1,67% in herbs of different species of Salvia. The raw material of Salvia nutans contains minimal amount of diterpene acids, but in the raw material of Salvia tesquicola the quantitative analysis shows different results, which depend on the region. The medical raw material of Salvia officinalis, which is cultivated in Samara region, includes sufficient amount of diterpene acids.

Liquid Waste of Palm Oil Plantations as Liquid Fertilizer

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 5166-5170
Author(s):  
Elfidiah ◽  
Kiagus Ahmad Roni
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Republic

The purpose of this study was to test the potential for sewage treatment plants Milt Palm Oil Waste (POME) as a raw material Liquid Fertilizer. Palm Oil Mill Effluent samples taken of Oil Palm Plantation PT. Minanga Ogan, South Surnatra method of analysis used for BOD Winkler method, a method Kjehdahl Nitrogen, Phosphorus appears spectrophotometermethod, K by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer methods and MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid) by using the gravimetric method. The results of this study indicate an anaerobic 20,1471 BOD, 25 mg/L, N 1021.22mg/L, P 328.19mg/L, K 541.03 mg/L, and MLSS 136 mg/L BOD anaerobic ponds 2,18,421, 16 mg/L, N 876.35 mg/L, P 279.24 mg/L, K 473.59 mg/L, and MLSS 154 mg/L BOD Anaerobic an 11428,213 mg/L, N 662.61 mg/L, P 238.32 mg/L, K 348.26 mg/L, and 163 MLSS anaerobic ponds mg/L BOD 4522.81 4 mg/L, N 443.26 mg/L, P 102.22 mg/L, K 327.76 mg/L, and MLSS 198 mg/L. According to Minister of environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 29 Year 2003 on Use of Palm Oil Technical Guidelines, the Board of Directors 3000–5000 mg/L does not pollute the environment but still have enough nutritional value for plants. It can be concluded that the anaerobic pond 4 can be directly used to, liquid fertilizer. While anaerobic pond 2 and 3 should be treated as liquid fertilizer raw materials as BOD of anaerobic Both pools are quite high.

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