Microorganisms related to early childhood caries in a sample of an oral preventive-educative program: a longitudinal study

Objetivo: Premature acquisition of cariogenic microorganisms seems to be related to higher prevalence and activity of caries lesions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in infants enrolled in a dental preventive program and in their mothers, as well as to assess the influence of bacterial prevalence, diet and oral hygiene in dental caries prevalence. Material and Methods: After clinical examinations (n = 50), saliva and oral biofilms were collected and stored prior to real-time PCR at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Results: No correlation was observed between the presence of cariogenic pathogens and diet or hygiene habits at all ages; however, association increased with number of erupted teeth. Salivary levels of bacteria were lower in children than in their mothers at all ages, and children with carious lesions had high ingestion of sugared food. Conclusion: As the levels of cariogenic pathogens were low in the patients that were enrolled in a preventive program, we can conclude that control of oral biofilm as eruption of infants’ teeth occurs and sugar ingestion should be considered of great importance in preventive dentistry, because the association between them was highly positive.KeywordsSaliva; Dental caries; Oral hygiene; Cariogenic; Streptococcus mutans.

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The distribution of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in children with dental caries severity level

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v53.i1.p36-39 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nur Dianawati ◽

Wahyu Setyarini ◽

Ira Widjiastuti ◽

Rini Devijanti Ridwan ◽

K. Kuntaman

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽

Bacterial Colonisation ◽

Chi Square ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Pcr Multiplex ◽

Significant Difference

Background: The prevalence of dental caries is high worldwide and specifically in Indonesia, especially in children. Cariogenic bacteria are the major cause of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the bacteria often associated with caries, due to its ability in producing acid and forming the biofilm for bacterial colonisation on the surface of oral cavities. In addition to S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) bacteria are also thought to play an important role in the process of caries. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in children with seriously high dental caries levels. Methods: This study was an observational analytical study. Bacterial isolation was conducted in carious lesions of 50 paediatric patients 6-12 years old with superficial dental caries. Samples of caries lesions were put directly into a tube containing the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI-B) and incubated at 37o C for 24 hours. The samples were sub-cultured on selective tryptone yeast cystine sucrose bacitracin (TYCSBHimedia) agar, and then incubated for two days. Bacterial identification was then performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Multiplex method. Statistical analysis with Chi-square. Results: The total number of children with dental caries included in this study was 50. Among these, 94% showed positive for S. mutans and 30% positive for S. sobrinus. The analysis of the prevalence of bacterial colonisation (S. mutans and S. sobrinus) based on caries severity and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), showed there was no significant difference (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that among 50 caries noted in the children, 94% were colonised S. mutans and 30% S. sobrinus. There was no significant difference between the colonisation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus among children from the severe to mild decayed exfoliated filling teeth (DEFT) category, and between bad and good OHI-S.

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Oxidative Stressors Modify the Response of Streptococcus mutans to Its Competence Signal Peptides

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01345-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (22) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Matthew De Furio ◽

Sang Joon Ahn ◽

Robert A. Burne ◽

Stephen J. Hagen

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Oral Biofilm ◽

Genetic Competence ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACTThe dental caries pathogenStreptococcus mutansis continually exposed to several types of stress in the oral biofilm environment. Oxidative stress generated by reactive oxygen species has a major impact on the establishment, persistence, and virulence ofS. mutans. Here, we combined fluorescent reporter-promoter fusions with single-cell imaging to study the effects of reactive oxygen species on activation of genetic competence inS. mutans. Exposure to paraquat, which generates superoxide anion, produced a qualitatively different effect on activation of expression of the gene for the master competence regulator, ComX, than did treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can yield hydroxyl radical. Paraquat suppressed peptide-mediated induction ofcomXin a progressive and cumulative fashion, whereas the response to H2O2displayed a strong threshold behavior. Low concentrations of H2O2had little effect on induction ofcomXor the bacteriocin genecipB, but expression of these genes declined sharply if extracellular H2O2exceeded a threshold concentration. These effects were not due to decreased reporter gene fluorescence. Two different threshold concentrations were observed in the response to H2O2, depending on the gene promoter that was analyzed and the pathway by which the competence regulon was stimulated. The results show that paraquat and H2O2affect theS. mutanscompetence signaling pathway differently, and that some portions of the competence signaling pathway are more sensitive to oxidative stress than others.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus mutansinhabits the oral biofilm, where it plays an important role in the development of dental caries. Environmental stresses such as oxidative stress influence the growth ofS. mutansand its important virulence-associated behaviors, such as genetic competence.S. mutanscompetence development is a complex behavior that involves two different signaling peptides and can exhibit cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Although oxidative stress is known to influenceS. mutanscompetence, it is not understood how oxidative stress interacts with the peptide signaling or affects heterogeneity. In this study, we used fluorescent reporters to probe the effect of reactive oxygen species on competence signaling at the single-cell level. Our data show that different reactive oxygen species have different effects onS. mutanscompetence, and that some portions of the signaling pathway are more acutely sensitive to oxidative stress than others.

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Case Report: a 5-Year Follow-up of Proximal Caries Lesion Diagnosis

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.17921/2447-8938.2018v20n3p158-163 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Renata Espíndola Silveira ◽

Isabela Pereira Furtado ◽

Marco Aurélio Carvalho ◽

Lawrence Gonzaga Lopes ◽

João Batista Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Preventive Treatment ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Oral Hygiene Instructions

Abstract This clinical case was aimed at reporting and discussing diagnostic methods for early detection and preventive treatment of proximal carious lesions. The patient presented to the dental clinic seeking treatment of a problem she reported as being “dental caries”. The patient’s orthodontist diagnosed dental caries, by means of radiographic exam. There was no evidence of any proximal carious lesion in the intraoral examination. The bitewing radiographs presented a radiolucent area limited to enamel in the mesial of maxillary left-second-bicuspid. For the purpose of confirming the intraoral diagnosis, an immediate tooth separation was performed. The immediate separation was unable to provide sufficient access; thus, the slow separation approach was performed. After 24-hours, tooth separation of 1mm was obtained, providing enough access for clinical examination. The proximal areas were evaluated by transillumination and impression taking. During the visual inspection, an area of enamel staining was observed, with no roughness due to tactile inspection and the evaluation by transillumination and impression showed no cavitation. The following preventive treatment plan was endorsed: oral hygiene instructions with emphasis to the importance of flossing the proximal areas, and healthy dietary habits. After a 5-years period of follow-up, the enhanced oral hygiene and heathy dietary habits were observed. A clinical examination with immediate tooth separation and bitewing radiographs was performed and showed no cavitation. Thecombination of methods for detecting carious lesions in proximal surfaces was effective in obtaining a diagnosis of cariesin the permanent dentition. The absence of cavitated lesions must be indicative of preventive treatment.Keywords: Dental Caries. Preventive Dentistry. Diagnosis, Oral.ResumoEste caso clínico objetivou relatar e discutir os métodos diagnósticos para detecção e tratamento preventivo de lesões cariosas proximais. A paciente procurou atendimento restaurador com queixa de cárie diagnosticada por exame radiográfico realizado após término de seu tratamento ortodôntico. Ao exame clínico não havia suspeita de lesão cariosa. A avaliação radiográfica revelou, na face mesialdo dente 25, presença de área radiolúcida limitada à metade externa do esmalte. Para confirmação do diagnóstico realizou-se a separação interdentária imediata, porém como a mesma não permitiu adequada visualização foi realizada a separação mediata e após 24 horas obteve-se adequada separação (1 mm) para o exame clínico. Em seguida, a superfície proximal foi avaliada por transiluminação e moldagem. Durante a inspeção visual foi constatada área de manchamento do esmalte, com ausência de rugosidade pela inspeção tátil e a avaliação tanto por transiluminação da superfície proximal, quanto por moldagem revelou ausência de cavitação. Devido o diagnóstico obtido o seguinte tratamento preventivo foi indicado: reforço de higiene oral com ênfase na importância do uso do fio dental e hábitos dietéticos saudáveis. Após 5 anos de acompanhamento melhoria da higiene oral e hábitos dietéticos foram constatados. O exame clínico com separação interdentária imediata e exame radiográfico revelaram ausência de cavitação. Conclui-se que a combinação de métodos de detecção de lesões cariosas proximais foi efetivo no diagnóstico da cárie dentária na dentição permanente. O resultado deste relato de caso mostrou que a ausência de lesões cariosas cavitadas deve ser um indicativo de tratamento preventivo.Palavras-chave: Cárie Dentária. Odontologia Preventiva. Diagnóstico Bucal.

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Longitudinal study of dental caries incidence associated with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in pre-school children

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.46069-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 661-665 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Mitsugi Okada ◽

Yoshiko Soda ◽

Fumiko Hayashi ◽

Takako Doi ◽

Junji Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

School Children ◽

Streptococcus Sobrinus

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Effect of Prebiotics-Enhanced Probiotics on the Growth ofStreptococcus mutans

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2019/4623807 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Santichai Nunpan ◽

Chatrudee Suwannachart ◽

Kornchanok Wayakanon

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Digestive System ◽

Acidic Environment ◽

Beneficial Microorganisms ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stimulation Of

Streptococcus mutanspredominantly creates an acidic environment in an oral cavity. This results in dental demineralization and carious lesions. The probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that modulate the bacterial balance in the digestive system. Prebiotics are defined as nondigestible oligosaccharides that are utilized for the selective stimulation of the beneficial microorganisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), for enhancing the probioticLactobacillus acidophilusATCC 4356, for inhibitingStreptococcus mutans(A32-2) for the prevention of dental caries. The growth rate of theS. mutanssignificantly decreased when cocultured withL. acidophilusin the GOS-supplemented medium at 3%, 4%, and 5%. In the FOS-supplemented medium, the growth rate ofS. mutanssignificantly decreased in all concentrations when cocultured withL. acidophilus. There was no significant difference in the growth rate ofL. acidophilusin all concentrations of either GOS or FOS. It can be concluded that the growth rate ofS. mutanswas significantly retarded when cocultured withL. acidophilusand the proper concentration of prebiotics. These prebiotics have potential for a clinical application to activate the function of the naturally intraoralL. acidophilusto inhibitS. mutans.

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A Highly Arginolytic Streptococcus Species That Potently Antagonizes Streptococcus mutans

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03887-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 82 (7) ◽

pp. 2187-2201 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Xuelian Huang ◽

Sara R. Palmer ◽

Sang-Joon Ahn ◽

Vincent P. Richards ◽

Matthew L. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Indicator Strain ◽

Arginine Deiminase ◽

Intercellular Signaling ◽

Oral Biofilm ◽

Content Type ◽

Plaque Ph ◽

Mutant Derivative ◽

Phylogenomic Analyses

ABSTRACTThe ability of certain oral biofilm bacteria to moderate pH through arginine metabolism by the arginine deiminase system (ADS) is a deterrent to the development of dental caries. Here, we characterize a novelStreptococcusstrain, designated strain A12, isolated from supragingival dental plaque of a caries-free individual. A12 not only expressed the ADS pathway at high levels under a variety of conditions but also effectively inhibited growth and two intercellular signaling pathways of the dental caries pathogenStreptococcus mutans. A12 produced copious amounts of H2O2via the pyruvate oxidase enzyme that were sufficient to arrest the growth ofS. mutans. A12 also produced a protease similar to challisin (Sgc) ofStreptococcus gordoniithat was able to block the competence-stimulating peptide (CSP)–ComDE signaling system, which is essential for bacteriocin production byS. mutans. Wild-type A12, but not ansgcmutant derivative, could protect the sensitive indicator strainStreptococcus sanguinisSK150 from killing by the bacteriocins ofS. mutans. A12, but notS. gordonii, could also block the XIP (comX-inducingpeptide) signaling pathway, which is the proximal regulator of genetic competence inS. mutans, but Sgc was not required for this activity. The complete genome sequence of A12 was determined, and phylogenomic analyses compared A12 to streptococcal reference genomes. A12 was most similar toStreptococcus australisandStreptococcus parasanguinisbut sufficiently different that it may represent a new species. A12-like organisms may play crucial roles in the promotion of stable, health-associated oral biofilm communities by moderating plaque pH and interfering with the growth and virulence of caries pathogens.

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ASSESSMENT OF DENTAL CARIOUS LESIONS BY ICDAS II

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.76 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 76-80

Author(s):

V. Melnik ◽

L. Gorzov ◽

S. Melnik ◽

Ya. Duganchik

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Age Groups ◽

Dental Enamel ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Average Intensity ◽

Initial Caries ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

Icdas Ii ◽

Caries Lesions

Introduction. The largest amount of information about the dental caries is provided by the International Caries Detection and Assessment II system (ICDAS II), which is known as evidence-based approach to clinical visual detection of dental caries and enables to detect the stage and depth of carious lesions from the slightest changes in dental enamel to visible cavities affecting dentin. This system has been developed by the group of leading experts in the field of cariology. The results obtained by determining the ICDAS II index contribute to making right clinical decision in the choice of prevention and treatment methods, as well as to predicting the carious progression. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence and intensity of initial dental caries in people using the ICDAS II index. Materials and methods. A total of 32 patients aged 12 to 25 years were examined. During the dental examination, we assessed the prevalence of dental caries using the ICDAS II. Clinical findings were recorded in oral follow-up charts proposed by the ICDAS Foundation for Epidemiological Studies, which allow us to record dental hard tissue status using six codes: three for assessing carious changes in enamel and three for assessing carious changes in dentine in a sequence of growing severity. Statistical processing of the findings was performed using Student's t-test. Results. Carious lesions were detected in all study participants, their total number was 285, of which 140 (49.1%) had the code 1 and 145 (50.8%) had the code 2 according to the ICDAS II. On average, each of the participants had 9.28 ± 0.67 foci of enamel demineralization. The average number of lesions with codes 1 and 2 by the ICDAS II was respectively 4.54 ± 0.51 and 4.74 ± 0.38 (p> 0.05). The average intensity of dental caries increased with age from 8.29 ± 0.83 in 12-15 year old individuals to 9.39 ± 1.20 in 18-25 year old individuals (p> 0.05), mainly by the growth of the average number of the mean number of caries lesions with the code 1 according to the ICDAS II. Mostly carious lesions are found on the masticatory surfaces, their total number made up 159 (55.7%). 101 (35.4%) caries lesions were found on the vestibular and oral parts of the tooth surfaces, and 25 (8.9%) average lesions were detected on the proximal surfaces. The average intensity of caries detected on the chewing surfaces of the teeth was 5.15 ± 0.49 and was significantly higher than on the vestibular and oral (3.33 ± 0.57, p <0.05) and proximal (0.79 ± 0, 20, p <0.001) surfaces. Conclusion. The obtained results showed a high intensity of carious lesions, with their predominance in the active stages in the two age groups under the study. This proves the appropriateness of using diagnostic ICDAS criteria for early detection of initial caries and its proper treatment.

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Life-conditions and anthropometric variables as risk factors for caries in children in Ladakh: A cross- sectional survey.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21952/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

MariaGrazia Cagetti ◽

Fabio Cocco ◽

Ezio Calzavara ◽

Davide Augello ◽

Phunchok Zagpoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gingival Bleeding ◽

Low Bmi ◽

Caries Lesions

Abstract Backgrounds The aim of this survey was to evaluate the severity of dental caries among Ladakh children and its association with anthropometric and background variables. Methods This cross‐sectional epidemiological survey was conducted on Ladakh schoolchildren divided into four age groups (<6, ≥6<11, ≥11≤14 and >14 years of age). A total of 1474 schoolchildren (607 males 41.18% and 867 females 58.82%) were examined. Actual dental caries prevalence (dt/DT) and gingival bleeding were recorded by four calibrated examiners. An ad hoc questionnaire evaluated general health, eating habits, oral hygiene and the self-perception of oral conditions. Height, weight, waist circumference, heart-rate and oxygen-saturation were also collected. Responses to questionnaire items were treated as categorical or ordinal variables. Relation between children’s caries data, gingival bleeding, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI) following the International Obesity Task Force, waist circumference and questionnaire items were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Conditional ordinal logistic regression was used to analyse associations among caries severity, gender, BMI, waist circumference, oxygen saturation and questionnaire. A forward stepwise logistic regression procedure was also assessed to estimate the ORs of gingival bleeding prevalence and the covariates derived from examination or questionnaire. Results Caries was almost ubiquitarian with only 10.04% of caries-free children (dt/DT=0). Caries severity, in both primary and permanent dentitions was statistically significantly related to gender, waist circumference, BMI, oral hygiene frequency and self-reported chewing problems (p<0.01 in both dentitions). An increasing relative risk for caries in permanent dentition compared to caries-free subjects was observed in children with a low BMI (RRR=1.67, 95% CI=1.54/2.83 for subjects with 1-3 caries lesions and RRR=1.52, 95% CI=1.36/1.74 for subjects with more than 3 caries lesions); also children with reduced waist circumference had a higher relative risk to have 1-3 caries lesions (RRR=2.16, 95% CI=1.84 / 2.53) and an even higher risk to have more than 3 caries lesions (RRR=4.22, 95% CI=3.33 / 5.34). Conclusion A significant impact of untreated caries lesions was observed; low BMI values and reduced waist circumference showed to be the main caries risk predictors. Preventive and intervention programmes should be implemented to improve children's oral health living in Ladakh.

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The Incidence of Bacterial Isolates Among Dental Caries Patients Attending Clinic At Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria

Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare ◽

10.47752/sjmh.44.166.171 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 166-171

Author(s):

Orhue O. Philips ◽

Omoregie Timothy ◽

Idehen I. Charlse ◽

Iserhienrhien Osamuyimen

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Lactobacillus Species ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽

Dental Clinic ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Laboratory Procedures

Despite the global public health importance of dental caries, it is greatly understudied. This study investigates the incidence and prevalent bacteria species in dental carries among patients attending dental clinic in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria. Patients presenting with signs, symptoms and suspected cases of dental caries attending dental clinic in the hospital between May and July 2017 were recruited. Following standard laboratory procedures, swabs were obtained, morphologically and biochemically analyzed and data subjected to simple statistical analysis. Of the 340 suspected cases, 65.59% were positive for bacteria (25.11% in children and 74.89% in adult). Females were more likely (1.23 times) to be affected and 2.98 times more common in adults than children. The prevalent bacteria isolated was Streptococcus mutans (151; 67.7%), Streptococcus sobrinus (36; 16.4%), Lactobacillus acidophilus (22; 9.9%), Streptococcus salivarius (10; 4.5%) and lastly Streptococcus mitis (4; 1.8%). Biochemical characterization showed isolated Streptococus and Lactobacillus species were non-motile and negative to catalase, citrate, oxidase, indole and urease tests. This study showed the incidence of dental caries is high in the study area and that Streptococcus mutans is the most causative bacteria.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction for detection of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque of children from Cartagena, Colombia

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v42i4.943 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 430-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis Eduardo Carmona ◽

Niradiz Reyes ◽

Farith González

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Study Groups ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽

Exact Test ◽

Carious Lesions ◽

The Difference

Objectives: To detect the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque of children from Cartagena and correlate it to dental caries precavity stages, applying a standardized PCR-based technique for epidemiological purposes. Methods: Descriptive study using a non-probabilistic sample of 50 children between 3 and 5 years of age, preschoolers from a Caribbean population in Colombia. Criteria for selection were that children should exhibit plaque accumulations on the surface of the cervical margins of the rearmost molars, and placed in one of two study groups: carious lesions and sound surfaces. Dental plaque samples from both groups were subjected to molecular analysis and statistical analysis was applied to determine the difference between the two groups using the frequencies of presence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus or both in the two groups applying Fisher’s exact test for association between the presence of microorganisms and the state of the tooth surface from where the dental plaque was taken. Results: The frequency of S. mutans in carious lesions was 76% and 24% in healthy surfaces. The frequency of S. sobrinus in carious lesions was 81.9% and 18.1% in caries-free surfaces. There was statistical significance between the presence of S. mutans and the presence of caries (p=0.001) and between the presence of S. sobrinus (p=0.02) and the presence of caries. There was no statistical significance between the presence of caries and the simultaneous presence of both microorganisms (p=0.08). Conclusions: The presence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in dental plaque samples is highly prevalent and associated to non cavitated carious lesions, being the molecular identification of these microorganisms by PCR a sensitive, fast, and easy to use detection method for the mutans group of oral bacteria.

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