Diabetic polyneuropathy in children and adolescents: clinical picture and diagnosis

The Department of Childhood and Adolescence Endocrinology, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, examined 529 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) whose age was 5 to 22 years. The study was undertaken to examine the prevalence and severity of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) in children, adolescents, and young individuals who fell ill with DM in childhood, to characterize the symptoms and neurological manifestations of this complication, and to choose adequate studies for their examination. DPN is most common in adolescents and young individuals having a longer history of the disease and worse values of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism. The specific feature of DPN in these age groups are the absence of severe forms of the disease and the presence of mainly the sensory pattern of disorders. The study defined the required scope of a neurological examination for early diagnosis of DPN in children and adolescents, which should include a thorough analysis of a patient’s complaints and a test by the Total Symptoms Score, a neurological examination by the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score for the Lower Extremities, stimulation electromyography of the sensory and motor nerves of the leg. By taking into account a poor DM compensation in the absolute majority of children and adolescents, the neurological examination should be regular at least once a year.

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Diagnostic criteria for diabetic polyneuropathy in a population study

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11292 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 9-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. R. Bursa ◽

I. A. Strokov ◽

M. V. Novosadova ◽

O. I. Drepa ◽

A. S. Ametov

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Temperature Sensitivity ◽

Neurological Examination ◽

Age Groups ◽

Diabetic Polyneuropathy ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Sensitivity Study ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Type 1 Dm

Population surveys are of high informative value and reflect the actual prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in society. The purpose of the present study was to examine the spread of DPN among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and to assess the diagnostic value of used diagnostic methods. Three hundred and forty-six patients (100 children and adolescents and 246 adults) with type 1 DM, living in Moscow and its region were examined. The criteria adopted at the Conference on Standardization of DPN Diagnosis in Saint Antonio in 1992 were used to diagnose DPN. The criteria proposed by P. Dyck et al. were applied to define DPN stages. The prevalence of DPN in the children and adolescents was 40%, the vast majority (75%) of the patients having subclinical (la and lb) stages of DPN. Autonomic deficit was revealed in 17% of the children and adolescents with type 1 DM. In the adults, the prevalence of DPN was 66.3% with a predominance (61%) of the clinical stages (2a and 2b) stages of DPN. Autonomic deficit was detected in 25.6% of the adults with type 1 DM. The most sensitive diagnostic tests in the examination of children and adolescents were found to be a neurological examination by using the NIS-LL scale (for neuropathic disorders), as well as temperature sensitivity study, and stimulation EMG. While examining the adults, an active detection of complaints showed a high sensitivity (79%) by applying the existing scales, which makes it possible to use this method at the first stage of a diagnostic search. The study of temperature sensitivity by employing the Thioterm tool increased the diagnostic value of a neurological examination by means of the NIS-LL in all age groups.

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Reference Data for Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance in Croatian Youth

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168501 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8501

Author(s):

Mario Kasović ◽

Lovro Štefan ◽

Boris Neljak ◽

Vilko Petrić ◽

Damir Knjaz

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Reference Data ◽

Age Groups ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Specific Reference ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Wide Range

Fat mass and fat-free mass have become useful clinical indices in determining healthy growth and physical development during critical periods of childhood and adolescence; however, despite a wide range of nutritional surveillance its study is limited by a lack of reference data. The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific and age-specific standards for fat mass and fat-free mass in a large sample of Croatian children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, we collected data from 12,678 participants aged 11 to 18 years old (mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 14.17 ± 2.25 years; height 164.56 ± 11.31 cm; weight: 57.45 ± 13.73 kg; body mass index: 21.24 ± 3.67 kg/m2; 53% girls). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured three times by bioelectrical impedance. The Lambda, Mu and Sigma methods were used to create percentile charts for fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI; fat mass and fat-free mass divided by height2). Sex and age differences were calculated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparisons. Boys had lower FMI (from 2.66 to 3.89) and higher FFMI values (from 16.90 to 17.80) in all age groups, compared to girls (for FMI from 2.79 to 5.17 and for FFMI from 14.50 to 14.90, p < 0.001). In boys, FMI slightly declined until the age of 14, after which an increase from the age of 15 to 18 was observed. In girls, FMI gradually increased from the age of 11 to 18 (p < 0.001). In general, FFMI increased by age in boys [F(7,5440) = 52.674, p < 0.001], while girls had more stable FFMI across all age groups [F(7,7222) = 2.728, p = 0.057]. The newly established sex-specific and age-specific reference data could be used for national surveillance and to screen for children and adolescents with high FMI and low FFMI.

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Depression and its characteristics in childhood and adolescence

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. e4319108697

Author(s):

Ana Paula Alves Guilherme ◽

Mônica Micheli Alexandre ◽

Mariana Moraes Pinc ◽

Joice Karina Otênio ◽

Guilherme Donadel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Psychotropic Drugs ◽

Clinical Investigation ◽

Behavioral Therapy ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Supportive Psychotherapy ◽

Interpersonal Therapy ◽

Treatment Of Depression ◽

History Of

Currently the accelerated and troubled routine ends up also affecting children and adolescents, who are still unable to develop, express and assimilate what happens to them, internally and externally, understand their pains and suffering; thus, they end up developing mental disorders, such as depression. Given the importance of seeking more information about depression, this study aimed to produce a bibliographic review article on depression in childhood and adolescence and its characteristics. The databases Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine), Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google ScholarⓇ were used in the present study, using the descriptors: depression, psychotropic drugs, mental disorders and psychotherapy. The articles analyzed were written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, for the past 22 years. For the diagnosis of children or adolescents, the clinical investigation has its particularities, the anamnesis must be more in-depth and it must go beyond the parents' complaint and the history of the child or adolescent. During treatments, psychopharmaceuticals can be used, as well as alternative therapies, such as supportive psychotherapy, interpersonal therapy, brief dynamic psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, among others. However, according to studies carried out recently, the use of psychotropic drugs in children and adolescents brings worrying revelations. It is concluded, through the study, that care must be taken both in the diagnosis and in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents.

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Adventure Playground as an Example of the Child’s Right to Play

Psychological-Educational Studies ◽

10.17759/psyedu.2014060207 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 81-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I.A. Kotliar ◽

M.V. Sokolova

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Urban Space ◽

Age Groups ◽

Productive Activity ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Rights Of The Child ◽

History Of ◽

The Uk ◽

Structure And Activity ◽

Adventure Playground

We analyze the history of creation, structure and psychological foundations of adventure playgrounds, which appeared and became widespread in Europe during the second half of the XX century. Adventure playground is an example of realization of children’s rights enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, especially in Article 31. Adventure playgrounds are designed by experts, parents, teachers, sharing the ideas of civil society and seeking new ways to support the initiative, independence of children and adolescents. At an adventure playground, modern urban children and adolescents have the opportunity to realize their intentions, and try to explore their capabilities in a joint productive activity with peers. In this article, adventure playgrounds are considered as one of the ways to facilitate public urban space to play and socialize. Adventure playground serves as a social-psychological-pedagogical center and has great potential for all age groups. We provide specific examples of the structure and activity on adventure playgrounds existing in the UK and Germany. Separately we discuss the contribution of professionals working at these sites (playworker).

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ENDOCRINE DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE: Natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism in children and adolescents and potential effects of replacement therapy: a review

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-12-0656 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 168 (1) ◽

pp. R1-R11 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Alice Monzani ◽

Flavia Prodam ◽

Anna Rapa ◽

Stefania Moia ◽

Valentina Agarla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural History ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Overt Hypothyroidism ◽

Endocrine Disorders ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

History Of ◽

Neuropsychological Functions

ObjectiveSubclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is quite common in children and adolescents. The natural history of this condition and the potential effects of replacement therapy need to be known to properly manage SH. The aim of this review is to analyze: i) the spontaneous evolution of SH, in terms of the rate of reversion to euthyroidism, the persistence of SH, or the progression to over hypothyroidism; and ii) the effects of replacement therapy, with respect to auxological data, thyroid volume, and neuropsychological functions.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE (1990–2012) and identified 39 potentially relevant articles of which only 15 articles were suitable to be included.Results and conclusionsSH in children is a remitting process with a low risk of evolution toward overt hypothyroidism. Most of the subjects reverted to euthyroidism or remained SH, with a rate of evolution toward overt hypothyroidism ranging between 0 and 28.8%, being 50% in only one study (nine articles). The initial presence of goiter and elevated thyroglobulin antibodies, the presence of celiac disease, and a progressive increase in thyroperoxidase antibodies and TSH value predict a progression toward overt hypothyroidism. Replacement therapy is not justified in children with SH but with TSH 5–10 mIU/l, no goiter, and negative antithyroid antibodies. An increased growth velocity was observed in children treated with levothyroxine (l-T4; two articles). l-T4 reduced thyroid volume in 25–100% of children with SH and autoimmune thyroiditis (two studies). No effects on neuropsychological functions (one study) and posttreatment evolution of SH (one study) were reported.

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Conjunctival Melanoma in Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review

Ocular Oncology and Pathology ◽

10.1159/000497813 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 387-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ben W.R. Balzer ◽

Svetlana Cherepanoff ◽

Anthony M. Joshua ◽

Michael Giblin ◽

Robert Max Conway ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Metastatic Disease ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Small Sample ◽

Excision Biopsy ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Conjunctival Melanoma ◽

History Of

Background: Conjunctival melanoma is rare in adults and rarer in children. We systematically reviewed the presentation, diagnostic and management strategies as well as outcomes for conjunctival melanoma in children and adolescents. Methods: The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus for cases of conjunctival melanoma occurring in children and adolescents < 18 years of age. Results: Seventeen studies with 32 patients (18 males) were identified. The median age at presentation was 11 years (range 4–18 years). Most patients were white. Most patients presented with a conjunctival mass or naevus with a recent history of growth or change. Excision biopsy provided diagnosis and management for all cases. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were also used. One patient had metastatic disease at diagnosis and 3 developed metastatic disease (range 1–10 months). Two patients died from disease and one was alive with metastatic disease. Two patients had disease recurrence. Outcomes were observed to be better where diagnosis was made earlier and “no-touch” excision biopsy was performed in an appropriate specialist setting. Conclusions: Conjunctival melanoma occurs rarely in children and adolescents. Surgery is the mainstay of management. The prognosis is guarded in metastatic disease due to the small sample size and limited follow-up.

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Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8527

Author(s):

Rafael Pichel ◽

Mairéad Foody ◽

James O’Higgins Norman ◽

Sandra Feijóo ◽

Jesús Varela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age Differences ◽

Age Groups ◽

School Bullying ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Large Sample ◽

Community Approach ◽

Bully Victims ◽

Bullying Programs

School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groups.

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A Osteoporose na Infância e na Adolescência

Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde ◽

10.17921/1415-6938.2017v21n3p142-147 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Sérgio Spezzia

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Bone Mass ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age Groups ◽

Bone Fragility ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Research Papers ◽

Diagnosis And Prognosis

A osteoporose é uma doença osteometabólica caracterizada por perda de massa óssea e deterioração da microarquitetura do tecido ósseo com consequente fragilidade óssea e maior suscetibilidade à fraturas. O acometimento por osteopenia e osteoporose com algumas peculiaridades ocorre também em crianças e em adolescentes. O objetivo deste artigo foi averiguar aspectos clínicos de relevância acerca da osteoporose na infância e na adolescência encontrados na literatura. Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica com levantamento através de expressões de busca nas bases de dados: PubMED, Lilacs. Foram incluídos na pesquisa, trabalhos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais de 2005 a 2015, nos idiomas inglês e português, que tratavam dos aspectos principais que envolvem acometimento de crianças e de adolescentes por osteoporose. Também foram considerados apontamentos de livros, monografias, dissertações e teses que possuíam esse mesmo conteúdo. A densidade mineral óssea nessas faixas etárias está intimamente relacionada com o pico de massa óssea que foi determinado até o final da segunda década de vida. Toda população infantil e de adolescentes, bem como seus pais e/ou responsáveis poderia ser alertada através da conscientização acerca dos problemas que podem ser gerados com essa enfermidade para que assim pudessem prevenir essa doença, uma vez que a mesma é incurável e causa enormes transtornos na vida adulta. Concluiu-se que é imprescindível que se empreendam condutas preventivas com realização de diagnóstico e prognóstico precoces nos acometidos pela osteoporose, visando minimizar danos ou sequelas futuras, podendo dessa forma propiciar melhores condições e qualidade de vida a esses pacientes.Palavras-chave: Osteoporose. Criança. Adolescente. Qualidade de Vida.AbstractOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by osteometabolic loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with consequent bone fragility and increased susceptibility to fractures. Involvement by osteopenia and osteoporosis with some peculiarities also occur in children and adolescents. The aim of this paper was to investigate clinical relevance about osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence in the literature. literature review was conducted a survey through search expressions in databases: PubMED, Lilacs. They were included in the research papers published in national and international journals from 2005 to 2015, in English and Portuguese, which addressed the major issues surrounding the involvement of children and adolescents by osteoporosis. Also books of notes were considered, monographs, dissertations and theses that had the same content. Bone mineral density in these age groups is closely related to peak bone mass was determined by the end of the second decade of life. Every child and adolescent population, as well as their parents and / or guardians could be prompted by awareness of the problems that can be generated with this disease so that they could prevent this disease, since it is incurable and causes major disruptions in adulthood. It was concluded that it is essential to undertake preventive measures to carry out early diagnosis and prognosis in affected by osteoporosis in order to minimize future damage or consequences, and may thus provide better conditions and quality of life for these patients.Keywords: Osteoporosis. Child. Adolescent. Quality of Life.

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Neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: the moderator role of cardiorespiratory fitness

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02696-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Paula Sehn ◽

Caroline Brand ◽

Letícia Welser ◽

Anelise Reis Gaya ◽

Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Health Impact ◽

Neck Circumference ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. Results For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). Conclusions CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.

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Application of a Stool Antigen Test To Evaluate the Incidence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents from Tehran, Iran

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.12.9.1094-1097.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1094-1097 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Tahereh Falsafi ◽

Nargess Valizadeh ◽

Shayesteh Sepehr ◽

Mehri Najafi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Family History ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Age Groups ◽

Diagnostic Technique ◽

Stool Antigen Test ◽

Ulcer Disease ◽

History Of ◽

H Pylori

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori infection is acquired mainly in childhood, especially in developing countries, where a low-cost, rapid diagnostic technique which is reliable for all age groups may be useful for the management of H. pylori infection. For this purpose, we used an HpSA test (Equipar) to detect H. pylori infection in children and adolescents from Tehran, Iran. Thirty-five children who were positive or negative for H. pylori infection by endoscopy-based tests were used as positive and negative controls for the HpSA test. Stools were collected from 430 randomly selected children and adolescents (4 to 18 years old) from southwest, near the center, and northwest of Tehran. A questionnaire that included presence of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), family history of infection and/or peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and income of parents was completed. A good agreement was found between the results of endoscopy-based tests and those of the HpSA test; the sensitivity and specificity of the Equipar-HpSA test were 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Among 430 children and adolescents, 47% were positive by the HpSA test, of whom 82% had RAP. No difference in incidence was observed between the two sexes; the various categories of age showed an increasing incidence, ranging from 24% (ages 4 to 6) to 58% (ages 16 to 18). The rate of infection in children and adolescents from the southwest was significantly higher (70%) than the rate in those from the northwest (32%), and a family history of H. pylori infection or PUD was observed in 59% of the HpSA positive subjects. The HpSA test is a useful test to detect H. pylori infection in children and adolescents from developing countries.

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