scholarly journals Influence of the bipartite scrotum on the testicular and scrotal temperatures in goats

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio A.N. Machado Júnior ◽  
Maria A. Miglino ◽  
Danilo J.A. Menezes ◽  
Antonio C. Assis Neto ◽  
Rudolf Leiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distal Portion ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Regulation ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Length Group ◽  
Group I

The influence of the scrotal bipartition and of the year period on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation was evaluated in male goats raised in Piaui State, Brazil. Eighteen male goats at mating age were accomplished in this study and arranged into three Groups (6 animals each) obeying the classification as goats presenting no scrotal bipartition (Group I), goats showing scrotal bipartition at 50% of the testicular length (Group II), and goats with more than 50% of scrotal bipartition (Group III). The scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi temperatures were evaluated invasively with the aid of a digital thermometer and non-invasive with a pyrometer in the proximal, medial and distal portion. The data were acquired during the dry (October-November) and rainy (February-March) period of the year, measured in two shifts: morning (6h00-7h00) and afternoon (14h00-15h00). The results were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) following the SNK test for average comparison (p<0.05). The year period interfered on the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation, due to increased temperatures of the scrotal, testicular and spermatic funiculi during the dry period in comparison with the rainy period. The bipartition level was also a factor which contributed to the influence of scrotal-testicular temperature regulation, due to lower average scrotal-testicular temperature rates observed during both periods in the goats with higher levels of scrotal bipartition (>50%). It is possible to conclude that with the experimental conditions applied on this study, the level of scrotal bipartition and the climatic conditions interfere with the scrotal-testicular thermal regulation in goats.

scholarly journals Does pre-angiography Total ST-segment resolution reliably predict spontaneous reperfusion of the infarct-related artery in patients with acute myocardial infarction?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongsheng Guo ◽  
Xinchun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Timi Flow ◽  
Flow Prediction ◽  
Group I ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Infarct Related Artery

Abstract Background ST resolution (STR) after AMI is a non-invasive indicator of IRA reperfusion. We investigated whether pre-angiography STR predicted spontaneous IRA reperfusion in STEMI patients. Method Patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI were recruited. Standard 12-lead ECG tracings were recorded at first medical contact, immediately prior to arterial puncture and 60 min after PCI. STR was classified as total (≥70%; group I), partial (≥30 and < 70%; group II) or none (< 30%; group III). Patients were followed up for 1-year. Results The final analysis included 349 patients (n = 77, 160 and 112 for groups I, II and III, respectively). Compared with groups I/II, pre-procedural TIMI flow in group III was less frequently grades 2 or 3 (P < 0.001). Pre-PCI STR ≥70% was an independent predictor of pre-PCI TIMI-3 flow (OR: 2.8; P < 0.001). Pre-PCI STR < 30% was independently associated with pre-PCI TIMI flow 0–2 (OR: 3.1; P < 0.001). STR = 35.55% seems to be an optimal cut off for pre-procedural TIMI-3 flow prediction with sensitivity 0.943, specificity 0.456, Youden index 0.399, P = 0.027. STR prior to PCI was inversely correlated with 1-year combined CV events rate. STR > 70% may predict a better clinical outcome. Conclusions Assessment of STR could potentially be used to stratify risk in patients with STEMI before PCI.

The effect of MgSO4 addition and the increasing doses of calcium and phosphorus during ending drying period on the occurrence of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia in dairy cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bodarski ◽  
S. Kinal ◽  
J. Preś ◽  
M. Słupczyńska ◽  
J. Twardoń
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Magnesium Sulphate ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Salt Addition ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract The aim of the presented study was the estimation of optimal Ca and P levels applied before calving together with anionic salt addition, as an element of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia prevention. The experiment was carried out during the dry period on 48 cows with similar milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows were divided into four groups. In group I (control) the amount of minerals was in accordance to NRC standards. In experimental groups (groups II-IV), two weeks before calving, cows received 140 g/day/head of hydrated magnesium sulphate to achieve dietary cation- anion difference at the level of about 50 mEq/kg DM. In groups II and III cows received calcium carbonate (100 g/day) 10 days a.p. (antepartum) (group II), or 5 days a.p. (group III), while cows in IV group received dicalcium phosphate (100 g/day) for 5 days a.p. Application of MgSO4 × 7H2O significantly affected the urine pH of cows from group III and IV 4-5 d. before calving - 6.45 and 6.81, respectively. The acidification of urine was observed after calving in group IV (7.13). In cows from group II (100 CaCO3 10 days a.p.) urine pH decline was not found (7.97-7.75). In that group the incidences of hypophosphatemia were noted (blood serum inorganic P level 1.41-1.46 mmol/l). Addition of magnesium sulphate prevented hypocalcaemia occurrence - 4-5 d. before calving the concentration of ionized Ca in blood serum was 1.11, 1.13 and 1.16 mmol/l (respectively for group II, III and IV). Reproductive functions were significantly improved after the application of CaCO3 and CaHPO4 for 5 days a.p. in comparison with control and group II - progesterone concentration in the blood serum on the 45th day of lactation was 1.396 - 1.409 vs 0.799 - 0.401. The correlation between progesterone and inorganic P level in serum was almost significant. Based on the obtained results a treatment optimal in prevention of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia is the application of 50 g CaCO3 and 50 g of CaHPO4 for the last 5 days of the dry period together with MgSO4 × 7H2O given for 14 days a.p.

scholarly journals EVALUACIÓN DE LA CAPACIDAD ADYUVANTE DEL GINSENÓSIDO RG1 EN RATONES BALB/C INMUNIZADOS CON UN LISADO DE Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (suplemento) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Silvestrini
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Specific Stimulation ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

Rg1 ginsenoside, the main active compound of Panax ginseng extract, could be a promising vaccine adjuvant against Staphylococcus aureusbovine mastitis. The aim was to evaluate the adjuvant effects of Rg1 combined with liposomes or alone against S. aureus lysate from bovine mastitis in mice. Female Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups: S. aureus Lysate + IFA (Group I), S. aureus lysate + liposomes (Group II), S. aureus lysate + Rg1 (Group III) and S. aureus lysate + liposomes + Rg1 (Group IV). All mice were subcutaneously immunized with all formulations 3 times at 2-weeks intervals. Humoral response was evaluated by indirect IgG ELISA assay in plasma collected at the end of the assay. Cellular response was evaluated by MTT kit assay in spleen cells from immunized mice. Groups I and IV showed higher IgG values than groups II and III (p < 0.05). Groups I and II showed higher proliferation values than groups III and IV (p < 0.05). The Rg1-liposome combination increased S. aureus-specific IgG production. However, Rg1 was not able to stimulate lymphocyte proliferation from immunized mice, possibly due to the short S. aureus-specific stimulation time. New assays with different experimental conditions are needed to elucidate adjuvant effects of Rg1 in a murine model.

P4504Pulmonary circulatory-right ventricular uncoupling in acute decompensated heart failure: a key mediator of congestion

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Losito ◽  
M Barki ◽  
V Labate ◽  
A Giammarresi ◽  
M Caracciolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure ◽  
Decompensated Heart Failure ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Background The degree of congestion in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is estimated using traditional non-invasive markers such as echo-derived inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) and NT-proBNP levels. The deterioration of right ventricular (RV) function and its uncoupling to pulmonary circulation (Pc) represents a turning point in terms of prognosis and clinical outcome in patients affected by heart failure. However, how RV-to-Pc uncoupling correlates with markers of decompensation and congestion in ADHF patients has never been explored. Purpose To investigate, in a cohort of ADHF patients, the association between the degree of RV-to-Pc uncoupling, assessed by the ratio between tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), IVCD and right atrial pressure (RAP) estimated at echocardiography. Methods Fourty-six ADHF patients both with reduced and preserved EF (mean age 73.15±10.85 years, 60.8% males) admitted to the Cardiology Department were prospectively enrolled within 24–48 hours from admission. In the acute phase all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and laboratory blood tests. Patients were then stratified in tertiles according to TAPSE/PASP ratio (group I: <0.4 mm/mmHg; group II: 0.4 to 0.6 mm/mmHg and group III: >0.6 mm/mmHg) correlating the degree of RV-to-Pc with non-invasive markers of congestion such as NT-proBNP, IVC maximum diameter and RAP. Other echocardiographic parameters including left ventricular (LV) systolic function and LV filling pressures were considered. Results An exponential inverse relationship was found between NT-pro-BNP levels at admission with levels decreasing progressively with the increment of the ratio (Group I: 12828±10600 ng/l; Group II 5549±5383 ng/l; Group III 3695±3870 ng/l; p=0.004) (Figure 1a). An analogous correlation was observed when considering the IVC maximum diameter (Group I: 20.87±5.37 mm; Group II 18.08±4.35 mm; Group III 10.9±3.36 mm; p<0.001) (Figure 1b) and the RAP estimated at echocardiography (Group I: 12.875±5.25 mmHg; Group II 9.157±4.82 mmHg; Group III 4±1.61 mmHg; p<0.001) (Figure 1c). In addition, progressively increasing values of LVEF (Group I: 28±11.3%; Group II 42±17.3%; Group III 49±11.8%; p=0.001) were detected from the lowest to the highest TAPSE/PASP tertiles. No correlation was observed in the three groups for E/E' values at admission (Group I: 17.17±6.7; Group II 19.42±8.36; Group III 15.92±5.7; p=0.5). Figure 1 Conclusions In ADHF, the association between RV to Pc uncoupling, echo-derived measures of congestion and natriuretic peptide levels is here described for the first time. The extent of RV dysfunction in ADHF deserves attention and seems to represent a critical and quite underestimated key mechanism between congestion resolution and in-hospital worsening HF.

Abstract P147: Office Blood Pressure: An Inadequate Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Cohn ◽  
Sue Duval ◽  
Natalia Florea ◽  
Lynn Hoke ◽  
Daniel Duprez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Office Blood Pressure ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Hypertension is a cardiovascular (CV) disease with high risk for CV morbid events (ME) that benefits from anti-hypertensive therapy. Resting blood pressure (BP) >140/90 mmHg serves as the diagnostic criterion for hypertension, and management has been aimed at BP reduction. Progression of CV disease in the absence of elevated blood pressure identifies individuals who might benefit from CV-protective therapy but are not currently being recognized as in need of treatment. In 2017 asymptomatic individuals evaluated for early functional and structural CV abnormalities, 1534 not taking anti-hypertensive drugs were available to determine the relationship between office blood pressure and the severity of CV abnormalities, as defined by a 10-test non-invasive disease score (DS) of 0-20. Previous studies have documented the high predictive value of DS for future CVME. The population was 53% male, average age 50±11 years, BP 122/77mmHg, LDL cholesterol 129±38 mg/dL, HDL 52±17mg/dL, triglycerides 109 mg/dL. DS was adjusted by eliminating the score for BP, but 9-test DS was still directly related to BP: 2.3 in those (n=550) <120/80 mmHg (Group I), 3.2 in those 120-129/80-85 mmHg (n=600) (Group II), 4.1 in those 130-139/85-89 mmHg (n=236) (Group III), and 5.7 in those 140+/90+mmHg (n=148) (Group IV). Nonetheless, DS of >6 indicative of high risk was present in 10% of Group I, 20% of Group II and 30% of Group III. BP was largely overlapping in individuals with no CV disease (DS 0-2), early disease (DS 3-5) and advanced disease (DS 6+). Therefore, reliance on resting BP leaves many at-risk individuals undiagnosed and untreated for early CV disease likely to progress. The hypertensive state exists in the absence of elevated BP and should be recognized and treated to prevent CVME.

scholarly journals I. Barkerian Lecture.-The spectrum of silicon at successive stages of ionisation

1926 ◽  
Vol 225 (626-635) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Group Iv ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vacuum Tubes ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The spectrum of silicon has been the subject of numerous investigations, of which a convenient summary to the year 1912 has been given by Kayser. The spectrum is of special interest on account of the remarkable series of variations which accompany changes in the experimental conditions. These changes were first systematically investigated by Lockyer, who further showed that the different groups of lines which were developed with increasing intensity of discharge appeared in the spectra of stars following each other in order of increasing temperature. Four distinct groups of lines were recognised by Lockyer, namely:— Group I. λ λ 3905·8, 4103·2 Group II. λ λ 3853·9, 3856·1, 3862·7, 4128·1, 4131·1, 5042, 5057. Group III λ λ 4552·8, 4568·0, 4574·9. Group IV. λ λ 4089·1, 4116·4.§ The lines of Group I correspond to the arc spectrum, and are most strongly developed in stars approximating to the solar or G type. The chief lines of Group II are produced in the ordinary spark spectrum, but the fainter lines are best obtained in vacuum tubes; they have their greatest relative importance in stars of types F and A. Lines of Groups III and IV are also most effectively observed in vacuum tubes, and are produced in turn as the energy of the discharge is increased; they occur in successively higher stages of the stellar sequence, those of Group IV not appearing until the hotter B stars are reached.

scholarly journals Coeficiente del cultivo de Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. cv. INIAP-463 para periodos secos y lluviosos utilizando lisimetría de drenaje

2020 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Jesús Enrique Chavarría Párraga ◽  
Julio Cesar Ramírez-Caicedo ◽  
Jorge Isaac Zambrano-Kuffó ◽  
Richard Xavier Bravo-Ferrín ◽  
Luis Enrique Párraga-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Coefficient of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. for dry and rainy periods in the Chone river valley Resumen El uso del agua en la agricultura es una actividad muy demandante a nivel mundial, por ello es necesario conocer la cantidad de agua que consumen los vegetales de interés agrícola. Se investigó el coeficiente del cultivo (Kc) de Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. (cv. INIAP-463) para periodos secos y lluviosos de Chone, Manabí, Ecuador a través de lisimetría de drenaje. Se ejecutó en el año 2019, implementándose tres lisímetros de drenaje cerca de la estación climatológica M0162. La lámina de riego fue aplicada en base a la evapotranspiración de referencia diaria (ETo). Se realizó el cálculo del Kc para cada etapa fenológica del cultivo determinando el cociente entre la evapotranspiración del cultivo (ETc) y ETo. El frejol presentó cuatro etapas según su consumo hídrico, reportando valores de Kc de 0,55; 0,92; 1,30 y 0,80 para el periodo seco y 0,45; 0,88; 1,28 y 0,75 para el periodo lluvioso. Las necesidades hídricas del frejol fueron 219,37 mm para el período seco y 237,82 mm para el período lluvioso durante 85 días que duró el ciclo del cultivo. Los valores de Kc y necesidades hídricas varían según las condiciones climáticas de las zonas en donde se desarrollen los cultivos. Palabras clave: evapotranspiración; lámina de drenaje; necesidades hídricas; riego; leguminosa. Abstract Water use in agriculture is a very demanding activity worldwide, therefore it is necessary to know the amount of water consumed by vegetables of agricultural interest. The crop coefficients (Kc) of Vigna unguiculata L. Walp was investigated. (cv. INIAP-463) for dry and rainy periods of Chone, Manabí, Ecuador through drainage lysymmetry. It was executed in 2019, implementing three drainage lysimeters near the M0162 weather station. The irrigation sheet was applied based on the daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Kc was calculated for each phenological stage of the crop by determining the quotient between the evapotranspiration of the crop (ETc) and ETo. The bean presented four stages according to its water consumption, reporting Kc values ​​of 0.55; 0.92; 1.30 and 0.80 for the dry period and 0.45; 0.88; 1.28 and 0.75 for the rainy season. The water needs of the beans were 219.37 mm for the dry period and 237.82 mm for the rainy period during the 85 days of the crop cycle. The Kc values ​​and water needs vary according to the climatic conditions of the areas where the crops are grown. Keywords: evapotranspiration; drainage sheet; irrigation; water needs; legume.

scholarly journals The prognostic value of immunocellular infiltration of non-invasive urothelial bladder cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
E.V. Titov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Immunocompetent Cells ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group I ◽  
Urothelial Bladder ◽  
Spearman Test

The aggressiveness of urothelial bladder cancers can be caused by reactions of stroma. Immunocompetent cells, which involved in antitumor response, are also able to stimulate tumor growth. Aim of the study: to study the features of immuncellular infiltration of non-invasive urothelial bladder cancers (NIUBC) to identify criteria for recurrence and progression prediction. Materials and methods: we formed three groups of studies, each of them contained 14 cases: NIUBC without recurrence — Group I, primary NIUBC with recurrence, but without progression — Group II, and primary NIUBC with recurrence and with progression — Group III. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary monoclonal antibodies from DAKO to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68 cells. Statistical processing of research results was performed using the “Statistica 6.0” package. The relationship between parameters was studied by non-parametric Pearson χ-square test and Spearman test. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: NIUBC I group was associated with weak stromal infiltration of immunocompetent cells: CD3 + lymphocytes (p<0.05), CD8 + T-killers (p<0.005) and CD68 + macrophages (p<0.005). In cancers of group III, immune cell infiltration was more observed than in cancers of groups I and II (p<0.001 and p<0.03) and was characterized by infiltration of CD3 + (p<0.01) and CD8 + cells (p<0.03). Thus, differentiation and recurrence of NIUBC progression depends on infiltration with immunocompetent cells, which can serve as a criterion for the disease prognosis. The prospect of further research – We are going to in-depth our research with studying importance of microenvironment of NIUBC, namely, immune cellular reactions, neoangiogenesis, connective tissue component at molecular-biological level. It will allow us to predict more accurate determination of NIUBC prognosis and choice of adequate treatment tactics.

scholarly journals THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO EVALUATION OF CONDITION OF UNSPECIFIED RESISTANCE OF ORGANISM IN CHILDREN POPULATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
Galina M. Trukhina ◽  
E. S. Shvetsova ◽  
E. S. Yasnaya ◽  
S. I. Savel’Ev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Group I ◽  
Health Group ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Group Ii

In Lipetsk region during 9 years a monitoring was implemented concerning immune status of children of preschool age residing in conditions of multi-factorial impact of environment. The sampling included 8,640 children. The examination implemented non-invasive screening techniques analyzing bactericidal activity of skin and composition of skin microflora. The children were allocated in three groups according their health: group I - healthy children; group II - children with functional and certain morphologic divergences and also decreased resistance to acute and chronic diseases; group III - children with chronic diseases at the stage of compensation with preserved functional possibilities of organism. The results of study demonstrated that bactericidal activity of skin within the limits of standard was established in 68% of children from group I, 65% of children from group II and 58% of children from group III. In the rest of children alterations were established related to composition of viable resident microflora being accompanied by increasing of index of bactericidal activity of skin or its drastic decreasing up to 37-58% that testifies disorder of adaptation compensation reactions of organisms of children to conditions of impact of unfavorable environment factors. In 10.4% of children from group III study established significant damage of structure of microbiocenosis of skin and Schneiderian membrane in direction of increasing of number of microorganisms with signs of pathogenicity occurring more often in boys than in girls that substantiates disorder of cellular immunity of organism in the given group of children. These children are included into the risk group for in-depth dispensary observation.

scholarly journals The effect of the diversified signal of melatonin on milk yields in seasonally breeding sheep

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 924-932
Author(s):  
E. Molik ◽  
M. Pasternak ◽  
M. Błasiak ◽  
T. Misztal ◽  
K. Romanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Seasonally Breeding

Abstract. Previous studies demonstrated that milk yields in sheep displaying strong seasonal sexual activity depend on the day length. The objective of the studies was to determine whether the introduction of melatonin in high pregnancy affects milk secretion in seasonally sheep. The studies were carried out on 60 Polish Longwool sheep. Sheep were allocated to three groups: Group I (n = 20 – the control group, lambed in February), Group II (n = 20 – a group of sheep lambed in June and kept under natural day-length conditions), Group III (n = 20 – a group of sheep with melatonin implants injected six weeks before lambing, sheep lambed in June). Lambs were reared with mothers up to 56th day of their life. When lambs were weaned, ewes were milked mechanically twice a day up to the dry period. Once a month collective milk samples were drawn from six sheep from each group in order to determine the concentration of melatonin. Milk yields were subjected to individual checks every 10 days. The studies demonstrated that sheep lambed in February (Group I) displayed the highest milk yields in the milking period (37.8 ± 8.1 l). The milk performance of the two other groups was lower and amounted to 30.2 ± 9.4 litres in case of sheep lambed in June and to 29.2 ± 7.6 litres in sheep with melatonin implants. The introduction of melatonin signal to produce a short-day condition in state of high pregnancy in ewes caused a drop of milk yields both in the period of lambs raising and during milking.

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