Exploring the Effect on 5 Senses in Children under Nitrous Oxide Sedation

BACKGROUND Sensation and perception are two separate processes that are very closely related. Sensation is the input about the outside world obtained by our sensory receptors while perception is the difficult system by which the brain selects, organizes and interprets these sensations. Effects of nitrous oxide on the sensation and perception has not been unturned although role in physiological, anxiolytic, behavioural, psychomotor and analgesic parameters have been examined in both children and adults. The human senses have long been unnoticed, despite their responsiveness being of great importance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation on 5 senses i.e. sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste at different titrations of nitrous oxide and oxygen. METHODS 7 to 12 years old children with Frankl’s behaviour rating score of 2, 3 and 4 with no prior dental experience and requiring dental treatment under nitrous oxide sedation who were systemically healthy were included in the study. The 5 senses (i.e. hearing, touch, smell, taste and vision) were evaluated with different materials at 4 different titration levels to evaluate the effect of nitrous oxide on the 5 senses T0: 100 % oxygen, T1: 30 % nitrous oxide, T2: 50 % nitrous oxide, T3: 100 % oxygen. RESULTS The results of the present study depicted that there is significant difference in the perception of various senses at different concentrations of nitrous oxide and also when compared to baseline values. It was observed that the patient regained the normal perception in 5 minutes after 100 % oxygen post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS Nitrous oxide is found to depress/relax one’s senses too. KEY WORDS Vision, Smell, Taste, Touch, Sound, Perception, Consciousness, Nitrous Oxide Sedation, Oxygen, Behaviour

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Video modelling technique used to manage the behaviour of uncooperative children in a dental set up

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2021.v24i1.2082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Niharika Kotian ◽

Erulappan Muthu Ganapathi Subramanian ◽

Vignesh Ravindran

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Pediatric Dentistry ◽

Effective Technique ◽

Rating Score ◽

Behaviour Management ◽

Behaviour Modelling ◽

Study Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Behaviour Rating ◽

Set Up

Objective: To investigate if video modelling is an effective technique in behaviour modelling of a child in a dental set up. Material and Methods: Fifty children aged 4-6 years indicated for pulpectomy were enrolled in this study. They were selected based on their behaviour using Frankl behaviour rating scale. Children with Frankl behaviour rating 1 and 2 were selected for this study. The video of a child who was cooperative while undergoing pulpectomy was shown to these children. The behaviour was assessed using Frankl behaviour rating scale after the video was shown to the children included in the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the behaviour rating score of the children before after the video of the cooperative child was shown to them. Conclusion: It was observed that video modelling is an effective technique in managing the behaviour of an uncooperative child in a dental set up. Keywords Video modelling; Behaviour management; Fear; Anxiety; Pediatric dentistry.

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Temperament as a Predictor of Nitrous Oxide Inhalation Sedation Success

Anesthesia Progress ◽

10.2344/anpr-63-03-01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Travis M. Nelson ◽

Thomas M. Griffith ◽

Katherine J. Lane ◽

Sarat Thikkurissy ◽

JoAnna M. Scott

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Inhibitory Control ◽

Dental Care ◽

Effortful Control ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Short Form ◽

Child Temperament ◽

Health Insurance Status ◽

Inhalation Sedation ◽

Significant Difference

Little is known about implications of temperament for children who receive nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (N2O/O2) for dental care. The aim of this study was to investigate whether child temperament is associated with success in N2O/O2. Child-caregiver dyads were enrolled from patients aged 36–95 months receiving dental care with N2O/O2 at a university-based pediatric dental clinic. To assess child temperament, 48 caregivers completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire Short Form. Patient behavior was abstracted from Frankl scores recorded in the patient's chart. The overall behavioral failure rate was 15% (n = 7/48). There was no significant difference in sedation outcome associated with sex, health, insurance status, or complexity of treatment provided. Sedation outcome was significantly associated with the broad temperament domain of Effortful Control and its subscales Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control. The Negative Affectivity subscales of Frustration, Sadness, and Soothability and the Extraversion/Surgency subscales Activity and Impulsivity were also significantly associated with sedation outcome. The results of this study suggest that Effortful Control is associated with behavior during dental treatment with N2O/O2. The subscales of Attention Focusing, Inhibitory Control, Frustration, Fear, Sadness, Soothability, Activity, and Impulsivity may also be important determinants of child behavior during dental treatment.

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Inhalation Conscious Sedation with Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen as Alternative to General Anesthesia in Precooperative, Fearful, and Disabled Pediatric Dental Patients: A Large Survey on 688 Working Sessions

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/7289310 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Angela Galeotti ◽

Annelyse Garret Bernardin ◽

Vincenzo D’Antò ◽

Gianmaria Fabrizio Ferrazzano ◽

Tina Gentile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Conscious Sedation ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Young Patients ◽

Dental Patients ◽

Dental Procedures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Disabled Patients

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness and the tolerability of the nitrous oxide sedation for dental treatment on a large pediatric sample constituting precooperative, fearful, and disabled patients.Methods. 472 noncooperating patients (aged 4 to 17) were treated under conscious sedation. The following data were calculated: average age; gender distribution; success/failure; adverse effects; number of treatments; kind of dental procedure undertaken; number of dental procedures for each working session; number of working sessions for each patient; differences between males and females and between healthy and disabled patients in relation to success; success in relation to age; and level of cooperation using Venham score.Results. 688 conscious sedations were carried out. The success was 86.3%. Adverse effects occurred in 2.5%. 1317 dental procedures were performed. In relation to the success, there was a statistically significant difference between healthy and disabled patients. Sex and age were not significant factors for the success. Venham score was higher at the first contact with the dentist than during the treatment.Conclusions. Inhalation conscious sedation represented an effective and safe method to obtain cooperation, even in very young patients, and it could reduce the number of pediatric patients referred to hospitals for general anesthesia.

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Risk of respiratory depression at use of nitrous oxide on individuals with cerebral palsy: a clinical trial

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i13.20774 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. e198101320774

Author(s):

Fernando Martins Baeder ◽

Daniel Furtado Silva ◽

Ana Carolina Lyra de Albuquerque ◽

Dênis Clay Lopes dos Santos ◽

Andrea Pavanello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Respiratory Depression ◽

Dental Care ◽

Conscious Sedation ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Outpatient Setting ◽

Significance Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

N2o Titration

The dental care for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) often result in the referral of patients for general anesthesia. Conscious sedation with nitrous oxide (N2O) could be an alternative resource, from a behavioral and physiological point of view, and could favor dental care in an outpatient setting. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of conscious sedation with N2O on respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the dental treatment of individuals with CP. Seventy-seven patients with CP, over 3 years old, regardless of gender and ethnicity, were evaluated with the measurement of N2O titration, RR and SpO2 in four moments: initial, 5 minutes after sedation, 10 minutes after anesthesia and 5 minutes after removal of the N2O. Student's t test and ANOVA F were used, with a significance level of 5%. The variation in N2O titration did not generate significant variation in RR (p = 0.122). There was a significant difference in SpO2 between T1 and other times. It can be said that conscious sedation is not influenced by N2O titration, does not cause respiratory depression or any clinically significant change in SpO2, confirming the safety of use in an outpatient setting.

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Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) in Humans during Normo- and Hypocapnia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200111000-00009 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 1079-1082 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Peter Reinstrup ◽

Erik Ryding ◽

Tomas Ohlsson ◽

Peter Lee Dahm ◽

Tore Uski

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Cerebral Blood Volume ◽

Brain Volume ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Brain

Background It is generally argued that variations in cerebral blood flow create concomitant changes in the cerebral blood volume (CBV). Because nitrous oxide (N(2)O) inhalation both increases cerebral blood flow and may increase intracranial pressure, it is reasonable to assume that N(2)O acts as a general vasodilatator in cerebral vessels both on the arterial and on the venous side. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of N(2)O on three-dimensional regional and global CBV in humans during normocapnia and hypocapnia. Methods Nine volunteers were studied under each of four conditions: normocapnia, hypocapnia, normocapnia + 40-50% N(2)O, and hypocapnia + 40-50% N(2)O. CBV was measured after (99m)Tc-labeling of blood with radioactive quantitative registration via single photon emission computer-aided tomography scanning. Results Global CBV during normocapnia and inhalation of 50% O(2) was 4.25 +/- 0.57% of the brain volume (4.17 +/- 0.56 ml/100 g, mean +/- SD) with no change during inhalation of 40-50% N(2)O in O(2). Decreasing carbon dioxide (CO(2)) by 1.5 kPa (11 mmHg) without N(2)O inhalation and by 1.4 kPa (11 mmHg) with N(2)O inhalation reduced CBV significantly (F = 57, P < 0.0001), by 0.27 +/- 0.10% of the brain volume per kilopascal (0.26 +/- 0.10 ml x 100 g(-1) x kPa(-1)) without N(2)O inhalation and by 0.35 +/- 0.22% of the brain volume per kilopascal (0.34 +/- 0.22 ml x 100 g(-1) x kPa(-1)) during N(2)O inhalation (no significant difference). The amount of carbon dioxide significantly altered the regional distribution of CBV (F = 47, P < 0.0001), corresponding to a regional difference in Delta CBV when CO(2) is changed. N(2)O inhalation did not significantly change the distribution of regional CBV (F = 2.4, P = 0.051) or Delta CBV/Delta CO(2) in these nine subjects. Conclusions Nitrous oxide inhalation had no effect either on CBV or on the normal CBV-CO(2) response in humans.

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In vivo exploration of brain phosphorus 31 metabolism in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1017/s092493380000184x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 105-109

Author(s):

G Mecheri ◽

Y Bissuel ◽

J Dalery ◽

JL Terra ◽

G Balvay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Senile Dementia ◽

Phospholipid Metabolism ◽

Alzheimer Type ◽

Dementia Of Alzheimer Type ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Brain

SummaryIn vivo NMR 31p spectroscopy is a non invasive, non ionizing method of exploration of energy and phospholipid metabolism in the brain. This study consisted of comparing 31p spectra in five patients with Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) with those of four controls of similar ages. Abnormal phosphonionocsters (PME) concentrations, either high or low, were found in the patients, but statistical analysis did not elicit any significant difference relative to controls.

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Apparent Higher Brain Weight in Suicide Victims: Possible Reasons

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.2002.90.1.236 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 236-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jože Balažic ◽

Andrej Marušič

Keyword(s):

Postmortem Examination ◽

Brain Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Emotional Information ◽

Partial Explanation ◽

Suicide Methods ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Self Harm ◽

The Brain

In 2000 we tested previously reported findings by Salib and Tadros that brain weight of fatal self-harm victims is higher than of those who died of natural causes. Our results were based on data from 15 suicides and 15 deaths of other causes. Data included matching variables of age, sex, time between death and postmortem examination, and temperature of the surrounding environment. The exploratory variables were brain weight and method of death. No significant difference was found between the brain weights of suicides and others. On the other hand, some differences were obtained for different suicide methods, which also differed in the temperature of the environment, this being lower for the group of suicides that occurred outdoors (around or below 0°C). Once we excluded all the outdoor cases and controls, a significantly higher brain weight was obtained for suicide cases. These and previous results are intriguing and require explanation. Respirator brain syndrome as described by Moseley, Molinari, and Walker in 1976 may provide only a partial explanation. Another possible suggestion is that higher brain weight in suicide victims may be related to previously demonstrated increased amygdala blood flow and subsequent amygdala enlargement due to the increased processing of emotional information.

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Diagnostic Efficiency of the Trail Making Test as a Function of Cut-off Score, Diagnosis, and Age

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.191 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 191-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Norman G. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Veterans Administration ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Diagnostic Efficiency ◽

Male Veterans ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Trail Making ◽

Administration Hospital ◽

Cutoff Scores ◽

The Brain

This study is a reinvestigation of the effectiveness of the Trail Making Test in discriminating between brain-damaged ( n = 51) and pseudoneurologic ( n = 72) subjects. All subjects were hospitalized male veterans at the Allen Park Veterans Administration Hospital. An analysis of covariance showed that the pseudoneurologic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than the brain-damaged subjects. Further analysis with two different cutoff scores exhibited unequal discriminatory power throughout the whole range of Trail Making Test scores. These results suggested diagnosing only when the scores were 9 or lower and 13 or higher. This use of extreme scores resulted in an over-all hit rate of 87% in the study. Comparisons with five major subgroupings of the pseudoneurologic subjects yielded only one significant difference: more accurate discrimination with the 12 cut-off score between 10 general-medical and peripheral nerve-damaged subjects (100% correct) and 18 psychotic subjects (39% accuracy).

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Inhibition of Leukocyte Entry into the Brain by the Selectin Blocker Fucoidin Decreases Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Levels but Increases IL-8 Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis in Rabbits

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.68.6.3153-3157.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 3153-3157 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Christian Østergaard ◽

Runa Vavia Yieng-Kow ◽

Thomas Benfield ◽

Niels Frimodt-Møller ◽

Frank Espersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Brain ◽

Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis

ABSTRACT The polysaccharide fucoidin is a selectin blocker that inhibits leukocyte recruitment into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In the present study, the effect of fucoidin treatment on the release of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-8 into the CSF was investigated. Rabbits (n = 7) were treated intravenously with 10 mg of fucoidin/kg of body weight every second hour starting 4 h after intracisternal inoculation of ∼106 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 (untreated control group, n = 7). CSF samples were obtained every second hour during a 16-h study period. Treatment with fucoidin caused a consistent and significant decrease in CSF IL-1 levels (in picograms per milliliter) between 12 and 16 h (0 versus 170, 0 versus 526, and 60 versus 1,467, respectively;P < 0.02). A less consistent decrease in CSF TNF-α levels was observed in the fucoidin-treated group, but with no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, there was no attenuation in CSF IL-8 levels. Indeed, there was a significant increase in CSF IL-8 levels (in picograms per milliliter) in the fucoidin-treated group at 10 and 12 h (921 versus 574 and 1,397 versus 569, respectively;P < 0.09). In conclusion, our results suggest that blood-derived leukocytes mainly are responsible for the release of IL-1 and to some degree TNF-α into the CSF during pneumococcal meningitis, whereas IL-8 may be produced by local cells within the brain.

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Effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive analgesia in female cats undergoing to ovariohysterectomy

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201764010003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Dayvid Vianêis Farias de Lucena ◽

Fernanda Vieira Henrique ◽

Amara Gyane Alves de Lima ◽

Almir Pereira de Souza ◽

Pedro Isidro da Nóbrega Neto

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Preemptive Analgesia ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Reduction Of Pain ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Student’S T ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Postoperative Administration ◽

Student’S T Test

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Sixteen healthy cats were distributed into two groups, with eight animals each, by means of a draw, in a preemptive group (PREG), in which the animal received ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) subcutaneously two hours before the surgery; and postsurgery group (POSG), in which ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously immediately after surgery. In both groups, ketoprofen was given 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first adminstration. Heart and respiratory frequencies and glycemia were measured in all animals during the days first ten postsurgery. Analgesia was measured by assigning scores at zero, two, four, six, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 hours after the surgical procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test to compare the moments and Student's t-test for comparison between groups. Pain scores were evaluated using test of U-Mann-Withney or Kruskall-Wallis, all at the 5% level of significance. Pain scores were significantly lower in PREG in M0, M6, M72, M96 and M120. No significant difference was found in the levels of glycemia in comparison to baseline values. Ketoprofen promotes postsurgery analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy and preemptive and postsurgery administration provides an earlier reduction of pain scores when compared to postoperative administration, only.

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