scholarly journals Bullying, Cyberbullying and the Overlap: What Does Age Have to Do with It?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8527
Author(s):  
Rafael Pichel ◽  
Mairéad Foody ◽  
James O’Higgins Norman ◽  
Sandra Feijóo ◽  
Jesús Varela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Bullying ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Community Approach ◽  
Bully Victims ◽  
Bullying Programs

School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groups.

Differences and Similarities in Forgiveness Seeking Across Childhood and Adolescence

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1119-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake M. Riek ◽  
Christin C. DeWit
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Teacher Ratings ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Offense Severity ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Age Related

The current study examines age-related differences and similarities in forgiveness seeking. Students in third, seventh, and 12th grade imagined themselves committing various transgressions and the characteristics of these transgression (e.g., severity of consequences, type of offense) were manipulated. Across the age groups, forgiveness seeking was predicted by guilt, whereas withdrawal was predicted by shame. For all age groups, forgiveness seeking was more likely to occur when the offense was an active one rather than a failure to act. However, age differences were found in how offense severity affected forgiveness seeking. Older students were more likely to seek forgiveness when the offense was high rather than low in severity, but younger students did not show this difference. Age differences were also found in the motivations for seeking forgiveness. Finally, teacher ratings of students’ overall prosocial behavior were positively correlated with forgiveness seeking.

scholarly journals Reference Data for Fat Mass and Fat-Free Mass Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance in Croatian Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8501
Author(s):  
Mario Kasović ◽  
Lovro Štefan ◽  
Boris Neljak ◽  
Vilko Petrić ◽  
Damir Knjaz
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Wide Range

Fat mass and fat-free mass have become useful clinical indices in determining healthy growth and physical development during critical periods of childhood and adolescence; however, despite a wide range of nutritional surveillance its study is limited by a lack of reference data. The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific and age-specific standards for fat mass and fat-free mass in a large sample of Croatian children and adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, we collected data from 12,678 participants aged 11 to 18 years old (mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 14.17 ± 2.25 years; height 164.56 ± 11.31 cm; weight: 57.45 ± 13.73 kg; body mass index: 21.24 ± 3.67 kg/m2; 53% girls). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured three times by bioelectrical impedance. The Lambda, Mu and Sigma methods were used to create percentile charts for fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI; fat mass and fat-free mass divided by height2). Sex and age differences were calculated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc comparisons. Boys had lower FMI (from 2.66 to 3.89) and higher FFMI values (from 16.90 to 17.80) in all age groups, compared to girls (for FMI from 2.79 to 5.17 and for FFMI from 14.50 to 14.90, p < 0.001). In boys, FMI slightly declined until the age of 14, after which an increase from the age of 15 to 18 was observed. In girls, FMI gradually increased from the age of 11 to 18 (p < 0.001). In general, FFMI increased by age in boys [F(7,5440) = 52.674, p < 0.001], while girls had more stable FFMI across all age groups [F(7,7222) = 2.728, p = 0.057]. The newly established sex-specific and age-specific reference data could be used for national surveillance and to screen for children and adolescents with high FMI and low FFMI.

scholarly journals Diabetic polyneuropathy in children and adolescents: clinical picture and diagnosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
G. I. Sivous ◽  
I. A. Strokov ◽  
I. V. Galeyev ◽  
E. P. Kasatkina
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Neurological Examination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diabetic Polyneuropathy ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Impairment Score ◽  
Peripheral Polyneuropathy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Motor Nerves

The Department of Childhood and Adolescence Endocrinology, Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, examined 529 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) whose age was 5 to 22 years. The study was undertaken to examine the prevalence and severity of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) in children, adolescents, and young individuals who fell ill with DM in childhood, to characterize the symptoms and neurological manifestations of this complication, and to choose adequate studies for their examination. DPN is most common in adolescents and young individuals having a longer history of the disease and worse values of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism. The specific feature of DPN in these age groups are the absence of severe forms of the disease and the presence of mainly the sensory pattern of disorders. The study defined the required scope of a neurological examination for early diagnosis of DPN in children and adolescents, which should include a thorough analysis of a patient’s complaints and a test by the Total Symptoms Score, a neurological examination by the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score for the Lower Extremities, stimulation electromyography of the sensory and motor nerves of the leg. By taking into account a poor DM compensation in the absolute majority of children and adolescents, the neurological examination should be regular at least once a year.

A Osteoporose na Infância e na Adolescência

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Sérgio Spezzia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis

A osteoporose é uma doença osteometabólica caracterizada por perda de massa óssea e deterioração da microarquitetura do tecido ósseo com consequente fragilidade óssea e maior suscetibilidade à fraturas. O acometimento por osteopenia e osteoporose com algumas peculiaridades ocorre também em crianças e em adolescentes. O objetivo deste artigo foi averiguar aspectos clínicos de relevância acerca da osteoporose na infância e na adolescência encontrados na literatura. Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica com levantamento através de expressões de busca nas bases de dados: PubMED, Lilacs. Foram incluídos na pesquisa, trabalhos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais de 2005 a 2015, nos idiomas inglês e português, que tratavam dos aspectos principais que envolvem acometimento de crianças e de adolescentes por osteoporose. Também foram considerados apontamentos de livros, monografias, dissertações e teses que possuíam esse mesmo conteúdo. A densidade mineral óssea nessas faixas etárias está intimamente relacionada com o pico de massa óssea que foi determinado até o final da segunda década de vida. Toda população infantil e de adolescentes, bem como seus pais e/ou responsáveis poderia ser alertada através da conscientização acerca dos problemas que podem ser gerados com essa enfermidade para que assim pudessem prevenir essa doença, uma vez que a mesma é incurável e causa enormes transtornos na vida adulta. Concluiu-se que é imprescindível que se empreendam condutas preventivas com realização de diagnóstico e prognóstico precoces nos acometidos pela osteoporose, visando minimizar danos ou sequelas futuras, podendo dessa forma propiciar melhores condições e qualidade de vida a esses pacientes.Palavras-chave: Osteoporose. Criança. Adolescente. Qualidade de Vida.AbstractOsteoporosis is a disease characterized by osteometabolic loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with consequent bone fragility and increased susceptibility to fractures. Involvement by osteopenia and osteoporosis with some peculiarities also occur in children and adolescents. The aim of this paper was to investigate clinical relevance about osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence in the literature. literature review was conducted a survey through search expressions in databases: PubMED, Lilacs. They were included in the research papers published in national and international journals from 2005 to 2015, in English and Portuguese, which addressed the major issues surrounding the involvement of children and adolescents by osteoporosis. Also books of notes were considered, monographs, dissertations and theses that had the same content. Bone mineral density in these age groups is closely related to peak bone mass was determined by the end of the second decade of life. Every child and adolescent population, as well as their parents and / or guardians could be prompted by awareness of the problems that can be generated with this disease so that they could prevent this disease, since it is incurable and causes major disruptions in adulthood. It was concluded that it is essential to undertake preventive measures to carry out early diagnosis and prognosis in affected by osteoporosis in order to minimize future damage or consequences, and may thus provide better conditions and quality of life for these patients.Keywords: Osteoporosis. Child. Adolescent. Quality of Life.

scholarly journals Neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: the moderator role of cardiorespiratory fitness

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Sehn ◽  
Caroline Brand ◽  
Letícia Welser ◽  
Anelise Reis Gaya ◽  
Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Neck Circumference ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background The increased incidence of cardiometabolic risk factors has become a public health issue, especially in childhood and adolescence. Thus, early identification is essential to avoid or reduce future complications in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a moderator in the association between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study that included 2418 randomly selected children and adolescents (52.5% girls), aged 6 to 17 years old. Anthropometric measurements, such as NC and body mass index (BMI), and CRF was measured by the six-minute running/walking test, as well as cardiometabolic risk (systolic blood pressure, glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides), were assessed. Results For all age groups, NC showed a negative relationship with CRF. A significant interaction term was found for CRF x NC with cardiometabolic risk for children (6 to 9 years old), early adolescents (10 to 12 years old), and middle adolescents (13 to 17 years old). It was found that children who accomplished more than 1092.49 m in CRF test were protected against cardiometabolic risk when considering NC. In adolescents, protection against cardiometabolic risk was found when the CRF test was completed above 1424.14 m and 1471.87 m (early and middle stage, respectively). Conclusions CRF is inversely associated with NC and acts as a moderator in the relationship between NC and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Therefore, this detrimental health impact linked to fatness might be attenuated by improving CRF levels.

scholarly journals Review: The development of coping across childhood and adolescence: An integrative review and critique of research

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck ◽  
Ellen A. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Support Seeking ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Instrumental Action ◽  
Behavioural Strategies

Despite consensus that development shapes every aspect of coping, studies of age differences in coping have proven difficult to integrate, primarily because they examine largely unselected age groups, and utilize overlapping coping categories. A developmental framework was used to organize 58 studies of coping involving over 250 age comparisons or correlations with age. The framework was based on (1) conceptualizations of coping as regulation to suggest ages at which coping should show developmental shifts (Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2009), and (2) notions of hierarchical families to clarify which coping categories should be distinguished at each age (Skinner, Edge, Altman, & Sherwood, 2003). Developmental patterns in coping (e.g., problem-solving, distraction, support-seeking, escape) were scrutinized with a focus on common age shifts. Two kinds of age trends were discerned, one reflecting increases in coping capacities, as seen in support-seeking (from reliance on adults to more self-reliance), problem-solving (from instrumental action to planful problem-solving), and distraction (adding cognitive to behavioural strategies); and one reflecting improvements in the deployment of different coping strategies according to which ones are most effective in dealing with specific kinds of stressors. Results were used to formulate guidelines for future research on the development of coping.

scholarly journals Concentration levels of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin-D and vitamin D deficiency among children and adolescents of India: a descriptive cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akif Mustafa ◽  
Chander Shekhar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Background Vitamin D is an essential micronutrient for the overall health and well-being of individuals. For strong musculoskeletal and neurological development of human body, vitamin D levels during childhood and adolescence have key importance. This is the first national-level study that analyzes the deficiency and concentration of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D)] among Indian children and adolescents with respect to various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods Data of Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS, 2016–18) was utilized for the present study. Vitamin D levels were assessed based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been shown for the three age groups: 0–4 years (n = 12,764), 5–9 years (n = 13,482), 10–19 years (n = 13,065). Vitamin D deficiency was defined as: serum 25(OH)D < 12 ng/mL; and insufficiency as: 12 ng/ml ≤ 25(OH) < 20 ng/ml. 25(OH) D level higher than 20 ng/mL was accepted as adequate. Random slope multilevel logistic regression models were employed to assess the demographic and socioeconomic correlates of vitamin D deficiency. Results Mean serum 25(OH)D concentration level was found to be 19.51 ± 8.76, 17.73 ± 7.91, and 17.07 ± 8.16 ng/ml in age group 0–4 years, 5–9 years and 10–19 years respectively. 49.12% of the children aged 0–4 years were having insufficient level of vitamin D. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was comparatively higher among female adolescents (76.16%), adolescents living in rural region (67.48), Sikh individuals (0–4 years: 76.28%; 5–9 years: 90.26%; 10–19 years: 89.56%), and adolescents coming from rich households. North-Indian individuals were having substantially higher odds of vitamin D deficiency in all the three age groups. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is considerably high among children and adolescents of India. The study highlights high-risk group which require prompt policy interventions.

Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1857-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kelleher ◽  
D. Connor ◽  
M. C. Clarke ◽  
N. Devlin ◽  
M. Harley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Psychotic Symptom ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Symptom Prevalence

BackgroundPsychotic symptoms occur more frequently in the general population than psychotic disorder and index risk for psychopathology. Multiple studies have reported on the prevalence of these symptoms using self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews but there is a lack of consensus about the prevalence of psychotic symptoms among children and adolescents.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of all published literature on psychotic symptom prevalence in two age groups, children aged 9–12 years and adolescents aged 13–18 years, searching through electronic databases PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE up to June 2011, and extracted prevalence rates.ResultsWe identified 19 population studies that reported on psychotic symptom prevalence among children and adolescents. The median prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 17% among children aged 9–12 years and 7.5% among adolescents aged 13–18 years.ConclusionsPsychotic symptoms are relatively common in young people, especially in childhood. Prevalence is higher in younger (9–12 years) compared to older (13–18 years) children.

Video Games and Emotion Regulation

GeroPsych ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Ossenfort ◽  
Derek M. Isaacowitz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Interactive Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Media Preferences

Abstract. Research on age differences in media usage has shown that older adults are more likely than younger adults to select positive emotional content. Research on emotional aging has examined whether older adults also seek out positivity in the everyday situations they choose, resulting so far in mixed results. We investigated the emotional choices of different age groups using video games as a more interactive type of affect-laden stimuli. Participants made multiple selections from a group of positive and negative games. Results showed that older adults selected the more positive games, but also reported feeling worse after playing them. Results supplement the literature on positivity in situation selection as well as on older adults’ interactive media preferences.

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