EVALUACIÓN DE LA CAPACIDAD ADYUVANTE DEL GINSENÓSIDO RG1 EN RATONES BALB/C INMUNIZADOS CON UN LISADO DE Staphylococcus aureus

Rg1 ginsenoside, the main active compound of Panax ginseng extract, could be a promising vaccine adjuvant against Staphylococcus aureusbovine mastitis. The aim was to evaluate the adjuvant effects of Rg1 combined with liposomes or alone against S. aureus lysate from bovine mastitis in mice. Female Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups: S. aureus Lysate + IFA (Group I), S. aureus lysate + liposomes (Group II), S. aureus lysate + Rg1 (Group III) and S. aureus lysate + liposomes + Rg1 (Group IV). All mice were subcutaneously immunized with all formulations 3 times at 2-weeks intervals. Humoral response was evaluated by indirect IgG ELISA assay in plasma collected at the end of the assay. Cellular response was evaluated by MTT kit assay in spleen cells from immunized mice. Groups I and IV showed higher IgG values than groups II and III (p < 0.05). Groups I and II showed higher proliferation values than groups III and IV (p < 0.05). The Rg1-liposome combination increased S. aureus-specific IgG production. However, Rg1 was not able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation from immunized mice, possibly due to the short S. aureus-specific stimulation time. New assays with different experimental conditions are needed to elucidate adjuvant effects of Rg1 in a murine model.

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I. Barkerian Lecture.-The spectrum of silicon at successive stages of ionisation

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rsta.1926.0001 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 225 (626-635) ◽

pp. 1-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Keyword(s):

Group Iv ◽

Relative Importance ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

B Stars ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

The Subject ◽

Vacuum Tubes ◽

Group Ii ◽

Increasing Temperature

The spectrum of silicon has been the subject of numerous investigations, of which a convenient summary to the year 1912 has been given by Kayser. The spectrum is of special interest on account of the remarkable series of variations which accompany changes in the experimental conditions. These changes were first systematically investigated by Lockyer, who further showed that the different groups of lines which were developed with increasing intensity of discharge appeared in the spectra of stars following each other in order of increasing temperature. Four distinct groups of lines were recognised by Lockyer, namely:— Group I. λ λ 3905·8, 4103·2 Group II. λ λ 3853·9, 3856·1, 3862·7, 4128·1, 4131·1, 5042, 5057. Group III λ λ 4552·8, 4568·0, 4574·9. Group IV. λ λ 4089·1, 4116·4.§ The lines of Group I correspond to the arc spectrum, and are most strongly developed in stars approximating to the solar or G type. The chief lines of Group II are produced in the ordinary spark spectrum, but the fainter lines are best obtained in vacuum tubes; they have their greatest relative importance in stars of types F and A. Lines of Groups III and IV are also most effectively observed in vacuum tubes, and are produced in turn as the energy of the discharge is increased; they occur in successively higher stages of the stellar sequence, those of Group IV not appearing until the hotter B stars are reached.

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Influence of the bipartite scrotum on the testicular and scrotal temperatures in goats

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2009001000004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (10) ◽

pp. 797-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Antonio A.N. Machado Júnior ◽

Maria A. Miglino ◽

Danilo J.A. Menezes ◽

Antonio C. Assis Neto ◽

Rudolf Leiser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Distal Portion ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Thermal Regulation ◽

Dry Period ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Rainy Period ◽

Group Iii ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Length Group ◽

Group I

The influence of the scrotal bipartition and of the year period on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation was evaluated in male goats raised in Piaui State, Brazil. Eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished in this study and arranged into three Groups (6 animals each) obeying the classification as goats presenting no scrotal bipartition (Group I), goats showing scrotal bipartition at 50% of the testicular length (Group II), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (Group III). The scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi temperatures were evaluated invasively with the aid of a digital thermometer and non-invasive with a pyrometer in the proximal, medial and distal portion. The data were acquired during the dry (October-November) and rainy (February-March) period of the year, measured in two shifts: morning (6h00-7h00) and afternoon (14h00-15h00). The results were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) following the SNK test for average comparison (p<0.05). The year period interfered on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation, due to increased temperatures of the scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi during the dry period in comparison with the rainy period. The bipartition level was also a factor which contributed to the influence of scrotal-testicular temperature regulation, due to lower average scrotal-testicular temperature rates observed during both periods in the goats with higher levels of scrotal bipartition (>50%). It is possible to conclude that with the experimental conditions applied on this study, the level of scrotal bipartition and the climatic conditions interfere with the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation in goats.

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The possible protective effect of Panax ginseng on experimentally induced colchicine myopathy in adult male albino rats: A histological study

Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL ◽

10.4314/ijmu.v14i1.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Aiman Al-Maathadi ◽

Sinan Farhan ◽

Jihad Alzyoud ◽

Aiman Al-Qtaitata

Keyword(s):

Adult Male ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Concomitant Administration ◽

Group Iv ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Oral Gavage ◽

Ginseng Extract ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I

Myopathy is one of the side effects of colchicine, manifested as pain, dysfunction, and weakness of muscles. Ginseng extract antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been reported in muscular tissue. This study was conducted to investigate whether administration of ginseng ameliorates colchicine-induced skeletal muscles damage in adult male albino rats. Forty adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (ten/group) – Group I (control group): rats received normal diet and orally given normal saline, Group II: ginseng extract was administered via oral gavage daily for one month at the doses of 300 mg/kg, Group III (Colchicine treated group): rats were given colchicine (50 μg/kg/day) via oral gavage for one month, and Group IV: concomitant administration of Ginseng and colchicine for one month. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were measured, and skeletal muscles specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Administration of colchicine (group III) showed elevated serum CK, and histologically myofibrillar disarray foci together with cellular infiltration and edema. Group IV showed reduction in most of those manifestations. Concomitant administration of ginseng with colchicine ameliorated most of the symptoms related to colchicine induced-myopathy.

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Estrogen and Progesterone Synthesis with Cellular Response in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model of Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.82555 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Mehmet Önder Karayiğit ◽

Murat Yarım

Keyword(s):

Cellular Response ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Progesterone Synthesis ◽

Group Ii ◽

The Difference ◽

The Brain ◽

Experimental Group

Background: Demyelination refers to the degradation or loss of myelin sheath. In demyelination model studies, it has been reported that demyelination is regressed by giving steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. However, there are not many studies investigating the synthesis of these two hormones by the brain during demyelination and remyelination. Neurosteroids are steroid hormones synthesized by the brain independently from peripheral tissues. In this study, it was aimed to have knowledge about the synthesis of these two hormones by the brain in experimentally formed demyelination process in brains of C57BL/6 mice and their role in the cellular response formed in the region.Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, 36 C57BL/6 mice were used: 12 mice were fed normal diet for 12 weeks as control group (Group I); 12 of them were fed 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks (Group II) and 12 mice were fed normal diet for 4 weeks after feeding cuprizone diet for 8 weeks (Group III). At the end of the experiment, mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and brain tissues were blocked in paraffin. 6 μm-thick section was taken from each block. Sections were stained histologically with LFB staining and immunohistochemically with MBP staining in order to determine the demyelination in sections. All sections were also immunohistochemically stained with GFAP to detect astrocytes, with NG2 to detect young OPCs, with aromatase for estrogen synthesis and with 3βHSD antibodies for progesterone synthesis. At the end of the study, complete myelination was observed in group I, while severe demyelination was determined in group II as a result of blind evaluation of LFB and MBP staining by two pathologists. In group III, demyelination was found to be mild. In immunostaining with GFAP and NG2 antibodies, the number of GFAP and NG2 positive cells in Group II was found to be increased compared to the control group. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In group III, the number of GFAP and NG2 positive cells were found to be increased compared to the control group; however, it was found to be lower than that in experimental group II (P < 0.01). In immunohistochemical staining with aromatase and 3βHSD antibody, there was no staining observed in the control groups. While an intense staining was observed in experimental group II, fewer glial staining was noticed in experimental group III when compared to the experimental group II. The difference between these two groups was found to be statistically significant (P ˂ 0.01).Discussion: Aromatase is an enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen. On the other hand, 3βHSD is an enzyme that converts pregnenolone to progesterone. Expression of aromatase from tissues refers to the synthesis of estrogen and expression of 3βHSD refers to progesterone synthesis. In previous demyelination studies carried out with cuprizone, it has been reported that demyelination is regressed by giving estrogen and progesterone during demyelination. In the presented study, we observed that enzyme levels that catalyze the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone increased during demyelination. In the study, it was determined that estrogen and progesterone levels were increased in the region by enzymes released from the glial cells of the brain as a response to damage formed during demyelination. Interestingly, during the period in which cuprizone was excluded from the diet, it was observed that remyelination began to be formed again and that enzyme levels synthesizing these hormones started to decrease. These results suggested that estrogen and progesterone may be synthesized in the brain after a damage and may contribute to remyelination by initiating a number of cell to cell signaling steps.

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Presence of Classical Enterotoxin Genes, agr Typing, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus from Milk of Cows with Mastitis in Southern Brazil

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-436 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

pp. 738-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

ISABELA S. KRONING ◽

MARIANA A. IGLESIAS ◽

KARLA S. MENDONÇA ◽

GRACIELA V. LOPES ◽

WLADIMIR P. SILVA

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Group Iii ◽

Distinct Area ◽

Group I ◽

Enterotoxin Genes

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a common causative agent of bovine mastitis in dairy cows and commonly associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of enterotoxin genes, agr typing, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of S. aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis in dairy farms from southern Brazil. Results showed that 7 (22.6%) of 31 S. aureus isolates were positive for enterotoxin genes. Specifically, the genes encoding for enterotoxins A (n = 4), C (n = 2), and B (n = 1) were detected. Isolates belonging to the agr group III (10 of 31, 32.2%) and agr group I (7 of 31, 22.5%) were the most common. To our knowledge, this is the first report of both agr I and III in the same S. aureus isolate from milk of cows with bovine mastitis. The antimicrobial resistance test showed that 54% of the isolates were multiresistant to antimicrobial agents. The macrorestriction analysis produced 16 different major SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, with up to two subpatterns. Moreover, the presence of some S. aureus clones in a distinct area was observed. Although this study characterized a limited number of S. aureus isolates, the presence of classical enterotoxin genes and resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents reinforces the importance of this microorganism to animal and human health. In addition, similar genetic profiles have been identified in distinct geographic areas, suggesting clonal dissemination of S. aureus in dairy herds from southern Brazil.

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Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100068035 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 208-209

Author(s):

K.K. SEKHRI ◽

C.S. ALEXANDER ◽

H.T. NAGASAWA

Keyword(s):

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Male Mice ◽

Alcohol Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

C57bl Mice ◽

Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

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The Quantitative Ultrastructure of the Heart Muscle of Japanese Quail by Hypergravitation, Hypodynamy and Combination

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100158480 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 188-189

Author(s):

Anton Bózner ◽

Mikuláš Gažo ◽

Jozef Dostál

Keyword(s):

Japanese Quail ◽

Heart Muscle ◽

Relative Size ◽

Combination Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Group V ◽

Group Iii ◽

Space Flights ◽

Group I ◽

Quantitative Ultrastructure

It is anticipated that Japanese quail /Coturnix coturnix japonica/ will provide animal proteins in long term space flights. Consequently this species of birds is of research interest of international space program INTERCOSMOS. In the year 1987 we reported on an experiment /2/ in which the effect of chronic acceleration of 2 G hypergravitation, the hypodynamy and the simultaneous effect of chronic acceleration and the location in the centre of the turntable of the centrifuge on the protein fractions in skeletal muscles was studied. The ultrastructure of the heart muscle was now in this experiments examined as well.Japanese quail cockerels, aged 48 days were exposed to 2 G hypergravitation /group IV/ in a 6,4 m diameter centrifuge, to hypodynamy /group III/ and their combination /group V/, respectively for 6 days / Fig.1/. The hypodynamy in group III was achieved by suspending the birds in jackets without contact the floor. The group II was located in the centre ofthe turntable of the centrifuge. The control group I. was kept under normal conditions. The quantitative ultrastructure of myocard was evaluated by the methods of Weibel/3/ - this enables to determine the number, relative size and volume of mitochondria volume of single mitochondria, defficiency of mitochondrial cristae and volume of myofibrils.

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Heterogeneity and Immunochemical Properties of Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Autoantibodies

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1615218 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (09) ◽

pp. 393-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

V. Regnault ◽

E. Hachulla ◽

L. Darnige ◽

B. Roussel ◽

J. C. Bensa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluid Phase ◽

Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽

Dual Reactivity ◽

Group Iii ◽

Important Group ◽

Epitope Specificity ◽

Glycoprotein I ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Sufficient Concentration

SummaryMost anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are directed against epitopes expressed on β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Despite a good correlation between standard ACA assays and those using purified human β2GPI as the sole antigen, some sera from APS patients only react in the latter. This is indicative of heterogeneity in anti-β2GPI antibodies. To characterize their reactivity profiles, human and bovine β2GPI were immobilized on γ-irradiated plates (β2GPI-ELISA), plain polystyrene precoated with increasing cardiolipin concentrations (CL/β2GPI-ELISA), and affinity columns. Fluid-phase inhibition experiments were also carried out with both proteins. Of 56 selected sera, restricted recognition of bovine or human β2GPI occurred respectively in 10/29 IgA-positive and 9/22 IgM-positive samples, and most of the latter (8/9) were missed by the standard ACA assay, as expected from a previous study. Based on species specificity and ACA results, IgG-positive samples (53/56) were categorized into three groups: antibodies reactive to bovine β2GPI only (group I) or to bovine and human β2GPI, group II being ACA-negative, and group III being ACA-positive. The most important group, group III (n = 33) was characterized by (i) binding when β2GPI was immobilized on γ-irradiated polystyrene or cardiolipin at sufficient concentration (regardless of β2GPI density, as assessed using 125I-β2GPI); (ii) and low avidity binding to fluid-phase β2GPI (Kd in the range 10–5 M). In contrast, all six group II samples showed (i) ability to bind human and bovine β2GPI immobilized on non-irradiated plates; (ii) concentration-dependent blockade of binding by cardiolipin, suggesting epitope location in the vicinity of the phospholipid binding site on native β2GPI; (iii) and relative avidities approximately 100-fold higher than in group III. Group I patients were heterogeneous with respect to CL/β2GPI-ELISA and ACA results (6/14 scored negative), possibly reflecting antibody differences in terms of avidity and epitope specificity. Affinity fractionation of 23 sera showed the existence, in individual patients, of various combinations of antibody subsets solely reactive to human or bovine β2GPI, together with cross-species reactive subsets present in all samples with dual reactivity namely groups III and II, although the latter antibodies were poorly purified on either column. Therefore, the mode of presentation of β2GPI greatly influences its recognition by anti-β2GPI antibodies with marked inter-individual heterogeneity, in relation to ACA quantitation and, possibly, disease presentation and pathogenesis.

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Reliability of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score in the Management of Peripheral Vascular Injuries in Children: A Retrospective Review

International Journal of Angiology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1720970 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Mousa ◽

Ossama M. Zakaria ◽

Mai A. Elkalla ◽

Lotfy A. Abdelsattar ◽

Hamad Al-Game'a

Keyword(s):

Severity Score ◽

Vein Graft ◽

Bypass Surgery ◽

Age Groups ◽

Vascular Injuries ◽

Peripheral Vascular ◽

Group Iii ◽

Mangled Extremity ◽

Group I ◽

End To End

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate different management modalities for peripheral vascular trauma in children, with the aid of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS). A single-center retrospective analysis took place between 2010 and 2017 at University Hospitals, having emergencies and critical care centers. Different types of vascular repair were adopted by skillful vascular experts and highly trained pediatric surgeons. Patients were divided into three different age groups. Group I included those children between 5 and 10 years; group II involved pediatrics between 11 and 15 years; while children between 16 and 21 years participated in group III. We recruited 183 children with peripheral vascular injuries. They were 87% males and 13% females, with the mean age of 14.72 ± 04. Arteriorrhaphy was performed in 32%; end-to-end anastomosis and natural vein graft were adopted in 40.5 and 49%, respectively. On the other hand, 10.5% underwent bypass surgery. The age groups I and II are highly susceptible to penetrating trauma (p = 0.001), while patients with an extreme age (i.e., group III) are more susceptible to blunt injury (p = 0.001). The MESS has a significant correlation to both age groups I and II (p = 0.001). Vein patch angioplasty and end-to-end primary repair should be adopted as the main treatment options for the repair of extremity vascular injuries in children. Moreover, other treatment modalities, such as repair with autologous vein graft/bypass surgery, may be adopted whenever possible. They are cost-effective, reliable, and simple techniques with fewer postoperative complication, especially in poor/limited resources.

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Oxygen Fraction Adjustment According to Body Surface Area during Extracorporeal Circulation

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1325 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 098

Author(s):

Cem Arıtürk ◽

Serpil Ustalar Özgen ◽

Behiç Danışan ◽

Hasan Karabulut ◽

Fevzi Toraman

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Extracorporeal Circulation ◽

Group Iii ◽

Oxygen Fraction ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Background: The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) is usually set between 60% and 100% during conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However, this strategy causes partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) to reach hyperoxemic levels (>180 mmHg). During anesthetic management of cardiothoracic surgery it is important to keep PaO2 levels between 80-180 mmHg. The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting FiO2 levels in accordance with body temperature and body surface area (BSA) during ECC is an effective method for maintaining normoxemic PaO2 during cardiac surgery.Methods: After approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Acıbadem, informed consent was given from 60 patients. FiO2 adjustment strategies applied to the patients in the groups were as follows: FiO2 levels were set as 0.21 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.21 × BSA + 10 during rewarming in Group I; 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.18 × BSA + 15 during rewarming in Group II; and 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and variable with body temperature during rewarming in Group III. Arterial blood gas values and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before ECC (T1); at the 10th minute of cross clamp (T2); when the esophageal temperature (OT) reached 34°C (T3); when OT reached 36°C (T4); and just before the cessation of ECC (T5).Results: Mean PaO2 was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II at T2 and T3 (P = .0001 and P = .0001, respectively); in Group I than in Group III at T1 (P = .02); and in Group II than in Group III at T2, T3, and T4 (P = .0001 for all). Conclusion: Adjustment of FiO2 according to BSA rather than keeping it at a constant level is more appropriate for keeping PaO2 between safe level limits. However, since oxygen consumption of cells vary with body temperature, it would be appropriate to set FiO2 levels in concordance with the body temperature in the rewarming period.

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